Epidural catheter replacement rates with dural puncture epidural labor analgesia compared with epidural analgesia without dural puncture: a retrospective cohort study

BackgroundLumbar epidural analgesia (LEA) is commonly used for labor analgesia but up to 13% of epidural catheters fail and require replacement. Combined spinal-epidural analgesia is associated with a lower catheter failure rate. Few data exist regarding catheter replacement rates after dural-puncture epidural (DPE). We conducted a retrospective analysis comparing catheter failure rates between epidural and DPE techniques.MethodsThis retrospective single-center trial reviewed all labor neuraxial analgesia procedures among 18 726 women across five years, and identified 810 DPE and 2667 LEA procedures. Catheter failure rates, consisting of replacement or requirement of general anesthesia for cesarean delivery, were compared. Propensity score matching was used to balance the groups.ResultsDural-puncture epidural was associated with significantly fewer catheter failures compared with LEA (74/759 vs. 49/759, odds ratio 0.64, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.93, P=0.02). Sensitivity analysis excluding cases of general anesthesia confirmed this relationship. Risk factors identified for catheter failure included age, body mass index, and nulliparity. Dural-puncture epidural was associated with a longer mean time to catheter replacement (918 min vs. 609 min, P=0.04). Kaplan-Meier and Cox multivariate analyses confirmed this relationship. There was no significant difference in the requirement for epidural analgesia supplementation, but DPE required supplementation significantly later than LEA. There was no difference in the rate of headache or epidural blood patch between groups.ConclusionsDural-puncture epidural is associated with fewer catheter failures and replacements than LEA, without an increase in the rate of post-dural puncture headache or epidural blood patch.     

Accidental dural puncture during epidural blood patch: a narrative review

Whilst performing an epidural blood patch (EBP) to treat post dural-puncture headache following accidental or intentional dural puncture, the risk of a subsequent accidental dural puncture (ADP) is commonly quoted as 1%. However, a recent review reported only three documented cases. It seems likely that this complication is more common than is acknowledged, yet there is a paucity of literature and an absence of any guidance as to how to proceed in practice. This review addresses three unanswered questions regarding ADP during EBP: what is the incidence; what are the immediate clinical consequences; and what is the optimal clinical management?The incidence may reasonably be estimated to be 0.5–1%. Even on large units, this complication will not be experienced by every consultant anaesthetist during their career. It is likely to occur 20–30 times per year in the United Kingdom, and in greater numbers in those countries with higher epidural rates. Immediately re-attempting an EBP at a different level may be a reasonable management approach which has high efficacy, and is without clear evidence of significant harm. However, the limited evidence means that the risks are poorly characterised, and more data may lead to alternative conclusions.There is uncertainty amongst obstetric anaesthetists about how to manage ADP during EBP. More data and pragmatic guidance, which evolves with further evidence, will ensure optimal care for patients suffering this compound iatrogenic complication.     

硬膜穿孔后硬膜外镇痛在分娩镇痛中的应用

目的探讨硬膜穿孔后硬膜外镇痛在分娩镇痛中应用的有效性和安全性。方法接受分娩镇痛的单胎足月初产妇180例,随机均分为自控硬膜外镇痛组(P组)、腰-硬联合镇痛组(S组)和硬膜穿孔复合硬膜外镇痛组(D组)。P组于硬膜外穿刺置管成功后,注入0.125%罗派卡因+0.4μg/ml舒芬太尼的混合药液5ml作为首量,继而已同一混合液行自控硬膜外镇痛,背景量7ml/h,单次2ml,时间锁定15min。S组在腰-硬联合操作成功后,在蛛网膜下腔注入舒芬太尼3μg,继而行自控硬膜外镇痛,配方同P组。D组在穿刺成功后(以发现脑脊液回流为准),作硬膜外置管,注入0.0625%罗派卡因+0.2μg/ml舒芬太尼10ml作为首量,继而已同一混合液行自控硬膜外镇痛,背景量14ml/h、单次4ml、时间锁定15min。于镇痛前(T0)、镇痛后1min(T1)、5min(T2)、10min(T3)、60min(T4)行VAS评分;记录各组镇痛首次PCA时间、PCA次数、舒芬太尼用量、镇痛不良反应、产程及分娩方式。结果与T0时比较,T2～T4时三组VAS评分显著降低(P<0.05)。与D组和S组比较,T2、T3时P组VAS评分明显升高;P组首次PCA时间明显缩短、PCA次数和舒芬太尼用量明显增加(P<0.05)。与D组比较,P组第一产程活跃期明显延长、器械助产、产前发热例数明显增加(P<0.05);S组剖宫产、产前发热、胎心减慢、瘙痒例数明显增加(P<0.05)。结论硬膜穿孔后硬膜外镇痛效果确切、不良反应更少,是一种安全有效的分娩镇痛方法。     

硬膜外舒芬太尼分娩镇痛的效应随机、多中心研究

目的 采用随机、多中心方法探讨硬膜外舒芬太尼分娩镇痛的有效性和安全性.方法 分娩单胎孕初产妇240例,自愿接受分娩镇痛,无产科及硬膜外阻滞禁忌证,年龄＜35岁,孕周＞37周,体重＜100 kg,随机分为2组(n=120)舒芬太尼混合罗哌卡因组(S组)和芬太尼混合罗哌卡因组(F组).当产妇宫口开至3 cm时,L2,3间隙硬膜外穿刺置管,S组硬膜外注射0.15%罗哌卡因和0.5 μg·ml-1舒芬太尼混合液试验剂量5 ml,观察5 min确认导管在硬膜外腔后追加上述混合液5～10 ml,30min后以0.1%罗哌卡因和0.5 μg·ml-1舒芬太尼混合液行病人自控硬膜外镇痛.F组混合液以2 μg·ml-1芬太尼替代0.5 μg·ml-1舒芬太尼,其他用药情况均与S组同.两组PCA剂量均为6 ml,锁定时间均为15 min.于镇痛前、镇痛10、30、60 min行视觉模拟评分(VAS)和运动神经阻滞分级(采用改良Bromage分级法测定),记录镇痛起效时间、首次PCA时间、镇痛药物用量、低血压、镇痛不良反应、镇痛满意度、生命体征、产程、分娩方式及新生儿Apgar评分.结果 与镇痛前比较,镇痛期间两组VAS评分降低(P＜0.05),镇痛效果满意;镇痛10、30和60 min两组收缩压和舒张压均降低(P＜0.05),心率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与F组比较,S组首次PCA时间延迟约14 min,PCA用量和有效次数减少(P＜0.05),S组皮肤瘙痒发生率增高(P＜0.05).PCA用量舒芬太尼6 μg,芬太尼36 μg,用量比1∶6.两组产后镇痛满意度优良率(分别为95%和93.5%)、镇痛起效时间、VAS评分、镇痛后催产素使用率、产后失血量、产程、剖宫产率、器械助产率及新生儿产后1、5 min Apgar评分差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 舒芬太尼混合罗哌卡因硬膜外分娩镇痛安全有效,舒芬太尼镇痛持续时间长于芬太尼,效价为芬太尼的6倍.     

间断推注与持续背景输注罗哌卡因和阿片类药物用于硬膜外分娩镇痛的Meta分析

目的采用Meta分析评价间断硬膜外推注(intermittent epidural bolus,IEB)(IEB组)与持续硬膜外输注(continuous epidural infusion,CEI)(CEI组)罗哌卡因和阿片类药物用于维持分娩镇痛的有效性和安全性。方法检索CENTRAL、PubMed、EMBASE、WOS、CBM、CNKI、VIP和万方数据库,时间从建库到2018年3月。纳入比较间断1h推注与持续背景输注罗哌卡因和阿片类药物用于维持硬膜外分娩镇痛的随机对照试验(RCT)。采用RevMan 5.3软件进行分析。结果最终纳入文献12篇,共1 383例产妇。与CEI组比较,IEB组明显降低器械助产率(OR=0.52,95%CI 0.33～0.82,P0.05)和运动阻滞发生率(OR=0.15,95%CI 0.05～0.44,P0.05),明显降低麻醉药物额外需求率(OR=0.13,95%CI0.09～0.2,P0.05)和罗哌卡因用量(SMD=-1.04,95%CI-1.18～-0.91,P0.05),明显减少第一产程时间(MD=-11.22min,95%CI-16.51～-5.92,P0.05)和第二产程时间(MD=-3.25min,95%CI-5.14～-1.37,P0.05)。两组剖宫产率、新生儿1min Apgar评分及低血压、恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒发生率差异无统计学意义。结论与持续背景输注罗哌卡因和阿片类药物用于维持硬膜外分娩镇痛相比较,间断1h推注的方法可降低器械助产率及运动阻滞发生率,降低麻醉药物的额外需求率同时减少罗哌卡因的用量。     

腹横肌平面阻滞复合静脉自控镇痛与硬膜外镇痛用于开腹结直肠手术的比较

目的 观察和比较腹横肌平面(transversus abdominis plane,TAP)阻滞复合静脉自控镇痛与连续硬膜外镇痛对开腹结直肠手术患者镇痛和康复的影响. 方法 入选84例开腹结直肠手术患者,采用随机数字表法将患者分为两组:超声引导下TAP阻滞复合静脉自控镇痛组(T组)和连续硬膜外镇痛组(E组),每组42例.主要监测指标为术后48 h VAS评分,同时比较术后补救镇痛药使用率、舒芬太尼消耗量、胃肠道功能恢复时间、早期活动时间、低血压发生率、恶心呕吐发生率、下肢感觉及运动异常、医学康复时间和实际住院时间等. 结果 最终80例患者完成本研究.两组患者术后48 h VAS评分、术后补救镇痛药使用率、胃肠道功能恢复时间、恶心呕吐发生率、医学康复时间和实际住院时间差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与E组比较,T组术后低血压发生率(15％比40％)、早期活动时间[(64±13)h比(91±12)h]、下肢感觉及运动异常(0比10％)、术中及术后舒芬太尼消耗量[(49±11)μg比(43±7)μg及(88±12) μg比(45±5)μg]差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 与连续硬膜外术后镇痛比较,TAP阻滞复合静脉自控镇痛能为开腹结直肠手术患者提供相似的镇痛与康复效果,且低血压等并发症发生率更低.     

The incidence of breakthrough pain associated with programmed intermittent bolus volumes for labor epidural analgesia: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundIn this randomized, blinded study, we evaluated the effects of different programmed intermittent epidural bolus (PIEB) volumes for labor analgesia on the incidence of breakthrough pain and other analgesic outcomes.MethodsNulliparous women with term cephalic singleton pregnancies who requested labor analgesia had epidural analgesia initiated with 10 mL 0.1% ropivacaine with sufentanil 0.3 μg/mL. The pump was programmed to deliver a 4, 6 or 8 mL bolus every 45 min (groups 4, 6 or 8, respectively). The primary outcome was the incidence of breakthrough pain, defined as inadequate analgesia after two patient-controlled epidural analgesia administrations in a 20-min period. Secondary outcomes included ropivacaine consumption, time of the first patient-controlled epidural analgesia request, duration of the second stage of labor, and incidence of motor block.ResultsAmong 210 women randomly allocated the incidence of breakthrough pain was 34.9%, 19.7%, and 13.1%, for groups 4, 6 and 8, respectively (P=0.011). The incidence of breakthrough pain in group 8 was lower than in group 4 (P=0.006). The median (interquartile range) hourly ropivacaine consumption was 8.2 mg/h (7.1–11.3), 10.4 mg/h (9.2–13.0), and 12.0 mg/h (11.2–13.8) in groups 4, 6 and 8, respectively (P <0.001). Group 8 had a longer duration of effective analgesia and longer second stage of labor than group 4. There was no significant difference between groups in the incidence of motor block.ConclusionThe larger PIEB volumes were preferred for epidural labor analgesia compared with a smaller volume because of improved analgesia without clinically significant increases in adverse effects.     

分娩镇痛时硬膜外左旋布比卡因运动阻滞的半数有效浓度

目的 确定分娩镇痛时硬膜外左旋布比卡因运动阻滞的半数有效浓度(EC50).方法 30例ASAI级初产妇,在第一产程宫颈开至2～3 cm时,L2,3硬膜外间隙穿刺,注射负荷量左旋布比卡因10ml,第1例产妇的左旋布比卡因浓度为0.5%,应用序贯法确定下一例产妇的药物浓度,相邻浓度比值为0.95.注药后30 min采用改良Bromage评分法评价下肢运动阻滞程度.结果 左旋布比卡因运动阻滞的EC50为0.562%,95%可信区间为0.542%～0.584%.结论 分娩镇痛时第一产程硬膜外左旋布比卡因(10 ml)运动阻滞的EC50为0.562%,95%可信区间为0.542%～0.584%.     

单孔与传统腹腔镜胆囊切除术的比较：随机对照试验的Meta 分析

目的：评价单孔腹腔镜胆囊切除术（SILC）与传统腹腔镜胆囊切除术（CLC）的安全性和有效性。方法：计算机检索各数据库中有关SILC与CLC的前瞻性随机对照试验。检索时限均为建库至2012年11月。按Cochrane系统评价员手册对纳入文献的方法学质量进行评价后,提取数据,采用RevMan 5.1统计软件行Meta分析。结果：筛选后最终纳入17个研究,共1 267例患者,其中SILC组654例,CLC组613例。Meta分析结果显示,手术时间SILC组长于CLC组（WMD=13.02,95%CI=7.95~18.09,P<0.001）;术后切口外观评分和患者满意度评分SILC组优于CLC组（WMD=1.21,95%CI=0.70~1.72,P<0.001;WMD=0.76,95%CI=0.53~1.00,P<0.001）;术后并发症、术后疼痛评分和住院时间两组间差异无统计学意义（RR=1.13,95%CI=0.87~1.48,P=0.35;WMD=0.03,95%CI= -0.82~0.88,P=0.95;WMD=-0.06,95%CI=-0.40~0.28,P=0.73）。结论：对于治疗非复杂性的胆囊良性疾病,SILC是一项安全而有效的手术操作;它具有良好的切口外观和患者满意的优点。     

The management of accidental dural puncture and postdural puncture headache: a North American survey

Study Objective

To evaluate the management of accidental dural puncture (ADP) and postdural puncture headache (PDPH) among obstetric anesthesiologists practicing in North America.

Design

Questionnaire survey of individual members of the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP).

Setting

University hospital.

Measurements

In June 2008, a 4-part, 83-item electronic survey was distributed to all North American members of SOAP. It contained questions about respondent demographics, epidural catheter and intrathecal catheter management after ADP, PDPH management, epidural blood patch (EBP) management, and patient follow-up.

Main Results

Of the 843 United States and Canadian members of SOAP who were surveyed, 160 responses were collected. Respondents reported placing an epidural 75% of the time and an intrathecal catheter 25% of the time following ADP. Common prophylactic and conservative treatment strategies included hydration, caffeine, and opioids by mouth; 76% of respondents leave an intrathecal catheter in place for 24 hours to reduce the frequency of headache. Epidural blood patches are placed by 81% of practitioners less than 24 hours after headache onset.

Conclusions

Protocols for ADP management are rare. There is wide variation in catheter management after dural puncture, measures used to prevent and treat a resultant headache, and EBP management.     

分娩镇痛时硬膜外罗哌卡因运动阻滞的半数有效浓度

目的 确定分娩镇痛时硬膜外罗哌卡因运动阻滞的半数有效浓度(EC50).方法 30例ASA Ⅰ级初产妇,在第一产程宫颈开至2～3 cm时,L2,3硬膜外间隙穿刺,头端置管3 cm,注射负荷量罗哌卡因10 ml,第1例产妇罗哌卡因浓度为0.5%,应用序贯法确定下一例产妇的药物浓度,相邻浓度比值为1.04.注药后30 min时采用改良Bromage评分评价下肢运动阻滞程度.结果 罗哌卡因运动阻滞的EC50为0.674%,95%可信区间为0.651%～0.697%.结论 分娩镇痛时第一产程硬膜外罗哌卡因(10 ml)运动阻滞的EC50为0.674%,95%可信区间为0.651%～0.697%.     

Postoperative epidural analgesia after total knee arthroplasty with sufentanil 1 microg/ml combined with ropivacaine 0.2%, ropivacaine 0.125%, or levobupivacaine 0.125%: a randomized, double-blind comparison

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Total knee replacement is associated with severe postoperative pain that, if treated insufficiently, interferes with early rehabilitation. The purpose of the present study is to compare the efficacy of ropivacaine (0.2% and 0.125%) and levobupivacaine (0.125%), all in combination with sufentanil 1 microg/mL with regard to postoperative pain relief and absence of motor block in a patient-controlled epidural analgesia setting. METHODS: The study design was randomized and double-blind. Sixty-three patients scheduled for total knee replacement under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia were randomly allocated to receive ropivacaine 0.2%/sufentanil 1 microg/mL (group 1), ropivacaine 0.125%/sufentanil 1 microg/mL (group 2), or levobupivacaine 0.125%/sufentanil 1 microg/mL (group 3) for postoperative epidural pain relief. Primary endpoints were numerical rating scores for pain and patient satisfaction, motor block scores, time to first demand of the patient-controlled epidural analgesia device and average hourly consumption of local anesthetic and sufentanil. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the 3 groups regarding numerical rating scores for pain, patient satisfaction, and motor block scores at any of the time intervals; time to first demand and average hourly sufentanil consumption were similar. Patients in group 1 used significantly more local anesthetic than patients in groups 2 and 3. CONCLUSIONS: All 3 solutions provided adequate analgesia and minimal motor block. The higher concentration of ropivacaine 0.2% was associated with a higher consumption of local anesthetic and did not result in a decrease in the consumption of sufentanil. Under the conditions of this study, patient-controlled epidural analgesia consumption of the epidural mixture was predominantly determined by sufentanil.     

加巴喷丁术前用药在开腹子宫切除术后镇痛效应的Meta分析

目的系统评价加巴喷丁术前用药对开腹子宫切除术患者术前用药的效果及安全性。方法电子检索PubMed、Cochrane、Embase、Ovid、Springer Link、Web of Science、CNKI、万方、维普等数据库,收集2000~2016年发表的加巴喷丁术前用药的随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)文献,按Cochrane指导手册的方法选择文献、提取资料及评价研究质量后,采用RevMan5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入10篇RCT文献,共计609例患者。Meta分析结果显示,与对照组比较,加巴喷丁组术后24h阿片类麻醉药物的累积用量明显减少(WMD=-8.83mg,95%CI-12.70~-4.97,P0.001);VAS评分无明显降低(WMD=-7.70mm,95%CI-18.22~2.82,P=0.15);呕吐的发生率明显降低(RR=0.49,95%CI 0.35~0.69,P0.001)。两组术后24h内恶心的发生率(RR=0.73,95%CI 0.45~1.17,P=0.19)和嗜睡的发生率(RR=2.08,95%CI0.62~6.92,P=0.23)差异无统计学意义。结论开腹子宫切除术的患者加巴喷丁术前用药能够有效地降低阿片类麻醉药物的累积用量,减少呕吐的发生率,而对术后疼痛、恶心以及嗜睡无明显影响。     

Accidental dural puncture during labor analgesia and obstetric outcomes in nulliparous women

BackgroundThe effect of accidental dural puncture during labor epidural analgesia on obstetric outcomes remains unexplored. In this retrospective cohort study, we tested the hypothesis that accidental dural puncture is associated with prolonged second stage of labor.MethodsAnesthetic and obstetric data from nulliparous parturients who suffered an accidental dural puncture at term labor (n=89) during the years 2006–2012 were compared with randomly selected parturients with uncomplicated epidural analgesia (n=232). The primary outcome was the proportion of parturients with prolonged second stage of labor: secondary outcomes were the proportion of instrumented and cesarean deliveries. Statistical analysis included student t-test for continuous variables, chi-square test for binary variables, and logistic regressions for associations between accidental dural puncture and outcomes.ResultsDemographic and obstetric characteristics of parturients were comparable except for a non-significant increase in prolonged second stage of labor in the accidental dural puncture group (27% vs. 17%, P=0.06). After adjusting for known potential confounders, multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed a significant association between accidental dural puncture and prolonged second stage of labor (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 1.99, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.82; P=0.037). This was not accompanied by an increase in instrumented (aRR 0.57, 95% CI 0.27 to 1.21; P=0.15) or cesarean delivery (aRR 1.83, 95% CI 0.89 to 3.77; P=0.10).ConclusionAccidental dural puncture during labor analgesia was associated with prolonged second stage of labor in nulliparous parturients. Prospective studies are needed to assess the relationship between the quality of neuraxial block after accidental dural puncture and obstetric outcomes.     

Ultrasound control for presumed difficult epidural puncture

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of epidural anaesthesia depends on the accurate identification of the epidural space (ES). Abnormal anatomical conditions may make the procedure difficult or impossible. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pre-puncture ultrasound examination of the spinal anatomy might be beneficial in expected cases of difficult epidural anaesthesia. METHODS: We used digital ultrasound equipment with a 5-MHz transducer to assess the anatomy of the ES and the posterior parts of the spinal column. We examined 72 parturients with abnormal anatomical conditions who were scheduled for epidural anaesthesia. The women were randomised into two equal groups. In all patients, the standard loss of resistance technique was used. In the ultrasound group, an ultrasound examination of the appropriate spinal region was conducted prior to epidural puncture. ES depth seen on the ultrasound images was compared to the ES depth measured by the needle. We compared the number of puncture attempts with the standard method (control group) to the number of attempts under ultrasound guidance. RESULTS: Ultrasonography significantly improved operating conditions for epidural anaesthesia. The maximum VAS scores and patient acceptance were significantly better. CONCLUSIONS: With ultrasound measurement of the ES depth, the quality of epidural anaesthesia was enhanced.     

Pain control with continuous infusion preperitoneal wound catheters versus continuous epidural analgesia in colon and rectal surgery: A randomized controlled trial

Objective

To compare continuous infusion preperitoneal wound catheters (CPA) versus continuous epidural analgesia (CEA) after elective colorectal surgery.

Opioid versus non-opioid analgesia for spine surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Purpose

Opioids are the primary analgesics used in patients undergoing spine surgery. Postoperative pain is common despite their liberal use and so are opioid-associated side effects. Non-opioid analgesics are gaining popularity as alternative to opioids in spine surgery.

Methods

This systematic review evaluated current evidence regarding opioid and non-opioid intraoperative analgesia and their influence on immediate postoperative pain and adverse events in spine surgery.

Results

A total of 10,459 records were obtained by searching Medline, EMBASE and Web of Science databases and six randomized controlled trials were included. Differences in postoperative pain scores between opioid and non-opioid groups were not significant at 1 h: 4 studies, mean difference (MD) = 0.65 units, 95% confidence intervals (CI) [−0.12 to 1.41], p = 0.10, but favored non-opioid at 24 h after surgery: 3 studies, MD = 0.75 units, 95%CI [0.03 to 1.46], p = 0.04. The time for first postoperative analgesic requirement was shorter (MD = −45.06 min, 95%CI [−72.50 to −17.62], p = 0.001), and morphine consumption during first 24 h after surgery was higher in opioid compared to non-opioid group (MD = 4.54 mg, 95%CI [3.26 to 5.82], p < 0.00001). Adverse effects of postoperative nausea and vomiting (Relative risk (RR) = 2.15, 95%CI [1.37 to 3.38], p = 0.0009) and shivering (RR = 2.52, 95%CI [1.08 to 5.89], p = 0.03) were higher and bradycardia was lower (RR = 0.35, 95%CI [0.17 to 0.71], p = 0.004) with opioid analgesia.

Conclusion

The certainty of evidence on GRADE assessment is low for studied outcomes. Available evidence supports intraoperative non-opioid analgesia for overall postoperative pain outcomes in spine surgery. More research is needed to find the best drug combination and dosing regimen.

Prospero Registration: CRD42020209042.

     

Epidural analgesia versus intravenous patient-controlled analgesia following minimally invasive pectus excavatum repair: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background/Purpose

The minimally invasive pectus excavatum repair (MIPER) is a painful procedure. The ideal approach to postoperative analgesia is debated. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the efficacy and safety of epidural analgesia compared to intravenous Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) following MIPER.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE (1946–2012) and the Cochrane Library (inception–2012) for randomized controlled trials (RCT) and cohort studies comparing epidural analgesia to PCA for postoperative pain management in children following MIPER. We calculated weighted mean differences (WMD) for numeric pain scores and summarized secondary outcomes qualitatively.

Results

Of 699 studies, 3 RCTs and 3 retrospective cohorts met inclusion criteria. Compared to PCA, mean pain scores were modestly lower with epidural immediately (WMD − 1.04, 95% CI − 2.11 to 0.03, p = 0.06), 12 hours (WMD − 1.12; 95% CI − 1.61 to − 0.62, p < 0.001), 24 hours (WMD − 0.51, 95%CI − 1.05 to 0.02, p = 0.06), and 48 hours (WMD − 0.85, 95% CI − 1.62 to − 0.07, p = 0.03) after surgery. We found no statistically significant differences between secondary outcomes.

Conclusions

Epidural analgesia may provide superior pain control but was comparable with PCA for secondary outcomes. Better designed studies are needed. Currently the analgesic technique should be based on patient preference and institutional resources.     

低浓度罗哌卡因和布比卡因分娩镇痛的临床研究

目的 对比低浓度罗哌卡因和布比卡因自控硬膜外分娩镇痛（ＰＣＥＡ）的效果。方法 ５２例单胎初产妇随机分为０．１％罗哌卡因－芬太尼组和０．０７５％布比卡因－芬太尼组。采取双盲法进行视觉模拟镇痛评分（ＶＡＳ）和下肢运动神经阻滞评分（ＭＢＳ）。记录产程时间、生产方式、胎儿心率（ＦＨＲ）及新生儿ＳｐＯ２。结果 两组产妇分娩镇痛效果良好且无显著性差别（Ｐ〉０．０５）。罗哌卡因组和布比卡因组中无运动神经阻滞者分     

间断硬膜外间隙给药在分娩镇痛中的应用

背景 近年来,间断硬膜外间隙给药(intermittent epidural bolus,IEB)作为分娩镇痛的一种新型给药方式逐渐受到临床的关注. 目的 阐述当前IEB进行分娩镇痛的进展. 内容 综述IEB的局部麻醉药消耗量、镇痛效果、运动阻滞发生情况和对分娩结局的影响. 趋向 随着认识的深入,IEB将在分娩镇痛中得到更广泛的应用.