黄藤素在大鼠胃肠道中的吸收动力学

目的研究黄藤素在大鼠胃肠道中的吸收机理。方法采用HPLC检测黄藤素在大鼠的在体肠循环。结果黄藤素在全肠段均有吸收,但吸收都较差,在胃、小肠和结肠的每小时吸收百分率分别为7.95%、2.47%、2.40%,在20~200μg.ml-1浓度范围内小肠吸收量与浓度呈线性关系,Ka值基本不变,吸收机制为被动转运。结论黄藤素的制剂研究与临床应用均应考虑其吸收特征。     

芒果苷大鼠在体肠道吸收机制研究

目的:研究芒果苷大鼠在体肠道吸收机制。方法:采用大鼠在体肠段灌流模型,建立高效液相色谱/紫外分光光度法测定肠循环液中芒果苷的浓度,研究不同芒果苷浓度、胆汁及吸收部位对芒果苷吸收参数的影响。结果:芒果苷在5.0~25.0μg.mL-1浓度范围内对小肠吸收速率常数(Ka)无影响;在12.5μg.mL-1浓度下对结扎胆管大鼠的小肠Ka有影响;各肠段的Ka回肠>空肠>结肠>十二指肠,分别为0.164、0.132、0.125、0.107h-1。结论:芒果苷的吸收符合一级动力学特征,吸收机制为被动扩散;芒果苷在各肠段均有较好的吸收,胆汁使芒果苷在小肠的透过系数增大。     

丹酚酸B大鼠在体肠吸收研究

目的:研究丹酚酸B在大鼠小肠的吸收情况.方法:采用在体单向灌流法进行小肠吸收实验,利用HPLC法测定灌流液中丹酚酸B的浓度.结果:丹酚酸B浓度为24.63μg·mL-1时,在十二指肠、空肠、回肠段的吸收速率常数(Ka)和表观吸收系数(Papp)无显著性差异(P＞0.05).与12.54μg·mL-1浓度比较,48.12μg·mL-1浓度时Sal B在空肠的Ka和Papp均显著降低[Ka:(2.13±0.50)×10-2vs(3.10±0.42)×10-2min-1,P＜0.05;Papp:(2.07±0.49)×10-3 vs(3.10±0.51)×10-3cm·min-1,P＜0.05].结论:丹酚酸B的小肠吸收存在高浓度饱和现象,且在全肠道吸收良好,且在小肠内无特定吸收部位,提示该药物适合制成日服2次的缓控释制剂.     

栀子苷大鼠在体肠吸收动力学的研究

目的 研究栀子苷大鼠在体肠吸收动力学的特征.方法 采用大鼠在体肠吸收模型,UV法和HPLC法分别测定酚红和栀子苷的含量.考察药物质量浓度、不同肠段对栀子苷吸收的影响.结果 栀子苷20～120 μg·ml<'-1>对小肠吸收速率常数Ka无影响;十二指肠、空肠、回肠、结肠的Ka值分别为0.0240、0.0251、0.0234、0.0239 h<'-1>,各肠段的吸收速率常数Ka无显著性差异.结论 栀子苷在大鼠肠道的吸收呈一级动力学过程,为被动扩散.栀子苷具广泛的吸收窗,可制成缓释制剂.     

牡荆素鼠李糖苷的大鼠在体肠吸收动力学

目的 研究牡荆素鼠李糖苷(RHV)的大鼠在体肠吸收动力学特征.方法 采用HPLC法测定RHV在肠循环液中的药物浓度;采用UV法测定肠循环液中酚红浓度;以大鼠原位灌注模型考查RHV的肠吸收动力学情况.结果 RHV 浓度为20、10、5μg·ml-1的吸收速率常数(Ka)分别为0.0416、0.0478、0.0312 h-1;肠循环液pH4、6、8时RHV的Ka分别为0.0253、0.0478、0.0588 h-1;RHV在十二指肠、空肠、回肠和结肠时的Ka分别为0.0479、0.0308、0.0322、0.0305 h-1.结论 RHV 浓度对RHV的Ka无显著性影响;在pH4～8时,随肠循环液pH的增大,RHV的Ka增加;RHV在大鼠十二指肠、空肠、回肠和结肠的吸收无显著性差异(P＞0.05);RHV在大鼠肠道的吸收呈一级动力学过程,吸收机制为被动扩散.     

绞股蓝总皂苷的大鼠在体肠吸收动力学研究

目的研究绞股蓝总皂苷在大鼠各肠段的吸收动力学特征,为制剂设计提供理论依据。方法采用大鼠在体肠吸收模型和紫外分光光度法研究药物在大鼠各肠段的吸收特性。结果绞股蓝总皂苷在0.17~0.37mg/mL范围内对小肠吸收速率常数Ka无显著性影响;十二指肠、空肠、回肠、结肠各肠段的吸收速率常数Ka无显著性差异。结论绞股蓝总皂苷在大鼠肠道的吸收呈一级动力学过程,为被动扩散,吸收窗较广,可开发成缓释制剂。     

左卡尼汀大鼠体内肠吸收动力学的研究

目的考察左卡尼汀在大鼠各肠段的吸收动力学特征。方法应用大鼠在体肠回流试验装置,应用UV法和HPLC法,分别测定肠循环液中酚红和左卡尼汀的量。结果左卡尼汀在药物浓度为0.5、1、2 mg/mL时,全小肠段的吸收速率常数分别为0.187 4、0.179 8、0.174 2/h;不同pH值(7.9、6.5、4.8)时的吸收速率常数分别为0.179 8、0.325 9、0.484 9/h;在十二指肠、空肠、回肠的吸收速率常数分别为0.180 5、0.209 8、0.209 7/h。结论不同的药物浓度、不同肠段对药物在肠道的吸收无显著影响;随着pH值的减小,左卡尼汀的Ka值显著增大;药物的吸收呈一级动力学过程,吸收机制为被动扩散。     

川芎嗪大鼠在体肠吸收动力学

目的:探讨川芎嗪在大鼠各肠段的吸收动力学特征.方法:采用大鼠在体小肠回流装置,以UV法和HPLC法分别测定酚红和川芎嗪的含量.结果:川芎嗪在小肠的吸收速率常数(Ka)于不同药物浓度2.5,5,10,25 mg·L-1时分别为0.360 8,0.388 1,0.444 6,0.385 9 h-1;不同pH值7.8,6.8,5.4时分别为0.466 4,0.413 9,0.270 5 h-1;在十二指肠,空肠,回肠和结肠时分别为0.291 3,0.220 9,0.172 8,0.133 3 h-1.结论:药物浓度对Ka无影响;在pH 7.8～5.4范围内,随药液pH值的增大,药物的Ka显著增加;药物在十二指肠、空肠和回肠的吸收较好,在结肠的吸收较差;川芎嗪在肠道的吸收呈一级动力学过程,吸收机制为被动扩散.     

硫酸沙丁胺醇大鼠在体肠吸动力学研究

目的研究硫酸沙丁胺醇在大鼠各肠段的吸收动力学特征。方法采用大鼠在体肠回流法进行动力学试验,从吸收部位、药物浓度、pH值等方面对药物在体内的各个肠段的吸收特性进行研究。结果硫酸沙丁胺醇在大鼠肠道中的吸收不受药物浓度、回流介质pH值等的影响,在分肠段试验中,吸收速率常数Ka(1/h)依次为十二指肠0.052,空肠0.046,回肠0.042,结肠0.030,结肠的吸收显著低于十二指肠、空肠和回肠段;在pH5.4~7.8回流介质中吸收无显著差异,在50~200μg/mL浓度范围内,药物吸收量与浓度呈线性关系。结论硫酸沙丁胺醇在大鼠体内各肠段均有吸收,吸收机制以被动扩散为主,适于制成Tlag<5 h的口服迟释制剂。     

马鞭草苷在大鼠体肠的吸收动力学

目的:建立同时测定肠循环液中马鞭草苷及酚红浓度的HPLC/DAD法,探讨马鞭草苷在大鼠各肠段的吸收动力学特征及不同药物浓度对肠吸收的影响。方法:采用大鼠在体肠灌流吸收试验,用HPLC对循环液中的马鞭草苷进行分析,色谱条件为:Diamonsil TMC18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),乙腈-0.05%磷酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1.0mL·min-1,检测波长为238 nm(马鞭草苷)和430 nm(酚红),柱温为30℃。结果:在50～200μg·mL-1范围内,马鞭草苷在肠道内的吸收量与浓度成正比例关系,不同药物质量浓度(50,100,200μg·mL-1)条件下的吸收速率常数(Ka)分别为(84.7±5.6)、(86.7±7.3)、(84.4±8.0)h-1,Ka无显著性差异;在十二指肠、空肠、回肠、结肠的Ka分别为(0.054±0.006)、(0.050±0.005)、(0.052±0.004)、(0.049 2±0.002 3)h-1,Ka无显著性差异。结论:马鞭草苷在大鼠肠道的吸收符合一级动力学过程,吸收机制为被动扩散。马鞭草苷在整个肠道均有吸收,可以将马鞭草苷研制成缓、控释制剂。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.