肝阻抗血流图评价门静脉高压症患者贲门周围血管离断术前后肝血流灌注的改变

目的利用肝阻抗血流图探讨肝硬化门静脉高压症患者的肝脏血流灌注改变和贲门周围血管离断术对肝血流灌注的影响.方法选取22例肝硬化门静脉高压症患者,分别在术前1周、术后2周检测其肝血流阻抗的改变,同时用Doppler彩超检测门静脉血流动力学的变化.结果肝阻抗血流图测定结果表明,门静脉高压症患者的肝动脉、门静脉向肝血流灌注明显下降,总肝灌注血流降低[(0.053±0.011)比(0.031±0.009)、(0.033±0.011)比(0.018±0.008)、(7.7±3.0)比(3.5±1.7),P<0.05];断流术后门静脉高压症患者的门静脉向肝灌注增加[(0.018±0.008)比(0.026±0.006),P<0.05],肝动脉向肝灌注无显著改变.结论肝硬化患者肝动脉、门静脉向肝有效血流灌注都降低,肝脏总血流量下降;贲门周围血管离断术能增加大部分患者的门静脉向肝血流灌注,但对肝动脉的向肝灌注无显著影响;肝阻抗血流图对于评价肝硬化患者的肝脏血流及手术对肝脏血流动力学的影响有一定的价值.     

门静脉压力测定在肝硬化门静脉高压症术式选择中的意义

肝硬化门静脉高压症（PHT）肝脏储备功能研究主要用于评估术后恢复过程,而手术方式的合理选择需依据病人门静脉血流动力学变化,这对提高手术效果极为重要。门静脉高压时血流动力学最突出的表现是门静脉压力升高,这是食管胃底静脉曲张形成的主要因素。肝脏血流动力学研究包括①肝静脉压力梯度、门体分流率测定;②门静脉系统血管的直径和通畅性;③侧支血管的部位、多少和大小;④门静脉人肝血流量（部分向肝、部分离肝或完全性离肝血流）：⑤肝动脉血流量等。     

门静脉高压症血流动力学研究与术式选择

门静脉高压症(portalhypertension ,PHT)病人的术式选择不仅应考虑病人的病因和肝脏代偿能力,而且须根据肝脏血流动力学变化,这对提高手术效果极为重要。肝脏血流动力学研究包括术前肝静脉压力梯度(HVPG )、门体分流率(PSS)测定,门静脉系统血管的直径和通畅性,侧支血管的部位、多少和大小,门静脉入肝血流量的多少(部分向肝、部分离肝或完全性离肝血流) ,及肝动脉血流量等内容。常用的术前血流动力学研究方法主要有多普勒超声(DUS) ,磁共振门静脉系血管成像(MRPVG) ,经动脉门静脉造影及肝静脉插管测压、造影术等。术中测定游离门静脉…     

选择性脾胃区减断分流术后血流动力学变化的实验研究

目的 研究门静脉高压症犬行选择性脾胃区减断分流术(selective decongestive devascular-ization shunt of gastrosplenic region,SDDS-GSR)后血流动力学变化.方法 用正常犬制备门静脉高压脾亢模型并进行SDDS-GSR术.制模前、成模后,分流术后30 d和术后60 d观察门静脉压力,门静脉、肝动脉、脾静脉和脾动脉的内径、血流速度和血流量参数的变化,作自身对照研究.结果 SDDS-GSR术后30 d的脾胃区静脉压力显著下降(P<0.01),门静脉、脾动脉和脾静脉内径显著缩小(P<0.01),门静脉、脾动脉和脾静脉血流量参数减少(P<0.01),肝动脉内径和血流量参数显著增加(P<0.01),术后60 d上述指标改变仍保持稳定.结论 sDDS-GSR术通过减少脾动脉血流和改善脾静脉回流,有效地降低了脾胃区的静脉压力,并保持肠系膜区的相对高压,同时增加肝动脉向肝血流量,保证了门脉的向肝血流量,术后血流动力学变化较持久稳定,是一种合理而可取的治疗门静脉高压症的术式.     

腹腔镜下贲门周围血管离断术对门静脉系统和肝动脉血流动力学的影响

目的探讨腹腔镜下贲门周围血管离断术(laparoscopic splenectomy plus pericardial devascularization,LSD)对门静脉系统和肝动脉血流动力学的影响。方法 2011年1月至2017年12月空军军医大学第二附属医院普通外科收治门静脉高压症病人270例,所有病人均接受了LSD治疗,观察和比较手术前后门静脉、肠系膜上静脉和肝动脉在直径、血流速度、血流量等方面的差异。结果①LSD手术后门静脉直径、门静脉血流速度、门静脉血流量均明显小于术前(P0.001);②肠系膜上静脉直径明显小于术前(P0.001),肠系膜上静脉血流速度与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.915),肠系膜上静脉血流量小于术前,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.065);③术后肝动脉直径明显大于术前(P=0.001),最大血流速度、最小血流速度和平均血流速度均明显大于术前(均P0.01),肝动脉血流量也明显大于术前(P=0.02)。结论从血流动力学变化来看,LSD能明显改善门静脉系统的高动力循环状态,而不会影响消化道的静脉回流,同时能够明显改善肝脏动脉灌注,对于门静脉高压症预后有着积极的临床意义。     

肝脏血灌注量的同位素定量检查

门静脉高压症外科治疗的疗效与肝脏的血灌注量以及门静脉血流量有关。因此,希望能用一种非侵入性的方法来测定肝动脉及门静脉的血流量以便确定最佳手术方案。肝脏的血管造影已可用以判断血管的形态,同位素方法则已被用以测定肝脏的总血流量。本文介绍一种应用同位素扫描技术测定肝血流中动脉流量和门静脉流量的新方法。检查方法的原理:自静脉注入放射性示踪剂后,可以看到流经肝脏的示踪剂曲线呈双峰状,这是肝动脉和门静脉对肝脏的双重血灌注的表现。对曲线的动脉相和门静脉相作积分处理,就可得出动脉血流和门静脉血流在肝脏总血流量中的组成关系,结合用同位     

选择性脾胃区减断分流术对肝脾血流动力学的影响

目的 探讨肝硬化门静脉高压患者行选择性脾胃区减断分流术(SDDS-GSR)后肝脾血流动力学的改变及临床意义.方法 前瞻性收集41例行SDDS-GSR术治疗患者的超声检查资料,按术前、术后2周及术后1年分为3期,并以21例正常体检患者为对照进行研究.结果 (1)脾脏厚度在术后2周(47±8)mm及术后1年(46±8)mm较术前(60±9)mm显著减小(P<0.01).(2)术后2周门静脉直径(1.13±0.19)cm较术前显著变窄(P<0.01),脾动脉直径(0.49±0.08)cm较术前显著变窄(P<0.05),肝动脉直径(0.40±0.07)cm较术前显著增宽(P<0.05).术后1年门静脉直径(0.89±0.17)cm均较术前显著变窄(P<0.01).(3)术后2周门静脉血流量(649±294)ml/min和脾动脉血流量(446±254)ml/min较术前显著减小(P<0.01),肝动脉血流量(612±295)ml/min较术前显著增加(P<0.01).术后1年肝动脉血流量(401±152)ml/min与术前和正常组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 肝硬化门静脉高压症患者肝脾血流动力学参数发生异常变化;SDDS-GSR有助于纠正肝硬化门静脉高压症患者肝脾血流动力学的紊乱状态.     

门静脉高压症血流动力学研究的意义

肝硬化门静脉高压症(PHT)时常伴有全身和内脏血流动力学异常，一般表现为病人全身血浆容量和心输出量增加，平均动脉压与周围血管总阻力下降，门静脉血流量(PVI)及门静脉压力(PVP)增加，侧支循环形成等，但每个病人可因病因和(或)病理生理的不同而有不同的血流动力学表现，特别是肝脏的血流动力学变化，因此其临床意义也极为重要。     

脾切除贲门周围血管离断术后肝脏血流动力学和储备功能的变化

目的 研究脾切除贲门周围血管离断术后肝脏血流动力学及肝功能储备的变化.方法 对2006年6月至2007年8月在四川大学华西医院行脾切除贲门周围血管离断术的连续30例乙肝后肝硬化患者通过感应器连续测定手术中的门静脉压力梯度;运用彩色多普勒分别测最术前和术后肝动脉血流量、门静脉血流量、肝动脉阻力指数,通过术前和术后吲哚青绿试验分别测得有效肝血流量及ICGR15.结果 本组30例患者的门静脉压力梯度在开腹后为(19±4)mm Hg,结扎脾动脉后为(14±4)mm Hg,脾切除后为(14±3)mm Hg,贲门周围血管离断术后为(12±4)mm Hg,有逐渐下降的趋势.术后门静脉血流餐由(42±14)ml/s降至(16±8)ml/s,而肝动脉血流量代偿性增加.术后有效肝血流量由(0.48±0.10)L/min增至(0.56±0.10)L/min,而ICGR15由22%±8%减至18%±4%.结论 脾切除贲门周围血管离断术后,尽管门静脉压力梯度及门静脉血流量减少,但肝功能储备至少在术后短期内是得到了改善的.     

脾肾分流加断流联合术血流动力学变化的临床研究

本文利用彩色多普勒血流显象（ＤＣＦＩ）数字减影血管造影（ＤＳＡ）和术中门静脉压力测量，研究了脾肾分流加贲门周围血管离断联合术后门脉系统血流动力学变化。结果表明联合术后门静脉内径和压力较断流术明显减小和降低，但门静脉血流量的减少与断流术无显著差异（ｐ＞０．０５）；同时发现联合术后门静脉血流量仍维持正常高值水平，门静脉为向肝血流，脾静脉为逆肝血流，门静脉肝内灌注良好，门静脉头向侧枝全部消失，以上血流动力学变化与本组病例术后再出血及脑病发生率低，腹水消退和生活质量好有关。本研究表明，脾肾分流加贲门周围血管离断联合术是合理而可取的一种术式。     

脾肾静脉分流联合断流术的临床疗效及对门静脉系统血流动力学的影响

目的评价近端脾肾静脉分流加门奇断流联合手术和门奇断流术的临床疗效及对门静脉系统血流动力学的影响。方法回顾性总结近8年采用脾肾分流加门奇断流联合手术和门奇断流术治疗门静脉高压症245例,于术前一周和术后2周应用核磁共振血管造影测量门静脉、脾静脉和肠系膜上静脉的直径,流速和流量,并于术中动态测量门静脉压力。结果联合手术组术后较术前门静脉血流量下降,肠系膜上静脉流量增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),门静脉直径和自由门静脉压下降差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。联合手术组与断流组相比,门静脉血流量的减少差异没有统计学意义,而自由门静脉压的下降差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。联合手术组术后再出血率明显低于断流组,而肝功能和脑病发生率两组间差异无统计学意义。结论联合手术可结合断流和分流手术的优点,既明显降低出血率又不增加脑病发生,应成为治疗门静脉高压症合并出血的首选术式。     

脾肾静脉分流联合断流术与单纯断流术远期疗效比较

目的评价近端脾肾静脉分流加门奇断流联合手术和单纯门奇断流术的远期临床疗效。方法回顾性总结近10年采用脾肾静脉分流加门奇断流联合手术和单纯门奇断流术治疗门静脉高压症384例,从术后再出血、脑病、肝功能衰竭发生率三方面总结临床疗效;于术前1周和术后2周应用核磁共振血管造影测量门静脉、脾静脉和肠系膜上静脉的直径、流速和流量,并于术中动态测量门静脉压力。结果联合手术组术后再出血率明显低于断流组,而肝功能和脑病发生率两组差异无统计学意义。联合手术组手术前后门静脉血流量下降差异有统计学意义。联合手术组和断流组门静脉血流量减少差异无统计学意义,但是自由门静脉压的下降差异有统计学意义。结论联合手术可结合断流和分流手术的优点,明显降低出血率,而且不增加脑病和肝衰竭发生率,应成为治疗门静脉高压症合并出血的首选术式。     

Radiofrequency ablation for hypersplenism in patients with liver cirrhosis: A pilot study

Radiofrequency ablation is a relatively new technique used for local ablation of unresectable tumors. We investigated the feasibility and eficacy of radiofrequency ablation for hypersplenism and its effect on liver function in patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Nine consecutive patients with hypersplenism due to cirrhotic portal hypertension underwent radiofrequency ablation in enlarged spleens. The ablation was performed either intraoperatively or percutaneously. Patients are followed up for over 12 months. After treatment, between 20% and 43% of spleen volume was ablated, and spleen volume increased by 4%–10.2%. White blood cell count, platelet count, liver function, and hepatic artery blood flow showed significant improvement after 1-year follow-up. Splenic vein and portal vein blood flow were significantly reduced. Only minor complications including hydrothorax (three of nine patients) and mild abdominal pain (four of nine patients) were observed. No mortality or other morbidity occurred. Radiofrequency ablation is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive approach for the management of splenomegaly and hypersplenism in patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Increased hepatic artery blood flow may be responsible for sustained improvement of liver condition. Radiofrequency ablation may be used as a bridging therapy for cirrhotic patients waiting for liver transplantation.     

门静脉动脉化治疗门静脉高压症的实验研究

目的观察门静脉动脉化 完全门体分流(PACS)术和传统的脾肾分流(SRS)术及贲门周围血管离断(PCDV)术对门静脉血流动力学的影响。方法制备门静脉高压动物模型,PCDV组行脾切除、贲门周围血管离断术;SRS组采用脾切除、远端脾肾分流术;PACS组采用脾切除、门静脉-脾动脉吻合、门静脉-腔静脉吻合。应用彩色多普勒超声及有创性测压管于开腹后即刻、手术完成即刻及治疗后2周测量门静脉血流量(PVF)及门静脉压力(PVP),PACS组包括入肝及入下腔静脉PVF、PVP。手术前、后测定肝功能指标。结果PCDV组术后2周PVF下降约17%,PVP下降约5%;SRS组术后2周PVF下降约51%,PVP下降约51%;PACS组术后2周入肝PVF上升至开腹后即刻的180%,入肝PVP上升至开腹后即刻的196%,入下腔静脉PVF增至开腹后即刻的130%,入下腔静脉PVP保持低压,约为开腹后即刻的46%。术后2周PACS组入肝PVP、PVF及入下腔静脉PVF均明显高于另2组(P<0.05,P<0.01),而入下腔静脉PVP则明显低于PCDV组(P<0.05)。3组中仅SRS组术后2周ALT较术前明显升高(P<0.05)。结论PACS术成功率较高,手术死亡率与SRS术相近,可同时提高入肝血流和降低侧支压力,而且短期内未明显影响肝脏功能,是一种值得尝试和进一步研究的新手术方法。     

CO2气腹对肝硬化兔肝脏血流的影响

目的:探讨CO2 气腹对肝硬化兔肝脏血流循环及肝功能的影响。方法:制备肝硬化兔模型,于不同的CO2 气腹,用彩色多普勒超声腹腔内检测门静脉、肝动脉和背主动脉的血流速度、管内径和肝动脉阻力指数,监测心率,计算血流量、门静脉淤血指数。检测气腹前后兔肝功能。结果:腹内压升高,肝硬化组和对照组兔背主动脉血流、心率改变差异无显著性;门静脉血流降低,肝硬化组于10mmHg气腹压下减少45. 5% (P<0. 05),同时肝动脉血流增加,肝脏总体循环血流减少,肝功能受损,肝硬化兔改变稍明显,但两组差异无显著性。系统血供(背主动脉血流)与肝脏血流无关联(P>0. 05),门静脉血流与腹内压有相关性(P<0. 05),肝动脉血流与动脉阻力指数呈负相关(P<0. 05)。结论:CO2 气腹对肝硬化兔肝脏血流影响较大,门静脉血流显著降低且肝动脉缓冲效应减弱;肝硬化兔肝功能更易受损。尽管实验中低于10mmHgCO2 气腹对肝硬化兔肝脏血流影响较轻,但肝硬化患者行腹腔镜手术时仍需注意腹内压力和气腹持续时间。     

Effects of side-to-side mesocaval shunt, pericardial devascularization, and a combined procedure in cirrhotic rats

In this study, side-to-side mesocaval shunt (MCS-SS), pericardial devascularization (PCDV), and combined operation of the two procedures were performed in 3 groups of thioacetamide induced liver cirrhotic of rats. Portal and hepatic hemodynamics were investigated on a period of six weeks postoperation, and glucagon concentration in portal vein (PV) and inferior vena cava (IVC) was measured before and six weeks after the surgery. It was found that following PCDV, free portal pressure (FPP) was initially elevated without an increase of total hepatic blood flow (THBF) within four weeks, then both FPP and THBF were shown to decrease on the sixth week. After MCS-SS with a stoma diameter of 2.0mm, a 31% decrease of FPP (P less than 0.05) and a 23% decrease of THBF (P less than 0.05) were observed, though the portal blood flow remained hepatopetal and hyperglucagonemia in PV was not changed. After combined procedure there was a greater decrease of FPP and THBF than that after MCS-SS, and the concentration of glucagon in PV was decreased without any change of its content in IVC.     

运用CT灌注成像监测介入断流术后肝脏血流灌注的变化

目的运用CT灌注成像评价肝硬化门静脉高压症患者介入断流术后肝脏血流灌注的变化。方法收集2001年6月至2006年5月间23例肝硬化门静脉高压症患者,其中15例行部分脾栓塞术、8例行部分脾栓塞术联合胃冠状静脉栓塞术;术前后采用东芝Xpress型螺旋CT行单层肝脏动态增强扫描,同时测定主动脉、门静脉和肝脏感兴趣区的CT值,取增强的CT值绘制时间密度曲线。去卷积法计算肝脏各灌注参数。结果部分脾栓塞术后肝脏门静脉灌注量有所减少,但肝动脉灌注量增加,总肝灌注量与术前差异无统计学意义（t＝-0．677,P〉0．05）,肝动脉灌注指数从12．5％升至32．5％。部分脾栓塞术联合胃冠状静脉栓塞术术前肝脏门静脉灌注量为0．862ml·min^-1·ml^-1,术后为0．722ml·min^-1·m^-1,两者差异无统计学意义（t=-0．281,P〉0．05）,肝动脉灌注量、总肝灌注量分别由术前的0．128、0．990ml·min^-1·ml^-1。增加至术后的0．290、1．021ml·min^-1·ml^-1。结论螺旋CT灌注成像能客观反映肝硬化门静脉高压症患者部分脾栓塞术、胃冠状静脉栓塞术术后肝血流动力学的变化。     

Arterialization of the portal vein improves hepatic microcirculation and tissue oxygenation in experimental cirrhosis

BACKGROUND: Arterialization of the portal vein (APV) has shown beneficial effects on liver regeneration and function in selected patients undergoing liver resection and transplantation. Whether APV improves liver perfusion and function in cirrhosis is unclear. This study investigated the effect of APV on hepatic haemodynamics and liver function in a rat model of cirrhosis. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) were divided into three groups: normal controls (n = 7), cirrhosis with sham laparotomy (sham; n = 7) and cirrhosis with APV (APV; n = 9). Portal venous blood flow, portal vein pressure and hepatic parenchymal microcirculation (HPM) were measured before and after APV. Hepatic parenchymal oxygenation was assessed by near-infrared spectroscopy and hepatocellular injury by standard liver function tests. Measurements were taken at baseline, after APV and 7 days after surgery. RESULTS: APV increased portal blood flow and pressure in cirrhotic rats without altering intrahepatic portal resistance. APV increased the HPM in cirrhotic rats by a mean(s.e.m.) of 28.5(0.1) per cent on day 0 and 54.6(0.1) per cent by day 7 (P = 0.001). Liver tissue oxygenation was increased by APV and the plasma gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase level was reduced (mean(s.e.m.) 6.0(0.5) versus 3.8(0.3) units/l before and after APV respectively; P = 0.006) at day 7. CONCLUSION: APV increases portal blood flow, tissue perfusion and oxygenation in cirrhosis.     

The effect of glucagon on hepatic blood flow and ICG excretion

Loading of glucagon on mongrel dogs was performed and the following results were obtained: The effects of glucagon on hemodynamics were decrease in the vascular resistance and increase in the blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery. Therefore, the blood flow of the portal vein was also increased. In the hepatic artery, glucagon also decreased the vascular resistance, when the blood flow was initially increased and then decreased. This might be attributable to the difference in sensitivity between the vascular resistance by glucagon. While administration of glucagon increased the blood flow of the portal vein, it had less effect on the vascular resistance. Though the blood flow of the hepatic tissues by hydrogen gas clearance method correlated favorably with the hepatic inflow measured with electromagnetic flowmeter, local blood flow in the hepatic tissues was not always constant in the liver and had some difference. Concerning change in local blood flow in the hepatic tissues, in low perfusion area, the blood flow was increased by low concentration of glucagon. This change in distribution of the blood flow was presumed to be caused by the portal flow. After simultaneous loading of glucagon and ICG, glucagon accelerated excretion of ICG. After simultaneous loading of glucagon and ICG on cirrhotic and control patients, accelerated excretion of ICG with time course was observed in control group. On the other hand, slightly accelerated excretion was seen in cirrhotics. It was suggested that simultaneous loading test of glucagon and ICG may be useful as a test for dynamic ability of hepatic circulation which can not be obtained by ICG loading test.     

Doppler ultrasonic evaluation of hepatic functional reserve]

Ultrasonic Doppler measurement of the blood flow in the portal vein and hepatic artery was conducted to evaluate the function and functional reserve of the liver in 146 patients with various forms of cholangitis combined with biliary cirrhosis and hepatic insufficiency. The functional reserve of the liver was judged by comparison of the basic blood flow on a fasting stomach with the blood flow after a functional histamine load. Five types of responses of the portal vein blood flow to the functional load according to the degree of disturbed hepatic function were revealed. Comparison of the flow of blood along the portal vein in healthy individuals with that in patients with diabetes mellitus and a formed splenorenal shunt showed that disconnection of the blood flow from the splenic vein has no effect on the flow of blood in the portal vein. The latter is regulated at the level of microcirculation in the liver, which is confirmed by the correlation between the blood flow in the portal vein and in the hepatic artery.