103例超未成熟儿及超低出生体重儿转归及影响因素分析

目的 总结超未成熟儿及超低出生体重儿发生的原因、相关影响因素及转归情况.方法 分析内蒙古医科大学附属医院2009年1月至2015年12月NICU收治的符合条件的103例超低出生体重儿及超未成熟儿的临床资料,包括母孕期病史、新生儿出生时情况、诊治经过及预后.结果 103例患儿存活67例,死亡36例,存活率65.0％ (67/103).妊娠高血压综合征、感染、胎膜早破等为发生超未成熟和超低出生体重儿的主要因素,影响两者的转归因素包括胎龄、性别、出生体重、肺出血、支气管肺发育不良、坏死性小肠结肠炎(P＜0.05).长期住院的存活患儿后期易并发贫血.死亡直接原因前4位包括肺出血、呼吸窘迫综合征、新生儿肺炎及坏死性小肠结肠炎.结论 加强高危妊娠监测管理,预防早产,加强NICU超未成熟儿及超低出生体重儿的监护管理,及早发现、及早处理各种并发症,防止医院感染发生,是提高两者存活率,改善生活质量的根本措施.     

Have outcomes following extremely preterm birth improved over time?

Increased survival of infants born preterm, especially those born extremely preterm (<28 weeks’ gestation), has meant that more are reaching later childhood and adulthood. As preterm birth is associated with a higher risk of neurodevelopmental deficits, the aim of this review was to determine whether or not the advances in perinatal care that led to improved survival have also had a positive impact on long-term neurodevelopment. Studies examining temporal changes in neurodevelopment are limited, and only from high-income countries. However, based on available published data, there is no definite trend of improved neurodevelopment at school age for neurosensory, cognitive, academic achievement, motor or executive function with time. Cerebral palsy rates, however, may be decreasing. More research is needed into the potential contributors for the trends observed, and also for other outcomes such as mental health and behavior.     

超低出生体重儿的护理方案

超低出生体重儿由于各系统发育极不成熟,临床上病死率很高.提高超低出生体重儿的存活率离不开科学的护理,本文从体温管理、建立静脉、动脉通路、液体疗法护理、呼吸道管理、喂养护理、感染的预防、环境管理、健康教育等方面阐述关于超低出生体重儿的护理方案.     

Cognitive outcome at 24 months is more predictive than at 18 months for IQ at 8-9 years in extremely low birth weight children

Background

It is unclear whether developmental assessment later or earlier in childhood is the better predictor of intelligence at 8 years of age. This is an important distinction as many clinical trials assess their final outcomes only in early childhood, assuming the results are valid for later childhood cognitive functioning.

Aims

To compare the ability of developmental assessment at 18 months with 24 months in predicting general intellectual functioning at 8–9 years of age in extremely low birth weight (ELBW, birthweight < 1000 g) children.

Study design

Cohort study.

Subjects

58 ELBW survivors born during 1997 at the Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.

Outcome measures

Cognitive assessments at each of 18 months, 24 months (Mental Developmental Index [MDI]) and 8–9 years (Full Scale IQ) of age, corrected for prematurity were compared by regression analysis and by the κ statistic (agreement beyond chance).

Results

Both the 18-month and the 24-month MDI were significantly predictive of Full Scale IQ at 8–9 years, but more so for the 24-month MDI, with 38% of variance explained compared with 34% of variance explained by the 18-month MDI. The 24-month MDI, expressed as categories of severe, moderate, mild or no developmental delay, was more predictive of categories of severe, moderate, mild or no intellectual impairment at 8–9 years (weighted κ = 0.43, P < 0.001) than was the 18-month MDI (weighted κ = 0.35, P = 0.001).

Conclusions

Cognitive assessment at 24 months is superior to cognitive assessment at 18 months in predicting IQ and intellectual impairment at 8–9 years of age in ELBW children.     

Current empirical research in neonatal bioethics

Ethical dilemmas in neonatology can be analysed using both the theoretical tools of analytic philosophy and the empirical tools of clinical epidemiology and health services research. Both yield important insights into ways to think about the ethical issues that arise in clinical neonatology. In this paper, we review recent empirical research in neonatal bioethics. Studies published in the last 5 years shed light on issues that arise in prenatal consultation, prognostication, outcomes, quality‐of‐life and cost‐effectiveness in neonatal intensive care. These studies show ways in which doctors vary in their decisions from country to country, hospital to hospital and for babies and children with different conditions but similar prognoses. Empirical research in bioethics can answer questions about what doctors and parents think and do. It does not answer questions about what they ought to do. Conclusion: Good ethics starts with good facts, even if good facts are not sufficient to get us to good ethics.     

Prediction of outcome at 5 years from assessments at 2 years among extremely preterm children: a Norwegian national cohort study

Aim: To examine the predictive value of early assessments on developmental outcome at 5 years in children born extremely preterm. Methods: This is a prospective observational study of all infants born in Norway in 1999–2000 with gestational age (GA) <28 weeks or birth weight (BW) <1000 g. At 2 years of age, paediatricians assessed mental and motor development from milestones. At 5 years, parents completed questionnaires on development and professional support before cognitive function was assessed with Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence‐Revised (WPPSI‐R) and motor function with the Movement Assessment Battery for children (ABC test). Results: Twenty‐six of 373 (7%) children had cerebral palsy at 2 and 29 of 306 (9%) children at 5 years. Of children without major impairments, 51% (95% CI 35–67) of those with and 22% (95% CI 16–28) without mental delay at 2 years had IQ <85 at 5 years, and 36% (95% CI 20–53 with and 16% (95% CI 11–21) without motor delay at 2 years had an ABC score >95th percentile (poor function). Approximately half of those without major impairments but IQ <85 or ABC score >95th percentile had received support or follow‐up beyond routine primary care. Conclusion: Previous assessments had limited value in predicting cognitive and motor function at 5 years in these extremely preterm children without major impairments.     

超低出生体重儿的营养管理

超低出生体重儿是NICU中最具风险的一组早产儿,除了必要的生命支持技术以外,营养管理成为直接影响到其生存和预后的关键因素.本文从超低出生体重儿的营养需求、肠内外营养和出院后喂养几个方面阐述了其营养管理的特点.超低出生体重儿营养支持的理想目标是使其生长速率及与之相关的功能发育和体重增长的成分接近正常胎儿.     

Extremely low-birth-weight infants less than 901 g. Growth and development after one year of life

In a long-term prospective control study, 20 extremely low-birth-weight infants with birth weights between 500 and 900 g (mean 755±109 g) and gestational ages between 24 and 30 weeks (mean 26.2±1.8 weeks) were compared with 20 full-term infants, after the first year of life for growth, development and continuing morbidity after discharge from the intensive care unit. The total rate of neurological abnormalities was 17%; the rate of infantile post-haemmorrhagic hydrocephalus requiring shunt operations was 8.7%, while 13% had retinopathy of prematurity with vision deficit, but none was blind. The hospital readmission rate was 70%, but for most infants only one or a few readmissions were needed whereas three infants with chronic lung disorders required frequent hospital readmissions, mainly for respiratory infections. Apart from 4 infants with major cerebral neonatal complications, 16 of 20 extremely low-birth-weight infants (80%) showed development within the normal range at one year of age, although with delay in some areas in comparison with full-term control infants. Follow-up into preschool and school age is in progress. We cautiously suggest that the results at the one year follow-up do indicate a possible favourable long-term outcome for many of these extremely low-birth-weight infants with normal cognitive development and with no major neurological sequelae.     

Extremely premature infants: How does death in the delivery room influence mortality rates in two level 3 centers in France?

Objectives

Mortality rates of very preterm infants may vary considerably between healthcare facilities depending on the neonates’ place of inclusion in the cohort study. The objective of this study was to compare the mortality rates of live-born extremely preterm neonates observed in two French tertiary referral hospitals, taking into account the occurrence of neonatal death both in the delivery room and in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

超低出生体重儿经幽门喂养的回顾性研究(英文)

目的：反复呼吸暂停和心率减慢是超出生体重儿(ELBWI)特别是有患有慢性肺部疾病的ELBWI的常见问题。胃食道返流是反复呼吸暂停和心动过缓的诱因。本研究的目的是评价持续经幽门喂养对不能耐受胃管喂养的超低出生体重儿的治疗意义,并与间歇经胃管喂养作比较。方法：回顾性分析81例ELBWI的临床资料。分两组：经幽门喂养(TP)组(n=30)及经胃管喂养组(IG组)(n=49)。TP组：比较TP前,与TP期间呼吸暂停及心率减慢的发生情况,喂养耐受性,营养摄入及体重增长速度,并与NG组的患儿做比较。TP组：患儿TP期间与TP前比较,每日呼吸暂停(0.66次vs 1.64次)及心率减慢次数(B1 2.06次 vs 3.32次、B2 1.66次 vs 3.18次)明显减少(P<0.05),未再出现呕吐及腹胀,在摄入蛋白及能量相似的情况下,每日体重增长速度比TP前慢(13.3±2.6 g/kg vs 15.3±3.9g/kg)(P<0.05)。TP组在TP期间与IG组蛋白能量摄入和体重增长速度无显著差异。TP组ELBWI均未发生坏死性小肠结肠炎和肠穿孔。结论：对于不能耐受胃管喂养的超低出生体重儿,经幽门喂养能显著减少呼吸暂停及心率减慢的发生率及改善喂养的耐受性。［中国当代儿科杂志,2004, 6(5): 360-364］     

超低出生体重儿的呼吸支持策略

随着科学知识及技术进步,超低出生体重儿生存率显著提高.这些新生儿出生后常需呼吸支持,合理的肺保护通气策略有助于减轻肺损伤、降低支气管肺发育不良的发生率.呼吸支持形式取决于生后状况,重要的是如何正确应用机械通气,达到理想的气体交换,避免通气损伤.无创性呼吸支持作为出生时最初的干预措施及其在向气管插管或机械通气治疗转变过程中的应用具有较高的研究价值.     

超低出生体重儿的心血管支持治疗

早产儿循环系统在出生时发育不成熟,常发生早产儿低血压和动脉导管未闭,其处理方法不同,常会影响患儿存活率和预后.扩容药物、血管活性药物、环氧化酶抑制剂以及肾上腺皮质激素等是较常用的药物,但对超低出生体重儿发生的心血管系统问题何时需要处理和如何处理一直困扰着临床医生.     

Large variability in performance IQ associated with postnatal morbidity,and reduced verbal IQ among school-aged children born preterm

Aim: To assess cognitive ability in a population-based group of prematurely born school-aged children and to relate these findings to postnatal morbidity. Method: The study group consisted of a cohort of 51 children born preterm, 43 (26 boys, 17 girls) of whom were available for psychological evaluation At evaluation, their median age was 10 y (range 8-11 y). They were all born between 1988 and 1991, with gestational age less than 29 wk (median 27, range 24-28). Their median birthweight was 1060 g (range 450-1450). The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III) was used, and the test results were compared with those of a standardized, age-matched, normative group of children. Results: Thirteen children (30%) performed below average [intelligence quotient (IQ) 380] for Full Scale IQ (FSIQ). Thirty-six children had a Verbal IQ (VIQ) below the mean value of 100 [84%, 95% confidence interval 73-95%], p 3 0.0001. The Performance IQ (PIQ) was within the expected range of a normal population, although a large variability was observed. Discrepancies between VIQ and PIQ of more than 15 IQ units were found in 42% of the children. High postnatal morbidity (days with assisted ventilation, number of blood transfusions) and low birthweight standard deviation scores (SDS) were associated with lower PIQ than VIQ, while low postnatal morbidity and high birthweight were associated with higher PIQ than VIQ. Conclusion: This cohort of preterm children had reduced overall verbal capacity independent of morbidity, and a large variability in performance capacity that was associated with postnatal morbidity. The findings suggest that there are different mechanisms influencing the outcome of verbal and performance capacity in preterm children.     

超低出生体重儿临床诊治的几个问题

本文主要针对超低出生体重儿管理中通常出现的种种问题,包括如何与患儿家属沟通、产儿科间合作、NICU的整体管理、有针对性的专人管理等方面进行讨论,并结合我们这10年中对超低出生体重儿诊疗过程中所积累的经验,如出生时管理、出生后体温、颅内出血的防治、感染的预防和处理、输血的管理、早产儿视网膜病的防治以及出院前及出院后的管理进行概述,以期供临床医生参考.