Description of the ‘pronation manoeuvre’ for the diagnosis of developmental hip dysplasia

IntroductionWithout a prompt diagnosis, developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in infants can lead to severe sequelae. Current screening strategies emphasize the use of Ortolani and Barlow physical examination manoeuvres, yet they exhibit low sensitivity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of a new physical examination tool (the pronation manoeuvre) as a screening tool for DDH.MethodsTo evaluate the new manoeuvre, a cross-sectional and analytic study was performed with a nonprobabilistic sampling method. Patients with either a positive Ortolani or Barlow manoeuver were evaluated with the new manoeuvre and hip ultrasound. Controls were infants with negative Ortolani, Barlow and pronation manoeuvres and also had ultrasound performed.ResultsDDH was confirmed in 83 of 130 cases (64%) and 2 of 130 controls (2%). The new pronation manoeuvre had a sensitivity of 76% and a specificity of 94% as compared to the Ortolani and Barlow manoeuvres (sensitivity 31 to 32%, specificity 93 to 100%) (P<0.05).ConclusionThis new physical examination manoeuvre could serve as another clinical tool for the initial screening of DDH in newborns. Its promising results against traditional screening procedures might potentially impact diagnosis and prognosis for patients with DDH.     

Successful screening for neonatal hip instability in Australia

OBJECTIVE: Australian screening programmes for congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH) are characterized by lower neonatal hip instability (NHI) detection rates than more successful international programmes. Through creating a quality, accountable clinical screening programme for NHI detection, the present study aimed to establish the true incidence of NHI in Australian babies and to eliminate 'late diagnosed' CDH. METHODS: Doctors responsible for routine neonatal care were made accountable for NHI detection and examined 5166 consecutive live births in the first days of life between 1989 and 2000. Techniques for clinical NHI detection were taught, and doctors practised with teaching-mannequins. Paediatricians clinically determined true positive NHI cases and managed them for a 12-month period. Peer review of NHI detection rates was introduced to encourage accountability. Surveillance for 'late diagnosed' CDH occurred regularly through a variety of methods. RESULTS: One hundred babies with NHI were detected (19.4 per 1000): 77% were female; 26% were breech presentation, 25% had a family history of hip instability; and all received some form of splinting. Follow up for 85% of these babies at 12 months revealed no significant complications. Extensive searching has revealed no baby with 'late diagnosed' CDH from the study population in 12 years. One baby commenced treatment late (at 4 months) because of a failure of process following early NHI detection. CONCLUSIONS: The true incidence of NHI in Australia is > or =19 per 1000 births. Successful clinical CDH screening programmes using primary care doctors can be created and might eliminate 'late diagnosed' CDH.     

Management of neonatal hip instability and dysplasia

The diagnosis and treatment of neonatal hip instability and dysplasia is controversial. Different countries have different algorithms and guidelines on which hips should be screened or treated. German speaking countries have introduced universal ultra sound hip screening programmes resulting in relatively high splintage rates in certain centres. Some Scandinavian centres have organised selective screening programmes with serial ultrasound observation of hip instabilities, leading to comparatively low splintage rates. Though most experts would treat clinical hip instability (confirmed by ultrasound evaluation), the natural history and epidemiology of dysplasia is less well understood. The treatment regimes for neonatal dysplasia are varied with wide differences in the rates of splintage. 'Late' dislocation may be secondary to prenatal dislocation (teratogenic), neonatal hip instability or to persistent major dysplasia of the hip. The term 'missed' dislocation should not be used as this suggests negligence on the part of the examiner, when this may not be the case. Which splint to use (rigid or dynamic), at what age, and for how long, are questions currently unresolved as no proper controlled trials have been undertaken. However, a sensible treatment algorithm can be advocated. Complications secondary to splintage are rare, though nerve damage, avascular necrosis of the hip, redislocation and skin problems have been described.     

Screening for hip abnormality in the neonate

Clinical screening policies for the detection of hip instability or dysplasia of the hip vary internationally. There is general agreement in the Western world that at birth all hip joints should be clinically assessed by the Ortolani and Barlow tests. Currently, there is no consistency regarding who should undertake the examination, the results being worse when inexperienced personnel are used. These clinical tests have poor sensitivity and should be regarded as surveillance, not screening methods. Since the 1980s ultrasonographic assessment of the hip has become a valuable diagnostic tool. However there is continuing controversy on whether this imaging method should be used universally or selectively for 'at risk' and clinically unstable hip joints. Universal ultrasonographic evaluation may result in over-treatment and selective screening may be no better than the best clinical screening programs in reducing the incidence of 'late' irreducible dislocation of the hip. It is generally accepted that all clinically unstable hips should be imaged by ultrasound by static and dynamic methods in order to confirm the diagnosis and to monitor treatment.     

Treatment and prevention of hip dysplasia in infants and young children

The diagnosis and treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip in the infant are uniform, with consensus that diagnostic ultrasound and Pavlik harness management are standard procedures. Sequential procedures for failed early treatment, residual dysplasia and late diagnosis are dependent on the age and the severity of the dysplasia.     

Developmental dysplasia of the hip. A population-based comparison of ultrasound and clinical findings

Clinical and ultrasound findings were compared in 3613 newborns examined for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) within 48 hours of delivery. Clinical and sonographic hip stability was described as stable, borderline unstable, dislocatable or dislocated, and the morphology on ultrasound as normal, immature or dysplastic. Persistent clinical or sonographic dislocatability or dislocation. major dysplasia or minor dysplasia combined with an unstable femoral head were indications for early treatment. A total of 123 (3.4%) infants were subjected to early treatment. of which 55 (45%) fulfilled the criteria for treatment on both clinical and ultrasound examinations, 52 (42%) were treated on the basis of ultrasound findings alone, and 16 (13%) on the basis of clinical findings alone. Thirty percent of the infants with clinically dislocated or dislocatable hips were judged to have stable or just borderline unstable hips on the first clinical examination. Of 486 (13.5%) infants with sonographically immature or minor dysplastic but stable hips, 472 (97%) normalized spontaneously, while treatment was initiated in 14 (3%) of them at 1-3 months of age because of lack of sonographic improvement. Only one infant presented with late DDH during an observation period of 3 years. Accepting sonographic dysplasia as a criterion for early splinting may result in a treatment rate which is almost twice the rate based on clinical criteria, but late dislocation may be virtually eliminated.     

Value of limited hip abduction in developmental dysplasia of the hip

BACKGROUND: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) continues to be missed by routine physical examination in up to 50% of cases. Ultrasound (US) supplementation is the best method of screening for DDH, but the resources required should not be underestimated. Limited abduction of the hip (LHA) in an infant triggers suspicion, and often an urge to treat, in most orthopaedic surgeons and pediatricians alike. This study aimed to document the value of unilateral LHA in the diagnosis and decision making of DDH, and the correlation between LHA and US. METHODS: In total, 464 infants referred from the pediatrics clinic with LHA, aged between 30 and 120 days, were included in the study. RESULTS: Physical examination revealed LHA in 186 (41%) infants, 26 of which were unilateral and 160 were bilateral. US examination showed that 13 (8.1%) patients in the bilateral LHA group and 18 (69.2) patients in the unilateral LHA group, had DDH (total number 31, 7%). CONCLUSION: Unilateral limitation of hip abduction was found to be a sensitive sign for developmental hip dysplasia, but US could be defined once again as the best golden standard before initiating treatment.     

Screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip: Results of a 7-year follow-up study

BACKGROUND: Screening for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is widely recommended for all infants to prevent disability from late diagnosis of dislocation of the hip. The present study evaluates the results of screening for developmental dislocation of hip in a clinic in Turkey over the course of 7 years. METHODS: Hospital records of 5798 infants who were examined regularly until walking age at Gazi University well child clinics between January 1995 and December 2001 were reviewed. Infants with known risk factors for DDH such as breech presentation, family history of DDH or swaddling, and of infants with physical examination findings suggestive of DDH, were referred to orthopedic surgeons for diagnosis. Based on this final diagnosis, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of risk factors and physical examination findings were calculated. RESULTS: Of the 5798 infants, risk factors were detected in the medical history of 111 infants, and in 14 infants a musculoskeletal deformity was detected. In 606 infants the physical examination findings were suggestive of DDH. Ten patients were subsequently diagnosed with DDH. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values of having a risk factor for DDH in history were 10.0%, 98.1%, 0.9%, 99.8%, and having abnormal hip examination findings were 100.0%, 88.9%, 1.6% and 100.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A careful history and physical examination is the cornerstone of DDH screening. Serial hip examinations performed during health examination visits provide an opportunity to identify DDH cases. The sensitivity of risk factors in history and physical examination findings together is high enough to be accepted as a screening tool.     

泪点影像在观察儿童发育性髋发育不良的应用

观察了８０例发育性髋发育不良患儿的系列Ｘ线片，其泪点影出现时间在正常侧为１岁，而脱位侧泪点的出现明显延迟，往往在股骨头复位后才能出现，并随着年龄增长而逐渐变窄。测量了部分患儿正常侧的泪点宽度，用统计学方法证实泪点宽度随年龄增大而变窄具有临床意义。     

Differences in risk factors between early and late diagnosed developmental dysplasia of the hip

BACKGROUND: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is common, affecting 7.3 per 1000 births in South Australia. Clinical screening programmes exist to identify the condition early to gain the maximum benefit from early treatment. Although these screening programmes are effective, there are still cases that are missed. Previous research has highlighted key risk factors in the development of DDH. OBJECTIVE: To compare the risk factors of cases of DDH identified late with those that were diagnosed early. METHODS: A total of 1281 children with DDH born in 1988-1996 were identified from the South Australian Birth Defects Register. Hospital records of those who had surgery for DDH within 5 years of life were examined for diagnosis details. Twenty seven (2.1%) had been diagnosed at or after 3 months of age and were considered the late DDH cases (a prevalence of 0.15 per 1000 live births). Various factors were compared with early diagnosed DDH cases. RESULTS: Female sex, vertex presentation, normal delivery, rural birth, and discharge from hospital less than 4 days after birth all significantly increased the risk of late diagnosis of DDH. CONCLUSIONS: The results show differences in the risk factors for early and late diagnosed DDH. Some known risk factors for DDH are in fact protective for late diagnosis. These results highlight the need for broad newborn population screening and continued vigilance and training in screening programmes.     

PAPP-A2基因与胎儿疾病相关性研究进展

妊娠相关血浆蛋白-A2(Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2,PAPP-A2)是一种金属蛋白酶,表达于多种组织和细胞中,尤其在孕妇血清、胎盘中呈高表达.PAPP-A2在胚胎生长发育中起重要作用,异常的PAPP-A2水平与先兆子痫、唐氏综合征、发育性髋关节发育不良等多种疾病存在相关性,但具体机制仍不清楚.该文就PAPP-A2的结构、功能,及与胎儿疾病相关性的研究进展进行综述.     

新生儿发育性髋关节异常筛查结果分析

目的 探讨新生儿发育性髋关节异常(DDH)的发病情况.方法 选取2008年6月-2009年7月在本院住院和门诊就诊的762例足月新生儿(男382例,女380例).患儿均采用Graf法和Morin法相结合的超声检查手段进行髋关节测量.参照Graf分类方法将髋关节发育不良、髋关节半脱位和髋关节全脱位者定为DDH.对髋关节发育不良患儿采取随访观察,而对髋关节半脱位和髋关节全脱位的DDH患儿行早期Pavlik吊带治疗,同时采用超声跟踪随访6个月,以进一步决定治疗方案.结果 1.143例DDH新生儿中髋关节脱位的发病率为0.52%,髋关节发育不良的发病率为18.25%;2.健康新生儿619例髋关节超声测量指标α角、β角、股骨头覆盖率的正常值分别为(60.19±6.92)度、(45.25±7.29)度、(62.85±6.38)%,DDH患儿分别为(44.52±7.53)度、(58.45±10.36)度、(37.65±7.74)%,二组超声测量指标比较差异均有统计学意义(Pa<0.05);3.性别、胎位、分娩产式、左侧等均为髋关节脱位的高危因素.结论 1.超声检查是新生儿DDH筛查的首选方法.2.明确新生儿髋关节发育的指标、DDH的发病率及相关高危因素,有利于减少DDH发生,同时早期发现DDH、尽早治疗,可改善患儿预后.     

3D打印导航模板在大龄DDH患儿股骨近端内翻旋转短缩截骨术中的应用

目的 利用逆向工程(reverse engineering,RE)和快速成型(Rapid prototyping,RP)技术设计制备一种适用于大龄发育性髋关节脱位(developmental dysplasia of the hip,DDH)患儿股骨近端内翻旋转短缩截骨术的导航模板.方法 对2014年6月至2014年12月收治的6例(6髋)大龄DDH患儿进行CT连续扫描,根据CT数据使用Mimics和Geomagic Design Direct软件,利用正逆向结合建模设计囊括股骨近端内翻、旋转、短缩截骨术全部手术参数及步骤在内的导航模板.通过熔积成型(fused deposition modeling,FDM)法RP技术生产实物模板,手术时首先将导航模板与股骨近端相吻合,置入导针后,沿导航模板进行截骨,撤离导板后利用导针为操纵杆进行内翻、旋转及短缩并插入对应钢板钉孔内,于导针针道依次旋人皮质螺钉完成手术.结果 术前规划、模拟手术及术中操作一致,平均手术时长18 min,最长21 min,最短14 min,手术时间及射线暴露次数大幅降低,术后随访12～18个月,根据Mckay临床疗效评定标准:优4(66.7％)、良1(16.7％)、可1(16.7％),优良率达83.3％;SeverinX线评定标准:Ⅰ级5髋(83.3％)、Ⅱ级1髋(16.7％),优良率达100％,无1例出现再脱位和股骨头缺血坏死等并发症.结论 利用RE和RP技术制作的导航模板应用于大龄DDH患儿股骨近端内翻旋转短缩截骨术,可以简化手术步骤、节约手术时间、提高手术精确性、确保手术疗效,为大龄DDH患儿精准医疗提供新方法.     

新生儿髋关节筛查资料分析

目的 探讨超声及临床髋关节检查在新生儿发育性髋关节发育不良（DDH）早期筛查中的意义.方法 采用前瞻性的方法,分两阶段对我院2011年8月1日至2013年3月29日出生的新生儿分别进行髋关节临床检查和超声检查,并对筛查结果进行分析.第一阶段为2011年8月1日至2013年1月29日,筛查出生3 ～ 10天的新生儿,了解我院新生儿DDH的患病率、DDH发生的高危因素,以及髋关节超声筛查和临床物理检查两者之间的吻合度等.第二阶段为2013年1月30日至2013年3月29日,对初诊与复诊的一致性及灵敏度和特异度进行调查.结果 第一阶段共筛查5193例新生儿,临床髋关节检查阳性616例（11.86％）,超声检查阳性556例（10.71％）.男、女超声阳性率分别为6.41％和15.78％.臀位及羊水量少的新生儿超声检查阳性率分别为10.55％和13.00％.男、女左、右髋超声分度比较和男、女左髋、右髋、双髋超声检查比较显示,女婴、臀位、羊水量少、右髋发生DDH的风险高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.第二阶段共筛选出符合超声初查和复查双条件的新生儿108例,初诊与复诊结果差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.ROC曲线下面积为0.675（95％ CI：0.183～1.000）.阳性预测值5.88％,阴性预测值98.90％.灵敏度及特异度的95％可信区间分别为50.00％ （95％ CI：1.26％ ～ 98.70％）,84.90％（95％ CI：76.60％ ～91.10％）.结论 超声进行新生儿髋关节DDH检查排除性诊断的意义大.运用髋关节临床及超声检查筛查新生儿DDH简便、安全,可早期发现可疑及异常病例,有利于门诊随访和早期干预.     

Developmental dysplasia of the hip in South Australia in 1991: Prevalence and risk factors

To determine the prevalence of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in South Australia (SA) in 1991, the proportion of cases detected in the neonatal period and the perinatal risk factors for DDH.

Methodology:

Cases of DDH born in SA in 1991 were identified from multiple sources and their clinical data linked to perinatal data provided by midwives; five controls per case were obtained randomly from SA livebirths without congenital abnormalities and adjusted odds ratios (OR) for potential risk factors obtained by logistic regression analysis. South Australia perinatal data were also used to estimate numbers of births with perinatal risk factors for targeted screening.

Results:

Two hundred and six cases of isolated DDH were identified, giving a prevalence of 10.5 per 1000 births. Of these, 173 (84%) had been detected in the neonatal period. The perinatal risk factors for DDH were identified as breech presentation (OR 9.65), female babies (OR 4.04), first births (OR 1.91) and maternal age of 25 years or more (OR 1.53). Screening breech and firstborn female babies (23% of births) would yield approximately 51% of cases of DDH.

Conclusions:

Isolated DDH had a prevalence of 10.5 per 1000 births and 84% of cases had been detected in the neonatal period in SA. Repeated screening during infancy of 'at risk' groups of babies is recommended.     

“三线一点”法在发育性髋关节脱位X线分型中的应用探讨

目的 探讨“三线一点”法在发育性髋关节脱位(developmental dysplasia of the hip,DDH)X线分型中的应用价值,研究其组间一致性.方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至6月间我院收治的69例DDH患儿(90髋).其中,男17例,女52例,平均年龄21个月(5～75个月).将双侧病例分别计算,共有左侧46髋,右侧44髋.调取所有病例的术前骨盆正位片,随机从我科选取3名医生,分别以吉士俊分型、“三线一点”法、T(o)nnis分型以及国际髋关节发育不良协会分型对其进行测量和分型.不同观察者间的一致性比较采用Kappa检验.“三线一点”指Hilgenreiner (H)线、Perkin(P)线、Superolateral(S)线、Hilgenreiner(H)点.H线是双Y形软骨中心上缘连线,自髋臼外上缘作H线的垂线为P线,自髋臼外上缘作H线的平行线为S线,H点指股骨颈干骺端上缘中点.H点位于P线或其内侧为髋臼发育不良;H点位于P线外侧,且股骨颈干骺端内上缘位于P线或其内侧为髋关节半脱位;股骨颈干骺端内上缘位于P线外侧为髋关节脱位.髋关节脱位时,H点位于H线或其下方为Ⅰ度;位于H线和S线之间或S线为Ⅱ度;位于S线上方为Ⅲ度.结果 本组90髋均为髋关节脱位,其中17髋股骨头骨骺核未出现,不适合采用T(o)nnis分型.上述四种分型的组间一致性检验Kappa值分别为0.523±0.173、0.786±0.223、0.674±0.164、0.727±0.296,P值均为0.000.结论 “三线一点”分型法组间高度一致,易于理解,对DDH的个体化、精准化治疗有一定的参考价值.     

利用骨盆数字重建影像探究儿童髋臼指数的标准化测量方法

目的:利用骨盆数字重建图像(digital reconstructed radiographs,DRRs)研究如何选择正确的髋臼外上缘参考点测量儿童髋臼指数(AI)并初步探究其解剖对应关系。方法:回顾收集2015年1月1日至2015年12月31日入浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院骨科进行髋关节CT检查的研究对象共177例,收...