长春瑞滨致家兔化疗性静脉炎血清TNF-α变化趋势研究

目的观察长春瑞滨致家兔化疗性静脉炎过程中血清肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)浓度的变化趋势。方法构建长春瑞滨家兔化疗性静脉炎模型后,应用酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测家兔给药前及给药后12h、24h、48h、72h静脉血清TNF-α的浓度。结果长春瑞滨给药后12h、24h、48h及72h家兔静脉血清TNF-α浓度均高于给药前,以给药后48h最为明显。结论家兔化疗性静脉炎发生后,血清TNF-α浓度显著升高,TNF-α可能在化疗性静脉炎的发生和演进中起重要作用。     

不同部位静脉注射阿霉素对兔心功能的影响

目的 探讨不同部位静脉注射阿霉素对处于亚临床阶段心功能的影响.方法 将18只家兔随机分为实验组(12只)和对照组(6只),实验组从耳缘静脉推注阿霉素2 mg/kg,1次/周,连续4周制成动物模型;对照组按同样方法推注等量生理盐水.于末次给药后4周,再将实验组分为实验1组和2组各6只,分别从耳缘静脉和中心静脉注射阿霉素2 mg/kg;对照组从耳缘静脉推注等量生理盐水.结果 实验组表现为阿霉素心肌毒性的特征,对照组正常;实验2组心功能指标较实验1组和对照组改变显著.结论 从回心路径短的部位给予阿霉素可导致心脏毒性,使处于亚临床阶段的心脏收缩功能下降.     

长春瑞滨联合表阿霉素新辅助化疗治疗乳腺癌的临床观察

目的　评价长春瑞滨联合表阿霉素新辅助化疗治疗乳腺癌的近期疗效及副反应。方法　用长春瑞滨联合表阿霉素对Ⅱ、Ⅲ期乳腺癌 2 4例进行新辅助化疗 3～ 4周期 ,第 1天静脉注射表阿霉素 6 0mg m2 、长春瑞滨 30mg m2 ,第 8天静脉注射长春瑞滨 30mg m2 ,4周为 1周期。结果　临床有效率 (cCR PR)为 79% ,无进展病例 ,病理完全缓解率 (pCR) 12 5 %。副反应为白细胞下降、恶心呕吐、脱发、静脉炎、头痛等 ,患者均可耐受。结论　 3～ 4周期长春瑞滨联合表阿霉素新辅助化疗是治疗乳腺癌安全有效的方法。     

静脉输注方式与化疗性静脉损伤关系的实验研究

目的 探讨不同静脉输注方式对化疗性静脉损伤程度的影响.方法 将12只健康家兔随机分成A、B两组各6只,A组双侧耳缘静脉分别按1 ml/min(快速组)、0.25 ml/min(慢速组)静脉注射化疗药物(盖诺);B组双侧耳缘静脉分别采用0.9%氯化钠注射液10 ml(低容量组)、20 ml(高容量组)稀释盖诺后静脉注射.24 h后光学显微镜下观察兔耳静脉局部病理改变.结果 慢速组兔耳静脉血管内皮肿胀、炎细胞浸润程度显著重于快速组(均P＜0.05),高容量组血管内皮肿胀、血管周围水肿、炎细胞浸润和血管周围出血显著重于低容量组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 静脉输注速度过慢,容量过大,都有可能增加化疗药物性静脉炎的损伤程度,临床中应根据药物性质选择合理的容量和注射速度,以减少对血管的损伤.     

不同强度刺激性化疗药物输注顺序对静脉损伤的实验研究

目的探讨联合化疗时不同强度刺激性药物输注顺序对静脉损伤的影响,为临床规范用药提供参考。方法选用临床常用的发疱性化疗药盐酸柔红霉素、非发疱性强刺激性化疗药顺铂和非发疱性弱刺激性化疗药环磷酰胺。将普通级健康新西兰兔24只随机分成8组,A组先滴注柔红霉素再滴注顺铂、B组先滴注顺铂再滴注柔红霉素、C组单滴注柔红霉素、D组单滴注顺铂、E组先滴注顺铂再滴注环磷酰胺、F组先滴注环磷酰胺再滴注顺铂、G组单滴注环磷酰胺、H组滴注生理盐水作为对照组,比较用药48 h后兔耳缘静脉肉眼观静脉炎发生情况和病理改变。结果化疗药物各组均发生不同程度静脉炎,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(均P0.05),化疗药物组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);化疗药物各组兔耳缘静脉均出现不同程度病理损伤,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论化疗药物的刺激性是化疗性静脉炎的重要因素,联合使用非顺序依赖性化疗药物时输注顺序对静脉损伤的影响不大。     

不同部位静脉注射阿霉素对兔心功能的影响

目的探讨不同部位静脉注射阿霉素对处于亚临床阶段心功能的影响。方法将18只家免随机分为实验组（12只）和对照组（6只），实验组从耳缘静脉推注阿霉素2mg／kg，1次／周，连续4周制成动物模型；对照组按同样方法推注等量生理盐水。于末次给药后4周，再将实验组分为实验1组和2组各6只，分别从耳缘静脉和中心静脉注射阿霉素2mg／kg；对照组从耳缘静脉推注等量生理盐水。结果实验组表现为阿霉素心肌毒性的特征，对照组正常；实验2组心功能指标较实验1组和对照组改变显著。结论从回心路径短的部位给予阿霉素可导致心脏毒性，使处于亚临床阶段的心脏收缩功能下降。     

静脉输注方式与化疗性静脉损伤关系的实验研究

目的探讨不同静脉输注方式对化疗性静脉损伤程度的影响。方法将12只健康家兔随机分成A、B两组各6只，A组双侧耳缘静脉分别按1ml／min（快速组）、0.25ml／min（慢速组）静脉注射化疗药物（盖诺）；B组双侧耳缘静脉分别采用0.9％氯化钠注射液10ml（低容量组）、20ml（高容量组）稀释盖诺后静脉注射。24h后光学显微镜下观察兔耳静脉局部病理改变。结果慢速组免耳静脉血管内皮肿胀、炎细胞浸润程度显著重于快速组（均P〈0.05），高容量组血管内皮肿胀、血管周围水肿、炎细胞浸润和血管周围出血显著重于低容量组（P〈0.05，P〈0.01）。结论静脉输注速度过慢，容量过大，都有可能增加化疗药物性静脉炎的损伤程度，临床中应根据药物性质选择合理的容量和注射速度，以减少对血管的损伤。     

马铃薯糖苷生物碱减轻化疗性静脉炎作用机制的实验研究

目的探讨马铃薯治疗化疗性静脉炎的作用机制。方法将60只普通级日本大耳白兔随机分为空白对照组、模型组、硫酸镁组、糖苷生物碱组、马铃薯汁组、马铃薯泥组各10只。后5组通过耳缘静脉推注长春瑞滨建立静脉炎模型,除空白对照组与模型组外,其余4组分别在穿刺部位涂抹50%硫酸镁、糖苷生物碱、马铃薯汁、马铃薯泥,检测兔血清细胞间黏附分子-1(ICAM-1)和E-选择素(E-selectin)含量,同时观察各组动物注射部位病理形态学变化。结果模型组ICAM-1、E-selectin显著高于空白对照组(均P0.05);与模型组比较,马铃薯泥组、糖苷生物碱组ICAM-1显著下降(均P0.05),硫酸镁组、糖苷生物碱组E-selectin显著下降(均P0.05)。模型组兔耳穿刺部位血管损伤较为明显,糖苷生物碱组血管损伤最轻,未见血栓形成,其余各药物组病理学改变程度均较模型组减轻。结论糖苷生物碱可通过下调ICAM-1、E-selectin水平,改善化疗性静脉炎的病理损伤;糖苷生物碱是马铃薯防治化疗性静脉炎的有效成分。     

动物实验引入基础护理技能训练的可行性研究

目的建立注射活体动物模型,为护生提供基础护理技能操作最为逼真的活体模型。方法对6只家兔采用2%、4%、6%和8%分析纯硫化钠脱毛,观察脱毛效果;脱毛后选择不同部位,以不同注射途径对本科护生进行静脉、皮内、皮下和肌内注射训练。结果用4%脱毛剂脱毛效果好;腹部、耳缘静脉可注射5～12次/侧或只,耳缘静脉易穿刺;皮内注射背部、腹部均可注射10次以上;皮下、肌内注射,臀部和前腿根部可注射4～8次/侧,手感好。结论采用家兔进行注射法训练可行,脱毛宜选用4%分析纯硫化钠。     

Feasibility of animal experiments introduced to teaching of fundamental nursing skills

目的 建立注射活体动物模型,为护生提供基础护理技能操作最为逼真的活体模型.方法 对6只家兔采用2％、4％、6％和8％分析纯硫化钠脱毛,观察脱毛效果；脱毛后选择不同部位,以不同注射途径对本科护生进行静脉、皮内、皮下和肌内注射训练.结果 用4％脱毛剂脱毛效果好；腹部、耳缘静脉可注射5～12次/侧或只,耳缘静脉易穿刺；皮内注射背部、腹部均可注射10次以上；皮下、肌内注射,臀部和前腿根部可注射4～8次/侧,手感好.结论 采用家兔进行注射法训练可行,脱毛宜选用4％分析纯硫化钠.     

骨质疏松症动物模型研究进展

骨质疏松症(osteoporosis,OP)是一种临床上常见的以骨量减少和骨组织微观结构破坏为特点,从而导致骨脆性增加、易于发生骨折的全身代谢性疾病。随着人口老龄化进程的加速,骨质疏松症尤其是绝经后骨质疏松症的发生率逐渐上升,骨质疏松症在医学上和社会性的影响逐渐加深。人类骨质疏松症主要有糖皮质激素相关型、绝经后骨质疏松症以及失用型、老年性骨质疏松症几种类型。糖皮质激素相关型骨质疏松症动物模型利用糖皮质激素诱导建立,其降低成骨细胞的活性、刺激破骨细胞,从而减少骨形成、增加骨吸收。利用去势法建立绝经后骨质疏松动物模型,其原理是雌激素减少致使骨吸收增加、新骨形成降低,最终达到骨量减少的目的。雌激素受体α诱导破骨细胞凋亡,但是阻碍成骨细胞功能的机制目前尚不明确。SAM-P6(Senescence-accelerated mouse-P6)是一种衰老加速的小鼠,骨丢失随年龄增长而增加,适用于老年型骨质疏松动物模型。失用型骨质疏松动物模型常见的建模方法有坐骨神经切除法、悬吊法等,机体长期处于无重力负荷状态,使得破骨细胞活性相对增加,导致骨量丢失。笔者就不同种类动物作为骨质疏松症研究模型的优缺点、绝经后骨质疏松症动物模型中对不同部位骨骼的影响作简要概述。     

大鼠烫伤创面感染模型的研制

Objective To reproduce a reliable rat model of burn with infection for the study of prevention and treatment of infected wound. Methods ( 1 ) Electrical burn producing apparatus equipped with constant temperature (80 ℃ ) and pressure (0.5 kg) was used to reproduce burn injury (with area of 4.5 cm2 ) on both sides of the back in 50 SD rats for different duration (4, 6, 8, 10, 12 s) , with 10 rats for each burn duration. On post burn day (PBD) 1, gross condition of wounds was observed with naked eyes.Wounds on the left side were used to observe healing time. The wounds on the right side were used for histological observation to determine the depth of injury, and they were classified into superficial and deep partialthickness injury. (2) Another 36 SD rats were divided into A (inflicted with superficial partial-thickness burn, n = 18) and B (inflicted with deep partial-thickness burn, n = 18) groups according to the random number table. Rats in both groups were treated in accordance with method of preliminary experiment. Immediately after burn, 0. 1 mL of liquid containing 1 × 109, 1 × 107, 1 × 105 CFU Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) ATCC 27853 was respectively inoculated to the wounds on one side (with 6 rats for each amount) ,while the wounds on the other side were treated with the same volume of normal saline as control. Inflammatory reaction of wounds was examined with HE staining on post inoculation day (PID) 1. On PID 1, 2, 3,5, 7, and 14, the number of subeschar bacteria was respectively counted and the bacteria were identified with Gram stain and biochemical reaction. Wound healing time was recorded. Data were processed with t test. Results (1) Burn for 6, 8 s was respectively identified as injury time resulting in superficial or deep partial-thickness injury according to histological observation and wound healing time. (2) Obvious inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in the wounds in B group which were inoculated with 1 × 107 , 1 ×109 CFU PA, and the infiltration was less marked in A group with inoculation of 1 × 109 CFU PA. (3) The bacteria isolated from wounds of A and B groups was identified as PA. The subeschar bacteria count within PID 14 in A group, in which different amount of PA was inoculated, was mostly less than 1 × 105 CFU/g of tissue, while that in B group in which 1 × 109 CFU PA was inoculated was more than 1 × 105 CFU/g of tissue. (4) There was no obvious difference in wound healing time between wounds inoculated with different amount of PA and wounds treated with normal saline in A group ( with t value respectively 1.26, 0. 29, 1.07,P values all above 0.05 ). Wound healing time of wounds in B group, in which 1 × 109 CFU PA was inoculated, was longer as compared with that treated with normal saline [(22.5 + 1.0) d vs. ( 19.4 + 1.6) d, t =2.73, P ＜0. 05]. Conclusions In rat, deep partial-thickness burn wound inoculated with 1 × 109 CFU PA ATCC 27853 is a reliable model with high reproducibility for the study of infection of burn wound.     

大鼠烫伤创面感染模型的研制

Objective To reproduce a reliable rat model of burn with infection for the study of prevention and treatment of infected wound. Methods ( 1 ) Electrical burn producing apparatus equipped with constant temperature (80 ℃ ) and pressure (0.5 kg) was used to reproduce burn injury (with area of 4.5 cm2 ) on both sides of the back in 50 SD rats for different duration (4, 6, 8, 10, 12 s) , with 10 rats for each burn duration. On post burn day (PBD) 1, gross condition of wounds was observed with naked eyes.Wounds on the left side were used to observe healing time. The wounds on the right side were used for histological observation to determine the depth of injury, and they were classified into superficial and deep partialthickness injury. (2) Another 36 SD rats were divided into A (inflicted with superficial partial-thickness burn, n = 18) and B (inflicted with deep partial-thickness burn, n = 18) groups according to the random number table. Rats in both groups were treated in accordance with method of preliminary experiment. Immediately after burn, 0. 1 mL of liquid containing 1 × 109, 1 × 107, 1 × 105 CFU Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) ATCC 27853 was respectively inoculated to the wounds on one side (with 6 rats for each amount) ,while the wounds on the other side were treated with the same volume of normal saline as control. Inflammatory reaction of wounds was examined with HE staining on post inoculation day (PID) 1. On PID 1, 2, 3,5, 7, and 14, the number of subeschar bacteria was respectively counted and the bacteria were identified with Gram stain and biochemical reaction. Wound healing time was recorded. Data were processed with t test. Results (1) Burn for 6, 8 s was respectively identified as injury time resulting in superficial or deep partial-thickness injury according to histological observation and wound healing time. (2) Obvious inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in the wounds in B group which were inoculated with 1 × 107 , 1 ×109 CFU PA, and the infiltration was less marked in A group with inoculation of 1 × 109 CFU PA. (3) The bacteria isolated from wounds of A and B groups was identified as PA. The subeschar bacteria count within PID 14 in A group, in which different amount of PA was inoculated, was mostly less than 1 × 105 CFU/g of tissue, while that in B group in which 1 × 109 CFU PA was inoculated was more than 1 × 105 CFU/g of tissue. (4) There was no obvious difference in wound healing time between wounds inoculated with different amount of PA and wounds treated with normal saline in A group ( with t value respectively 1.26, 0. 29, 1.07,P values all above 0.05 ). Wound healing time of wounds in B group, in which 1 × 109 CFU PA was inoculated, was longer as compared with that treated with normal saline [(22.5 + 1.0) d vs. ( 19.4 + 1.6) d, t =2.73, P ＜0. 05]. Conclusions In rat, deep partial-thickness burn wound inoculated with 1 × 109 CFU PA ATCC 27853 is a reliable model with high reproducibility for the study of infection of burn wound.     

Benefits and limitations of animal models in partial bladder outlet obstruction for translational research

The functions of the lower urinary tract have been investigated for more than a century. Lower urinary tract symptoms, such as incomplete bladder emptying, weak urine stream, daytime urinary frequency, urgency, urge incontinence and nocturia after partial bladder outlet obstruction, is a frequent cause of benign prostatic hyperplasia in aging men. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. The use of animal models is absolutely imperative for understanding the pathophysiological processes involved in bladder dysfunction. Surgical induction has been used to study lower urinary tract functions of numerous animal species, such as pig, dog, rabbit, guinea pig, rat and mouse, of both sexes. Several morphological and functional modifications under partial bladder outlet obstruction have not only been observed in the bladder, but also in the central nervous system. Understanding the changes of the lower urinary tract functions induced by partial bladder outlet obstruction would also contribute to appropriate drug development for treating these pathophysiological conditions. In the present review, we discuss techniques for creating partial bladder outlet obstruction, the characteristics of several species, as well as issues of each model, and their translational value.     

近十年我国护理学动物实验研究计量实证分析

目的了解我国护理学科动物实验的研究状况和发展趋势,为进一步开展护理学动物实验研究提供参考。方法通过万方数据库、中国知网对《中华护理杂志》、《护理学杂志》等8种期刊2004~2013年十年护理学动物实验研究进行文献检索,并采用文献计量法、内容分析法对资料进行整理分析。结果共检出文献272篇,其中论著99篇;合著率高达98.16%;72.79%为基金论文;总被引频次达1 240次;涉及22个地域,发文量最多的地区是广东省。研究动物有兔、鼠、犬、猪、羊;共涉及8个研究类别、5种实验干预方式、6种实验设计方法。结论动物实验是护理学的重要研究方法 ,但近十年来我国护理学动物实验研究呈总体下降趋势。应加大力度开展护理学动物实验研究,提高护理动物学基金项目资助率,扩大研究领域,规范实验设计方法 ,提升研究整体质量,提高研究结果的临床推广价值。     

Advances in the development of experimental composite tissue transplantation models

The preclinical experimental models of composite tissue allograft (CTA) have rapidly developed in the past years. When microsurgical techniques were established, researchers focused on immunomodulatory protocols that overcome the immunologic barrier between the allogenic donor and recipient. To test immunologic response, functional recovery, and technical feasibility, experimental CTA has been performed in different models, including rodents, large animals, and nonhuman primates. In the experimental studies, researchers are focused on tolerance-inducing strategies based on immunosuppressive protocols allowing for widespread application in the clinic. In this review, authors analyzed the current knowledge of immunologic aspects and tolerance-inducing strategies in CTA experimental models, including single components such as skin or vascularized bone allograft versus CTA containing multiple tissues such as experimental limb and face transplants, and emphasized their relevance and applicability to the clinical scenario.     

胆管癌细胞系QBC939裸鼠肝门部胆管原位种植瘤模型的建立

目的建立胆管癌细胞系QBC939裸鼠肝门部胆管原位种植瘤模型并观察淋巴引流情况。方法应用我们前期建立的肝门部胆管癌细胞系QBC939,行裸鼠背部皮下接种,建立高转移特性胆管癌裸鼠皮下种植瘤模型,然后将高转移性种植瘤组织接种于裸鼠肝门部胆管与门静脉间组织间隙紧贴胆管处,4周及6周后行种植瘤瘤组织解剖学和病理学检查,并观察淋巴管引流情况。结果模型建立过程中,胆管癌细胞系QBC939细胞裸鼠皮下接种成瘤率为100%(10/10);原位种植4周后,肝门部胆管原位种植瘤成瘤率为100%(10/10),原位种植6周后,合并发生肝脏转移及腹腔淋巴结转移为80%(8/10)。结论成功建立了胆管癌细胞系QBC939裸鼠肝门部胆管原位种植瘤模型。     

一种新型腹腔感染动物模型的建立

目的 建立一种简单、稳定、便于再次进行肠道手术的腹腔感染动物模型。方法 大鼠分为3组：对照组行假手术；CLP(盲肠结扎穿孔)组行盲肠结扎加穿孔；腹腔感染组行肠瘘手术。检测血白细胞计数(WBC)，血及腹腔液细菌培养，死亡率及小肠常规病理。结果 腹腔感染组手术后WBC显著升高，腹腔液细菌培养均为阳性，以大肠埃希菌(10^6／m1)和D群链球菌(10^6～10^7／m1)最常见，光镜下可见肠壁浆膜层，肌层、小肠绒毛固有层内均有充血、水肿，伴有炎性细胞浸润。结论 这一模型进能够模拟临床腹腔感染，操作简单，结果稳定并便于进行再次肠道手术。     

兔慢性肝损害急性肝衰竭动物模型的建立

Objective To establish an ideal animal model of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) in New Zealand white rabbits in order to provide a large animal model for further researches.Methods Totally 75 New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into experimental group (n =70) and control group (n = 5 ). Rabbits in the experimental group were injected with CCl4 into the abdominal cavity twice every week and the doses of CCl4 were modified according to the index of liver function and the body weight, whereas those in the control group were treated with the same volume of saline. At the 10th week,48 New Zealand rabbits with hepatic fibrosis were randomly assigned to 4 groups and injected with CCl4 as before, D-Gal at a dose of 0. 65 g/kg body weight (BW), 0. 70 g/kg BW and 0. 75 g/kg BW, respectively. By observing and comparing the general state, survival time, biochemical indexes, and the histopathology, a method of establishing a stable animal model of acute hepatic failure was found. Results As compared with those in control group, the levels of ALT, AST, GGT, HA, LN and PC-Ⅲ in the experiment group were increased significantly, while the level of ALB was decreased at the end of 10 weeks. Typical features of hepatic fibrosis and the formation of pseudo-lobules were observed at the end of 10 weeks. After treatment with D-Gal, all rabbits in group Ⅰ survived with minimal changes in liver function tests. In group Ⅱ , there was a temporary hepatic injury, but no hepatic coma. Four of the 12 rabbits died (33. 3% ). In group Ⅲ , biochemical indexes changed obviously 12 h after the administration and hepatic injury reached its peak after 48 h. Ten of 12 rabbits were died of severe hepatic failure with a survival time of ( 53. 00 ± 25. 69) h. Histology of liver section revealed massive necrosis in nodules. In group Ⅳ , hepatic injury occurred early and severely. All the rabbits died of severe hepatic failure with a survival time of (32. 70 ± 17. 46) h. Conclusion The experimental model of ACLF could be established by injected with D-Gal in New Zealand rabbits with hepatic fibrosis, induced by CCl4 intraperitoneal injection for 10 weeks.The one induced by 0. 70 g/kg of D-galactosamine was more stable and showed similar clinical pathophysiological changes in human beings. So it can be a good experimental platform for studies of ACLF.     

结肠切除吻合术大鼠动物模型的建立

目的构建结肠切除吻合术大鼠动物模型。方法2019年9月至2019年12月将12只Sprague-Dawley大鼠通过随机数表随机分为两组:对照组随机取3只,仅做剖腹探查;实验组9只,从结肠无血管区离断肠管并进行缝合。记录手术时间,术后监测体重变化。于术后第7天进行肠道造影观察肠管吻合口愈合情况。于第8天行剖腹探查大鼠腹腔内部形态学变化,测量吻合口爆破压力,并通过采集吻合口及周围组织,进一步观察吻合口组织学的变化,计量资料采用t检验。结果该模型构建平均时间为22 min。大鼠的存活率为89%。造影显示肠管通畅,无梗阻。剖腹探查,肉眼可见吻合口存在轻微粘连,粘连部分可分离,吻合口周围有血管组织形成。与对照组比较,实验组苏木精-伊红染色可见吻合口有新生肉芽组织形成,并有小血管生成,未发现结肠上皮、大肠腺的存在。马松染色可见胶原纤维沉积。结论通过该方法可成功构建结肠切除吻合术大鼠动物模型。