1995至2002年美国产妇试产及与试产相关的新生儿患病率和病死率趋势

目的:目前剖宫产后未经试产的重复剖宫产率不断上升。本研究拟探讨美国产妇试产率的下降与新生儿出生结局之间的关系。方法:采用1995至2002年间美国出生登记资料进行分析。选取既往剖宫产术分娩过一次单胎的产妇作为研究对象。通过多元logistic回归估算试产率高和低的两个时段中, 新生儿不良出生结局与试产之间的调整OR值。结果:本研究共选取了1833407名研究对象。美国既往剖宫产产妇再次分娩时的试产率从1995年的38.5%降低至2002年的15.0%。在此期间产妇的基线资料没有发生具有统计学意义的改变。既往剖宫产产妇再次分娩时未经试产会增加新生儿发生窒息死亡和患病的风险。通过分析试产率最低的2002年的数据, 发现该风险在低危产妇中仍然存在。结论:美国产妇剖宫产后再次分娩时试产率下降导致了新生儿不良结局的发生率上升。     

Explaining variations in cesarean section rates: patients, facilities or policies?

Using overall rates of cesarean section and either rates of diagnosis or rates of cesarean section for the four main indications for this procedure, we analysed the variations among teaching and community hospitals in four of Ontario's six regions. The rates varied substantially in both 1979 and 1982, with the overall rate for cesarean section in 1982 being 17.1 to 21.0 per 100 deliveries in the teaching hospitals and 16.5 to 19.7 in the community hospitals. The rate of diagnosis of dystocia varied up to threefold in the teaching hospitals and up to twofold in the community hospitals. Fetal distress was diagnosed at even more variables rates. The rate of repeat cesarean section varied most in the teaching hospitals, whereas the rate of cesarean section for breech presentation varied significantly in the community and the teaching hospitals in 1982 but only in the community hospitals in 1979. Nearly all the rates increased between 1979 and 1982. Differences in patient characteristics and in availability of resources appeared less important in explaining these rate variations than differences in clinical policy.     

International differences in the use of obstetric interventions

This study investigated current levels and trends between 1975 and 1986 in the rates of cesarean section in 21 countries and of operative vaginal delivery in 14 countries. Sharp differences in national obstetric practice were found, with cesarean rates ranging from a high of 32 (Brazil) to 7 (Czechoslovakia) per 100 hospital deliveries, and operative vaginal rates from 16 (Canada) to 2 (Czechoslovakia) per 100 hospital deliveries. For most countries, rates of cesarean section have risen as operative vaginal rates have fallen, but some important exceptions exist. A comparison of cesarean section rates for two complications of labor and delivery that can be objectively diagnosed, multiple births and breech delivery, demonstrates that cesarean section rates for these complications rose sharply in almost every country from 1980 to 1985. A comparison of 1985 national rates of intervention and measures of birth outcome found no significant relationship between the two. While such ecological comparisons are imperfect at best, this does indicate that low levels of early infant mortality can be achieved in some populations despite a low rate of cesarean deliveries.     

Opinion leaders vs audit and feedback to implement practice guidelines. Delivery after previous cesarean section

A randomized controlled trial with 76 physicians in 16 community hospitals evaluated audit and feedback and local opinion leader education as methods of encouraging compliance with a guideline for the management of women with a previous cesarean section. The guideline recommended clinical actions to increase trial of labor and vaginal birth rates. Charts for all 3552 cases in the study groups were audited. After 24 months the trial of labor and vaginal birth rates in the audit and feedback group were no different from those in the control group, but rates were 46% and 85% higher, respectively, among physicians educated by an opinion leader. Duration of hospital stay was lower in the opinion leader education group than in the other two groups. The overall cesarean section rate was reduced only in the opinion leader education group. There were no adverse clinical outcomes attributable to the interventions. The use of opinion leaders improved the quality of care.     

Increasing cesarean section rates in very low-birth weight infants. Effect on outcome

Examination of a linked birth and death certificate file from Missouri revealed a remarkable increase in the use of cesarean section for very low-birth weight infants (500 to 1499 g) from 24% to 44% in the years 1980 to 1984. In the same years the rate for 1500- to 2499-g infants went from 21% to 26% and the rate for 2500- to 7000-g infants went from 14% to 18%. We studied first-day death rates in very low-birth weight infants as an indicator of potential benefit from this increase in cesarean sections. During the 5-year period first-day deaths averaged 10% and 22% in the cesarean and vaginal birth groups, respectively. This difference was explained almost entirely by deaths in the 500- to 740-g birth weight group, where the death rates were 33% and 59%, respectively. Although this difference remained statistically significant after adjustment for gestational age and other factors that differed between the groups, it was nullified by an excess of deaths in the succeeding 6 days of life. Overall, the odds of death in the first week in these infants weighing 500 to 749 g was 0.85 (95% confidence interval, 0.52 to 1.39) in the cesarean vs vaginal deliveries. We conclude that there is little evidence that the use of cesarean section for the delivery of very low-birth weight infants, independent of maternal or fetal compromise, improves overall survival. We were unable to find reasons to justify the sharp increase in the use of cesarean sections for these small infants.     

一次剖宫产术后再次妊娠阴道试产的临床处理

目的 通过对87例剖宫产术后再次妊娠的孕妇进行阴道试产研究，探讨对剖宫产术后再次妊娠阴道试产的可行性。方法 收集剖宫产术后再次妊娠者103例，随机选择87例进行阴道试产研究。结果 80例（91.95%)成功地完成了阴道分娩。在分娩后进行宫腔探查，发现1例子宫瘢痕不全破裂，即行剖腹探查子宫修补术，无1例发生孕产妇死亡，阴道分娩者的自然分娩率为35%。阴道助产率为65%，80例新生儿产后1minApgar评分≥8分者76例，4-7分者4例。结论 剖宫产术后再次妊娠者，若具有试产适应证而无禁忌证，阴道试产是可行的。     

产程中镇痛分娩与无镇痛分娩试产成功率比较及失败原因分析

目的 探讨产程中镇痛分娩与无镇痛分娩试产的成功率,并分析比较两组试产失败的原因及改行剖宫产术后的相关指标.方法 回顾性分析在产程中行镇痛分娩300例（腰麻-硬膜外联合阻滞麻醉）及无镇痛分娩300例初产妇的临床资料.比较两组产妇试产分娩的成功率,分析比较失败的原因及改行剖宫产术后剖宫产术指征、催产素使用率、术中出血量、产后24 h出血量及新生儿阿氏（Apgar）评分情况.结果 镇痛分娩组300例中试产成功274例,成功率为91.3%,无镇痛分娩组300例中试产成功173例,成功率为57.7%.两组试产失败的主要原因均为胎方位异常、活跃期停滞、胎儿窘迫、产程延长和胎头下降停滞等,其中镇痛分娩组试产失败原因中以胎方位异常、活跃期停滞的发生率显著高于无镇痛分娩组（P〈0.05或〈0.01）,而胎儿窘迫、产程延长和胎头下降停滞的发生率低于无镇痛分娩组（P〈0.05）,催产素使用率高于无镇痛分娩组（P〈0.01）,改剖宫产术中及产后24 h出血量均多于无镇痛分娩组（P〈0.05或〈0.01）,新生儿Apgar评分显著高于无镇痛分娩组（P〈0.01）.结论 镇痛分娩配合体位指导可提高阴道分娩率,降低剖宫产率,降低新生儿窒息的风险,但对试产失败后行剖宫产术者其子宫收缩会有一定的影响,使催产素使用率增加,术中及术后出血量相对较多.     

52例剖宫产后再次妊娠阴道分娩的可行性分析

目的探讨剖宫产术后再次妊娠阴道分娩对母婴结局的影响。方法选取52例剖宫产术后再次妊娠经阴道分娩的患者为观察对象,随机选取同期58例经阴道分娩的初产妇为对照组,对比分析两组产妇阴道试产成功率、不同产程时间、新生儿阿氏评分、产妇出血量以及住院时间。结果观察组阴道分娩试产成功率为57．69％,对照组为87．93％,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两组产妇产程所需时间、出血量、新生儿阿氏评分以及住院时间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论瘢痕子宫不能作为剖宫产术的手术指征,对于符合阴道分娩的产妇应给予阴道试产的计划,提高瘢痕子宫患者自然分娩率。     

80后产妇799例剖宫产的原因分析

目的探讨分析80后剖宫产的原因,正确掌握剖宫产指征,确保母婴安全。方法回顾性分析2004-01～2008．12在我院分娩及剖宫产原因构成。结果5年间分娩总数5232例,剖宫产1200例（22．9％）,自然分娩4032例（77．1％）,剖宫产率呈逐年升高趋势（P〈0．01）。80后住院分娩产妇1300例,剖宫产799例（61．5％）,自然分娩501例（38．5％）,5年间80后和非80后的剖宫产率均呈逐年升高趋势（P均〈0．05）,80后均维持在较高水平（55．6％～68．5％,平均61．5％）,各年度80后剖宫产率显著高于非80后剖宫产率（P均〈0．01）。80后剖宫产三大原因中,社会因素居首位（436例,54．6％）,其次为胎儿因素（264例,33．0％）,母亲因素居三（99例,12．4％）。结论剖宫产率升高主要是社会因素所致,降低剖宫产率除了医师严格掌握剖宫产指征外,全社会都应关注剖宫产率逐年升高这一问题。     

盐酸罗哌卡因在硬膜外无痛分娩中的临床观察

目的了解盐酸罗哌卡因在硬膜外无痛分娩中的应用效果及临床意义。方法随机抽取2010年8月～2011年9月282例经阴道分娩的初产妇,其中无痛分娩组141例,对照组141例,比较两组分娩镇痛、顺产率、剖宫产率、产后出血率、产钳助产率、胎儿窘迫发生率及新生儿Apgar评分的变化。结果在镇痛后10rain及第二产程。无痛分娩组VAS评分均明显低于对照组和无痛分娩组镇痛前VAS评分,差异均显著（P均〈0．05）。无痛分娩组顺产率明显提高,剖宫产率显著下降,与对照组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;阴道助产、胎儿窘迫、产后出血、缩宫素使用及新生儿评分两组比较,差异不显著（P〉0．05）。结论无痛分娩能减轻疼痛,盐酸罗哌卡因在硬膜外分娩镇痛对母婴安全可靠。值得临床推广应用。     

Continuous emotional support during labor in a US hospital. A randomized controlled trial

The continuous presence of a supportive companion (doula) during labor and delivery in two studies in Guatemala shortened labor and reduced the need for cesarean section and other interventions. In a US hospital with modern obstetric practices, 412 healthy nulliparous women in labor were randomly assigned to a supported group (n = 212) that received the continuous support of a doula or an observed group (n = 200) that was monitored by an inconspicuous observer. Two hundred four women were assigned to a control group after delivery. Continuous labor support significantly reduced the rate of cesarean section deliveries (supported group, 8%; observed group, 13%; and control group, 18%) and forceps deliveries. Epidural anesthesia for spontaneous vaginal deliveries varied across the three groups (supported group, 7.8%; observed group, 22.6%; and control group, 55.3%). Oxytocin use, duration of labor, prolonged infant hospitalization, and maternal fever followed a similar pattern. The beneficial effects of labor support underscore the need for a review of current obstetric practices.     

Delivery outcomes at term after one previous cesarean section

OBJECTIVE: To determine the maternal and perinatal outcomes at term in women with one previous cesarean delivery and with no history of vaginal birth. METHODS: This is a case-control study conducted at King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2002. One hundred sixty-two women with one previous cesarean delivery and with no previous vaginal birth were compared with 324 control women. RESULTS: The cesarean section rate was higher in the study group 40 (24.7%) versus 23 (7.1%) in the control group and was statistically significant (p<0.001). Seventeen (10.5%) were induced with prostaglandin E2, and 33 (20.4%) required labor augmentation with oxytocin in the study, versus 22 (6.8%) and 21 (6.5%) in the control group. The duration of labor was longer in the study women compared to the control group (7.6 +/- 3.0 hours versus 6.0 +/- 2.3 hours), and this was statistically significant (p<0.001). There was one uterine dehiscence, and 2 uterine ruptures in the study women, and none in the control group. Eight (1.65%) women had postpartum hemorrhage, 3 (0.62%) needed blood transfusion, and 7 (1.44%) developed postpartum pyrexia. CONCLUSION: Women with no a prior history of vaginal delivery are considered less favorable, the vaginal birth after cesarean section success rate may be even lower if the indication for previous primary cesarean delivery was failure to progress, and may be associated with increased risk of uterine rupture. Further study is required to confirm our findings.     

350例剖宫产术后再次足月妊娠分娩方式临床分析

目的:探讨剖宫产术后再次足月妊娠者的不同分娩方式、分娩结局对母婴的影响。方法:对350例剖宫产术后再次足月(单胎头先露)妊娠分娩方式、分娩结局及并发症进行回顾性分析,将阴道分娩75例与随机抽取非剖宫产阴道分娩75例进行对照分析,再次剖宫产275例与随机抽取同期首次剖宫产275例进行对照分析。结果:350例孕妇择期再次剖宫产238例,阴道试产112例,75例成功阴道分娩,占67%。阴道试产失败37例,占33%。再次手术产率79%。剖宫产史阴道分娩组在总产程、产后出血、新生儿窒息发生率与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),再次剖宫产组在手术时间术中出血及产后出血等方面与首次剖宫产相比有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在新生儿窒息及切口愈合不良方面无统计学意义。结论:剖宫产史不是再次剖宫产绝对指征,结合前次剖宫产指征、手术方式、术后情况及本次妊娠情况B超监测结果进行综合考虑,符合试产条件,严密监护下可阴道试产。     

Effectiveness of nurses as providers of birth labor support in North American hospitals: a randomized controlled trial

Context  North American cesarean delivery rates have risen dramatically since the 1960s, without concomitant improvements in perinatal or maternal health. A Cochrane Review concluded that continuous caregiver support during labor has many benefits, including reduced likelihood of cesarean delivery. Objective  To evaluate the effectiveness of nurses as providers of labor support in North American hospitals. Design  Randomized controlled trial with prognostic stratification by center and parity. Women were enrolled during a 2-year period (May 1999 to May 2001) and followed up until 6 to 8 postpartum weeks. Setting  Thirteen US and Canadian hospitals with annual cesarean delivery rates of at least 15%. Participants  A total of 6915 women who had a live singleton fetus or twins, were 34 weeks' gestation or more, and were in established labor at randomization. Intervention  Patients were randomly assigned to receive usual care (n = 3461) or continuous labor support by a specially trained nurse (n = 3454) during labor. Main Outcome Measures  The primary outcome measure was cesarean delivery rate. Other outcomes included intrapartum events and indicators of maternal and neonatal morbidity, both immediately after birth and in the first 6 to 8 postpartum weeks. Results  Data were received for all 6915 women and their infants (n = 6949). The rates of cesarean delivery were almost identical in the 2 groups (12.5% in the continuous labor support group and 12.6% in the usual care group; P = .44). There were no significant differences in other maternal or neonatal events during labor, delivery, or the hospital stay. There were no significant differences in women's perceived control during childbirth or in depression, measured at 6 to 8 postpartum weeks. All comparisons of women's likes and dislikes, and their future preference for amount of nursing support, favored the continuous labor support group. Conclusions  In hospitals characterized by high rates of routine intrapartum interventions, continuous labor support by nurses does not affect the likelihood of cesarean delivery or other medical or psychosocial outcomes of labor and birth.      

剖宫产中新生儿产伤的临床及相关因素分析

目的分析剖宫产中新生儿产伤的临床相关因素。方法回顾性总结剖宫产娩出的12697例新生儿临床资料并对113例产伤的相关因素进行分析。结果剖宫产中,大于胎龄儿产伤的发生率高于适于胎龄儿及小于胎龄儿（P=0.026）;因试产失败而中转为剖宫产发生产伤的概率高于选择性剖宫产（P=0.021）;臀位剖宫产中产伤的发生率高于非臀位（P=0.006）;剖宫产中新生儿产伤,主要是皮肤刀割伤,其次是头颅血肿和软组织压伤;发生产伤的新生儿,窒息的发生率较高（P=0.000）。结论产伤的高位因素包括体重、臀位、试产失败,因此产前进行详细全面的检查,特别对评估胎儿体重,准确把握剖宫产的指针;同时提高接产者技术水平;新生儿产伤大部分预后良好;对于窒息新生儿,应该仔细查体,警惕合并产伤的发生。     

Diagnosis of dystocia and management with cesarean section among primiparous women in Ottawa-Carleton.

We carried out a chart review study to determine the rate of diagnosis of dystocia (abnormal progress) and the use of cesarean section to treat dystocia among 3887 primiparous women who gave birth to a single baby in the vertex presentation at four hospitals in Ottawa-Carleton in 1984. Of the 3740 women who had some labour 1127 (30.1%) were given a diagnosis of dystocia. Cesarean section for dystocia was done during all phases of labour (41% of procedures in the latent phase, 38% in the active phase and 21% in the second stage). The cesarean section rate varied among the hospitals from 11.8% to 19.6%. A total of 75% of the cesarean sections were for dystocia, disproportion or failed induction. The findings suggest that cesarean section is being done for disproportion without a trial of labour beyond the latent phase and for dystocia in the absence of fetal distress. If these practices were modified the cesarean section rate could be reduced from 16% to about 8%, the rate found in some other centres and that observed in Canada in the early 1970s.     

临产后胎心监护异常经阴道分娩的安全性

目的探讨临产后胎心监护异常经阴道分娩的安全性,以降低胎心监护异常为指征的剖宫产率。方法选取472例胎心监护异常的患者,分为2组：经阴道试产组（n=226）,直接剖宫产组（n=246）,比较2组孕妇试产成功率及围生儿情况。结果经阴道分娩组（自然分娩＋产钳助产）与剖宫产组（直接＋中转剖宫产）新生儿窒息、羊水过少、脐带异常的比较差异均无统计学意义（χ^2新生儿窒息=0.48,χ^2羊水过少=0.81,χ^2脐带异常=2.26）;2组比较羊水Ⅱ°-Ⅲ°污染,直接剖宫产组显著多于阴道试产组,差异有统计学意义（χ^2=85.68,P〈0.01）。结论胎心监护异常伴羊水清-Ⅰ°污染、羊水过少、脐带异常等在严密监护下经阴道分娩是安全的。     

剖宫产后阴道试产的产程特点和影响因素分析

目的 探讨剖宫产后阴道试产（trail of labor after cesarean,TOLAC）的产程特点,为临床安全管理其产程提供依据。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年12月自然临产的246例足月TOLAC孕妇,以及同时期340例自然临产、阴道分娩足月初产妇（SVB组）的临床资料。研究TOLAC的产程特点,以及前次剖宫产时机、既往阴道分娩史、妊娠间隔（1.5~3年、>3年）等对TOLAC产程的影响。结果 自然临产的足月TOLAC成功率90.2%。伴有阴道分娩史的自然临产的足月TOLAC产妇的第一、第二、总产程时间较无阴道分娩史的自然临产的足月TOLAC（wTOLAC）缩短（P<0.05）。前次妊娠临产前和临产后行剖宫产的两组,以及妊娠间隔处于1.5~3年和>3年的两组的第一、第二、总产程时间均无明显差异。wTOLAC组与SVB组比较,两组的产前体质指数、分娩孕周、产程中干预措施、产后出血量、产后出血率、输血治疗率、妊娠合并症发生率、新生儿1 min Apgar评分、产钳助产率均无明显差异。wTOLAC组的年龄、孕前体质指数、新生儿体重较SVB组大（P<0.05）,分娩镇痛率较低（P<0.000 1）。应用协方差分析校正上述4个指标的组间差异：两组的产程进展模式类似,第一、总产程时限无明显差异,但第一产程宫口扩张2 cm后,尤其是宫口扩张6 cm后,wTOLAC组产程进展较快（P<0.01）;wTOLAC组的第二产程短于SVB组（P<0.001）,wTOLAC组内行分娩镇痛的第二产程亦短于SVB组内行分娩镇痛的（P<0.001）;wTOLAC组内行分娩镇痛的第二产程和总产程长于未行分娩镇痛者（P<0.05）。结论 自然临产的足月TOLAC的产程模式与初产妇类似,宫口扩张6 cm后产程进展较快,且整个产程进展较初产妇稍快,分娩镇痛会延长产程。前次剖宫产时机和妊娠间隔对自然临产的足月TOLAC产程的影响较小,既往阴道分娩史是促进TOLAC产程进展的有利因素。     

导乐镇痛仪在分娩镇痛中的应用效果分析

目的:分析导乐镇痛仪在分娩镇痛中的应用效果。方法:选择拟阴道分娩足月妊娠者240例,随机分为导乐仪组与对照组,各120例。对照组接受常规导乐护理,未给予任何镇痛办法;导乐仪组给予GT-4A导乐镇痛仪分娩。比较2组镇痛效果与第一产程、第二产程和第三产程时限、阴道分娩和剖宫产率及产后2 h出血量发生情况等。结果:导乐仪组的镇痛效果明显优于对照组（P<0.01）,第一产程、第二产程时限均显著短于对照组（P<0.01）,剖宫产率（7.5%）低于对照组（16.7%）（P<0.05）。2组产妇产后2 h出血量和第三产程差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论:导乐镇痛仪在分娩镇痛中能够发挥良好的镇痛效果,减轻患者痛苦,加快产程进展,降低剖宫产率,值得在临床上推广应用。     

羊水过少经阴道分娩的临床观察

目的:探讨妊娠晚期羊水过少的监测、终止妊娠时机、提高阴道分娩率,有效降低剖宫产率。方法:对216例羊水过少孕妇阴道试产的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:羊水过少阴道分娩率为58.33%,其中羊水量150～299 ml阴道分娩率为73.58%,羊水量100～149 ml阴道分娩率为48.84%,羊水量小于100 ml阴道分娩率为25%。结论:动态监测妊娠晚期孕妇羊水量,对羊水过少选择适当时机终止妊娠,提高阴道分娩率,有效降低剖宫产率。