新疆地区汉族和维吾尔族部分人群HLA-DRB1、HLA-DQB1、HLA-DPB1基因多态性与单倍型的比较

目的了解中国新疆维吾尔自治区汉族和维吾尔族人类白细胞抗原DRB1(HLA-DRB1)、HLA-DQB1、HLA-DPB1高分辨分型基础上的基因多态性和单倍型分布的特点。方法应用聚合酶链反应-直接测序基因分型(PCR-SBT)法对新疆地区188例汉族人群与90例维吾尔族人群进行HLA-DRB1、HLA-DQB1、HLA-DPB1基因分型,直接计数法计算基因频率,应用Arlequin3.5软件以最大似然法获得单倍型频率。结果汉族人群频率最高的HLA-Ⅱ类基因分别是DRB1*09∶01(12.8%)、DQB1*03∶01(20.3%)和DPB1*05∶01(33.5%);三位点组成的单倍型频率最高的分别是DRB1*09∶01-DQB1*03∶03(8.8%)、DRB1*09∶01-DPB1*05∶01(5.0%)、DQB1*03∶01-DPB1*05∶01(9.6%)和DRB1*09∶01-DQB1*03∶03-DPB1*05∶01(6.3%)。维吾尔族人群频率最高的HLA-Ⅱ类基因分别是DRB1*07∶01(18.3%)、DQB1*03∶01(18.9%)和DPB1*04∶01(30.0%);三位点组成的单倍型频率最高的分别是DRB1*07∶01-DQB1*02∶02(16.1%)、DRB1*07∶01-DPB1*04∶01(5.0%)、DQB1*03∶01-DPB1*04∶01(7.3%)、DRB1*07∶01-DQB1*02∶02-DPB1*04∶01(7.4%)。两组人群中等位基因有显著差异的是∶DRB1*04∶04、DRB1*07∶01、DRB1*08∶03、DRB1*11∶04、DRB1*12∶02、DRB1*13∶01、DRB1*15∶01、DQB1*02∶02、DQB1*06∶01、DPB1*04∶01和DPB1*05∶01。结论中国新疆汉族与维吾尔族人群HLA-DRB1、HLA-DQB1、HLA-DPB1等位基因频率、单倍型频率分布均有自己的多态性特征。     

中国汉族人群供-受者HLA-A、B、Cw、DRB1和DQB1高分辨等位基因频率分布及错配比例的研究

目的 从基因高分辨水平,分析中国汉族人群供-受者人类白细胞抗原(human leukocyte antigens,HLA)-A、B、Cw、DRB1、DQB1各位点等位基因频率和分布的多态性;及供-受者等位基因匹配情况.方法 采用基因测序分型(sequence based typing,SBT)、序列特异性寡核苷酸探针法(sequence specific oligonueleotide probe,SSOP)和序列特异性引物法(sequence specific primer,SSP),对2540名中国汉族人的(其中1168名受者,1372名供者)DNA标本进行HLA高分辨基因分型,并作统计学处理.结果 2540份样本中共检测到44种HLA-A等位基因,频率高于0.05的A*1101、A*2402、A*0201、A*0207、A*3303、A*0206、A*3001共占80.4%;81种HLA-B等位基因,频率高于0.05的B*4001、B*4601、B*5801、B*1302、B*5101共占43.0%;44种HLA-Cw等位基因,频率高于0.05的Cw*0702、Cw*0102、Cw*0304、Cw*0801、Cw*0602、Cw*0303、Cw*0302、Cw*0401共占80.3%;61种HLA-DRB1等位基因,频率高于0.05的DRB1*0901、DRB1*1501、DRB1*1202、DRB1*0803、DRB1*0701、DRB1*0405、DRB1*0301、DRB1*1101共占70.1%;22种HLA-DQB1等位基因,频率高于0.05的DQB1*0301、DQB1*0303、DQB1*0601、DQB1*0602、DQB1*0202、DQB1*0302、DQB1*0401、DQB1*0502、DQB1*0201共占87.4%.这5个位点均处于杂合子缺失状态,其中A、B、DRB1位点符合HardyWeinberg平衡(Hardy-Weinberg equi1ibrium,HWE)(P＞0.05);Cw、DQB1位点偏离HWE(P＜0.05);排除个别基因型观察值与期望值偏差较大外,这5个位点均符合HWE.在供-受者数据的比较中,HLA全相合(10/10)的比例仅22.4%;单个等位基因错配(9/10)的比例为24.6%;两个等位基因错配(8/10)的比例为26.3%.结论 中国汉族人群高分辨水平HLA-A、B、Cw、DRB1,DQB1等位基因频率及分布特点,对非亲缘造血干细胞移植供者检索有重要参考价值;并为中华骨髓库数据入库和利用提供遗传学依据.

Abstract：

Objective To analyze the allele frequencies and polymorphism of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) -A, B, Cw, DRB1 and DQB1 between donors-recipients on high-resolution typing; and to analyze the matching and mismatching proportion between donors and recipients. Methods HLA highresolution types were determined by sequence based typing (SBT), sequence specific oligonucleotide probe (SSOP) and sequence specific primer (SSP) on 2540 unrelated Chinese Han individuals including 1168 recipients and 1372 donors, then statistical analyses were carried out. Results Forty-four HLA-A alleles were detected, and among them the frequencies of A * 1101, A * 2402, A * 0201, A * 0207, A * 3303, A *0206 and A * 3001 exceeded 0.05, and accounted for 80.4%. Eighty-one HLA-B alleles were detected, and frequencies of B * 4001, B * 4601, B * 5801, B * 1302 and B * 5101 exceeded 0. 05, and accounted for 43. 0% of total. There were 44 HLA- Cw alleles, among them the frequencies of Cw * 0702, Cw * 0102,Cw * 0304, Cw * 0801, Cw * 0602, Cw * 0303, Cw * 0302 and Cw * 0401 exceeded 0.05, and were 80.3 %of total. There were 61 HLA-DRB1 alleles, the frequencies of DRB1 * 0901, DRB1 * 1501, DRB1 * 1202,DRB1 * 0803, DRB1 * 0701, DRB1 * 0405, DRB1 * 0301 and DRB1 * 1101 exceeded 0. 05, and were 70. 1% of total. Finally, 22 HLA-DQB1 alleles were detected, the frequencies of DQB1 * 0301, DQB1 *0303, DQB1 * 0601, DQB1 * 0602, DQB1 * 0202, DQB1 * 0302, DQB1 * 0401, DQB1 * 0502 and DQB1 *0201 exceeded 0. 05, and they were 87.4% of total. All the five loci were of heterozygote deficiency. The HLA-A, B and DRB1 loci conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) (P＞0. 05); but HLA-Cw and HLA-DQB1 loci did not (P＜0.05). Except several particular genotypes, all the five loci conformed to HWE. After comparing data between donors and recipients, only 22.4% of recipients found HLA matched donors (10/10); 24. 6% of recipients found single HLA allele mismatched donors (9/10); 26. 3% of recipients had two HLA alleles mismatched donors (8/10). Conclusion The characteristics of allele frequencies and polymorphism of HLA-A, B, Cw, DRB1 and DQB1 on high-resolution typing in Chinese Han population is valuable for donor searching in unrelated hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and it provides genetic basis for donor registry and usage of donor resource for Chinese Marrow Donor Program.     

中国天疱疮患者的免疫遗传易感性研究

目的探讨中国天疱疮患者的免疫易感基因位点.方法本实验应用序列特异性引物聚合酶链式反应(SSP-PCR)技术对HLA-II类等位基因进行特异性体外扩增,分析了天疱疮患者HLA基因的DR位点和DRB1、DQB1多态性,并将天疱疮患者的基因频率与正常人结果进行χ2检验,以探讨中国天疱疮易感性基因位点.结果天疱疮患者中DR4的频率为93.3%(28/30),DR14的频率为63.3%(19/30),天疱疮患者中的DRB1*04和DRB1*14的频率分别为40%(12/30)和53.3%(16/30),经χ2分析,与正常对照组相比具有显著的差异性;在28个DR4+的天疱疮患者中有13个DRB1*0402,在19个DR14+天疱疮患者中DRB1*1401频率显著增高(P<0.01).所有DRB1*04+患者均为DQB1*0302,所有DRB1*14患者均为DQB1*0503.结论中国人天疱疮易感性与HLA的DR4、DR14抗原以及DRB1*04、DRB1*14、DRB1*0402、DRB1*1401基因位点与高度相关.     

重型乙型肝炎前期患者外周血免疫活性细胞的特点

目的 分析重型乙型肝炎前期(以下简称重肝前期)患者外周血免疫活性细胞的特点.方法 选取重肝前期患者48例,慢性乙型肝炎患者35例,健康志愿者20例,采用流式细胞仪检测外周血淋巴细胞CD3+、CD3+/CD4+、CD3 +/CD8+、CD4 +/CD25 +/CD45+等亚群表达百分比,计算各淋巴细胞亚群绝对值,并进行统计学分析.结果 与慢性乙肝组及健康对照组相比,重肝前期组CD3+T细胞、CD8+T细胞、CD4+ CD25+调节性T细胞(Tregs)的绝对值均明显下降(P＜0.01或P＜0.05);重肝前期组CD4+T细胞绝对值与慢性乙肝组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但CD4+T细胞百分率明显高于慢性乙肝组(P＜0.05).此外,CD4 +/CD8+比值各组间存在显著差异,重肝前期组显著高于慢性乙肝组和健康对照组(P＜0.01或P＜0.05).结论 重型乙型肝炎前期存在一定程度的细胞免疫功能紊乱,其特征为CD4+T细胞占优势,CD8+T细胞和CD4+ CD25+ Tregs绝对值下降.     

急性冠脉综合征患者CD4^＋CD28^-T淋巴细胞与HLA-DRB1的相关性

目的:探讨人HLA-DRB1等位基因多态性与急性冠脉综合征(ACS)CD4 CD28- T细胞数量的关系.方法:采用聚合酶链反应-序列特异性引物DNA分型技术对136例ACS患者和115例健康对照进行HLA-DRB1基因分型.同时采用流式细胞术(FCM)进行CD4 CD28- T 细胞测定, 分析HLA与CD4 CD28- T 细胞的相关性.结果:HLA- DRB1*15, DRB1*04和DRB1*01等位基因与CD4 CD28- T淋巴细胞数量相关, 表达DRB1*04和DRB1*01的患者有高百分比的CD4 CD28-T淋巴细胞, 而表达DRB1*15的所有患者却有低数量的CD4 CD28- T淋巴细胞.结论:在黑龙江地区人群中, ACS患者CD4 CD28- T细胞的形成与HLA-DRB1*01、 DRB1*04和DRB1*15 密切相关.     

应用PCR/SSO方法进行西安汉族人群HLA-DR,DQ位点的DNA分型

对80例西安汉族人HLA第Ⅱ类抗原的DRB、DQA1和DQB1的等位基因多态性进行分析,发现的特异性包括HLA-DRB1 27种,DRB3 3种,DRB5 3种,DQA1 8种,DQB1 14种,共55种。按血清学所定的特异性将DRB1位点的等位基因对应分类,出现频率由高到低排列依次为DR5,DR2,DR6,DR9,DR4,DR7,DR8,DR3,DR1,DR10。在DQA1和DQB1等位基因中,DQA1*0301和DQB1*0301、DQB1*0303的频率是最高的。和以前所报道的北方人群中DRB1*1301与DQB1*0604相连锁的结论不同的是,该人群中DRB1*1301与DQB1*0603相连锁,且未发现北方人群中所报道的DRB1*1403。这一结论与地处南方     

慢性乙型肝炎患者抗病毒治疗前后外周血树突状细胞和淋巴细胞亚群的变化及意义

目的 分析慢性乙型肝炎患者拉米夫定抗病毒治疗前后外周血树突状细胞和淋巴细胞亚群变化。方法 对16例拉米夫定抗病毒治疗有效的慢性乙型肝炎患者动态观察48周，在治疗前、后对外周血单核细胞来源的树突状细胞进行体外培养，用流式细胞仪检测DC表面分子及淋巴细胞亚群水平，观察治疗前、后的变化。结果 16例患者中，11例治疗持续有效，未发生YMDD变异，5例发生变异。无变异组的慢性乙肝患者，治疗12周时，HLA—DR水平较治疗前降低（P〈0．05）；治疗48周时，CD80、CD40和CD1a与治疗前比明显提高（P〈0．05）而HLA—DR恢复至治疗前水平。变异组患者。治疗12周时，CD83及HLA—DR降低（P〈0．05）；治疗48周时，HLA-DR仍低于治疗前（P〈0．05）。无变异组患者，治疗12周时，CD4^＋T细胞、CD8^＋T细胞、NK细胞、CD19^＋B细胞和CD4^＋／CD8^＋T细胞比值均无明显变化；48周时，CD4^＋T细胞比例增高，NK细胞比例下降（P〈0．05）。而变异组患者的淋巴细胞亚群则无显著改变。结论 拉米夫定治疗持续有效组，DC表面共刺激分子CD80、CD40可随着HBV被长时间有效抑制而得到部分恢复，治疗过程中有DC表面的HLA-DR暂时降低，而后HLA—DR水平恢复和CD1a明显提高，同时外周血CD4^＋T细胞比例上升和NK细胞比例下降。而发生YMDD变异组。DC表面HLA—DR呈现持续性降低。     

细胞免疫和遗传因素对乙型肝炎疫苗阻断母婴传播效果的影响

目的比较接种重组乙肝疫苗后不同体液免疫应答高危儿童的细胞免疫反应特点,进一步探讨母婴阻断失败、无应答的机理。方法124名母亲HBsAg和HBeAg双阳性的新生儿按常规乙肝的免疫程序接种重组CHO和酵母乙肝疫苗,于第1针免后3、7、12月检测HBsAg和抗-HBs,判定免疫成功或失败的新生儿,首针后60～120月(平均80月)再次检测HBsAg和抗-HBs指标,选取8名免疫重组乙肝疫苗母婴阻断失败儿童、4名免后无应答抗体反应的儿童和11名母婴阻断成功的儿童采集静脉血样,分离淋巴细胞,应用ELISPOT方法检测产生IL-2斑点形成细胞的数量,并对斑点数和表面抗体滴度的相关性进行比较,同时分析HLA-A、-B、DRB1和DQB1等位基因的多态性。结果(1)124名研究对象中有77．4％的儿童可产生保护性表面抗体,成功阻断母婴传播;13．7％的人免疫失败,感染乙肝;8．9％的儿童则对乙肝疫苗呈无应答状态。(2)免疫成功组产生IL-2细胞数(55．2±42．22)显著高于免疫失败组(3,75±3．24)和抗体无应答组(6．75±3．59),P<0．01。(3)儿童免疫乙肝疫苗后的表面抗体滴度与经乙肝疫苗诱导产生的特异性分泌IL-2的T细胞数量呈显著性正相关(r =0．601,P<0．01)。(4)HLA-B*48在对酵母乙肝疫苗无应答的儿童中占有25％的频率,显著高于免疫成功(2．2％)和失败的儿童(0％),P<0．05。对CHO疫苗无应答儿童的HLA-DRB1*15的频率显著高于免疫成功和失败的儿童(P<0．05)。结论乙肝疫苗母婴阻断失败和免后抗体无应答儿童的细胞免疫应答显著低于阻断成功的儿童,并且可能与遗传因素有关。     

原发性肾病综合征与HLA-A、HLA-B、HLA-DRB1基因相关性的研究

目的探讨HLA-A、HLA-B、HLA-DRB1位点基因与山西汉族激素抵抗肾病综合征(SRNS)的相关性。方法用聚合酶链反应序列特异性引物法,对30例SRNS患者(成人22例,儿童8例)和45例正常对照者进行了HLA-A、HLA-B、HLA-DRB1等位基因分型,并分析了A、B、DRB1基因在各组的分布。结果SRNS患者组HLA-B*15、B*44基因频率较正常对照组增高(P<0.05);成人SRNS患者组HLA-DRB1*07、B*44基因频率较正常对照组增高(P<0.05),成人SRNS患者组HLA-DRB1*15基因频率较正常对照组降低(P<0.05);儿童SRNS患者组HLA-DRB1*10基因频率较正常对照组增高(P<0.05)。结论SRNS发病可能与HLA-B*15、B*44基因有关,成人SRNS发病可能与HLA-DRB1*07、B*44基因有关,HLA-DRB1*15对成人SRNS发病可能有保护作用,儿童SRNS发病可能与HLA-DRB1*10基因有关;HLA与SRNS的相关性不仅与人种、国家和地区有关,还可能与发病年龄有关。     

肝移植后受者淋巴细胞亚群表达与免疫平衡

背景:有文献报道,肝移植后受者外周血淋巴细胞的变化较肝脏酶学的改变更为敏感,其特异性有待进一步研究。目的:分析淋巴细胞亚群中CD3-/HLA-DR+,CD3+/CD25+和CD3+/HLA-DR-与肝移植受者机体免疫状况和并发症的关系。方法:应用全自动生化分析仪和流式细胞分析仪检测56例肝移植受者移植后肝功能和淋巴细胞亚群,依照肝功能情况划分为肝功能正常组52例和肝功能异常组27例,肝功能异常组中分为急性排斥组7例、药物反应组11例和原因不明组9例。分析各组肝移植受者CD3-/HLA-DR+,CD3+/CD25+和CD3+/HLA-DR-表达水平与其并发症的关系。结果与结论:肝功能正常组CD3-/HLA-DR+和CD3+/CD25+的表达水平低于肝功能异常组(P=0.011,0.002),CD3+/HLA-DR-的表达高于肝功能异常组(P=0.012)。CD3-/HLA-DR+和CD3+/CD25+在急性排斥组的表达水平明显高于药物反应组(P=0.039,0.048),急性排斥组CD3+/HLA-DR-的表达水平低于药物反应组(P=0.007)。提示CD3-/HLA-DR+,CD3+/CD25+和CD3+/HLA-DR-的表达水平与肝移植后受者机体免疫状况及并发症密切相关,可作为判断肝移植后受者并发症的辅助指标以及进行免疫干预的参考依据。     

The influence of HLA alleles and HBV subgenotyes on the outcomes of HBV infections in Northeast China

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has a wide variety of clinical outcomes, it could be spontaneouly recovered and also could develop fulminant liver failure or cirrhosis with hepatocellular carcinoma. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphism and HBV (sub)genotypes have been speculated to associate with the outcome of HBV infection because the data obtained from various populations who bear different HLA alleles have shown a HLA polymorphism associated outcome of HBV infection. However, as the most important viral and host genetic factors, the impact of HBV (sub)genotypes in combination with HLA polymorphism on the clinical outcomes of HBV infections remains unclear. To demonstrate the association of HLA allele polymorphism in combination with HBV subgenotypes with the outcome of HBV infection in Northeastern Han Chinese population, a total of 230 HBV-infected individuals (Infection group) were compared to 210 random selected controls (Control group) who are negative for HBV infection for their HLA alleles frequency as well as the associations with the virus infection, clearance and persistence in combination with HBV subgenotypes. Of the 230 HBV-infected subjects, 54 were acute self-limited hepatitis (ASH) with HBV subgenotype C2 (ASH-C2), 144 were chronic hepatitis (CH) with HBV subgenotype C2 and B2 (CH-C2 and CH-B2), and 32 were spontaneously recovered (SR) without subgenotype results. When two groups are compared, the results suggest that B*48, B*51 and DRB1*12 carrier may have a high risk for HBV infection, but B*51 is likely association with spontaneous recovery and DRB1*07, 12 may be implied in viral persistence. HLA-B*15, DRB1*11 and 14 associated with viral clearance in the cases of HBV-C2 infection; HLA-B*54 carriers in chronic group are more sensitive to with the infection of HBV subgenotype B2; HLA-B*07 and DRB1*13 may protect subjects from HBV infection. The data presented a link between HLA polymorphism and HBV pathogenesis and suggested potential therapeutic targets for hepatitis B.     

Two subtypes of hepatitis B virus-associated glomerulonephritis are associated with different HLA-DR2 alleles in Koreans

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated glomerulonephritis (HBV-GN) is occurring at high prevalence in most Asian endemic areas. There have been some reports on human leucocyte antigen (HLA) associations with HBV infections; however, HLA association with HBV-GN has been rarely reported. Forty-six adult Korean patients with HBV-GN (42 male and four female patients, age 20-66), 100 HBsAg (-) healthy controls, and 89 individuals with chronic HBV infection were studied for HLA-DRB1 and DQB1 gene polymorphisms using high-resolution DNA typing methods. In HBV-GN patients, a strong association with HLA-DR2 was observed compared with HBsAg (-) controls (OR = 4.0). Different HLA-DR2 alleles were associated with different pathologic subtypes of HBV-GN: DRB1*1502 with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN, n = 35) (OR = 14.5) and DRB1*1501 with membranous nephropathy (MN, n = 11) (OR = 3.8). HLA-DQB1*0601, strongly linked to DRB1*1502, was also associated with MPGN subtype of HBV-GN (OR = 4.3). All these associations were also significant compared with chronic HBV infection group. For chronic HBV infection per se, DRB1*1302, DQB1*0402, and DQB1*0604 had some protective effect (OR = 0.4, OR = 0.3, and OR = 0.1, respectively), and DRB1*1101 was weakly associated (OR = 4.6) in Koreans. These results suggest that HLA-DR or related genetic factor is associated with disease susceptibility to HBV-GN in Koreans, and different pathologic subtypes of HBV-GN are influenced by the genetic factors of the patients.     

Presence of the DRB4*0103102N null allele in different DRB1*04-positive individuals

The DRB4 gene encoding the DR53 antigen is present in DRB1*04-, DRB1*07- and DRB1*09-positive individuals. Eight allelic variants of DRB4 have been recognized, 5 resulting in an expressed DR53 antigen and 3 belonging to the null alleles. So far the DRB4*0103102N null allele had been found exclusively in individuals carrying the haplotype DR7,-DQ9. High-resolution typing of HLA class II by polymerase chain reaction using sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) and/or sequence-based typing of kidney patients and their families revealed the presence of the DRB4*0103102N null allele segregating with DRB1*04 and DQB1*03 in 4 different families. Three different haplotypes on which the null allele was located, were recognized by family studies: DRB1*0401, DQB1*0301; DRB1*0402, DQB1*0302 and DRB1*0404, DQB1*0302. Determination of the DR53 specificity of antisera reacting with DR53-positive individuals has always been difficult due to the simultaneous presence of DR4, 7 or 9. Identification of DR4-positive DR53-negative individuals as described here, provided the serological reactions with DR53-antisera and revealed the antibody specificities in the antisera used.     

Does a central MHC gene in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-DRB1*0401 affect susceptibility to type 1 diabetes?

Subtypes of HLA-DR4 are associated with susceptibility or protection against type 1 diabetes (T1DM). We addressed whether this reflects linkage disequilibrium with the true susceptibility locus by studying broader MHC haplotypes marked by alleles of HLA-B, IKBL (adjacent to TNFA) and complement C4. The study used a largely Caucasian cohort from Western Australia. HLA-DRB1*0401 and HLA-DRB1*0405 marked susceptibility to T1DM. In Caucasians, DRB1*0401 occurs predominantly in the 44.1 ancestral haplotype (AH; HLA-A2,B44, DRB1*0401,DQB1*0301) and the 62.1AH (HLA-A2,B15(62),DRB1*0401,DQB1*0302). HLA-B15 marked susceptibility and HLA-B44 marked with resistance to T1DM in patients and controls preselected for HLA-DRB1*0401. A gene between TNFA and HLA-B on the 8.1AH (HLA-A1,B8,;DR3,DQ2) modifies the effects of the class II alleles. Here, alleles characteristic of the 62.1AH (C4B3, IKBL+446*T and HLA-A2,B15) were screened in donors preselected for HLA-DRB1*0401. C4B3 was associated with diabetes, consistent with a diabetes gene telomeric of MHC class II. However, increases in carriage of IKBL+446*T and HLA-A2,B15 were marginal, as too few control subjects were available with the diabetogenic alleles. However, with these tools, selection of HLA-DRB1*0401, DQB1*0302 donors who are positive and negative for C4B3 will allow bidirectional mapping of diabetes genes in the central MHC.     

MHC class I and class II phenotype, gene, and haplotype frequencies in Greeks using molecular typing data

In the present study, DNA typing for HLA-A, C, B, DRB1, DRB3, DRB4, DRB5, DQA1, DQB1, and DPB1 was performed for 246 healthy, unrelated Greek volunteers of 20-59 years of age. Phenotype, genotype frequencies, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium fit, and 3-locus haplotype frequencies for HLA-A, C, B, HLA-A, B, DRB1, HLA-DRB1, DQA1, DQB1, and HLA-DRB1, DQB1, DPB1 were calculated. Furthermore, linkage disequilibrium, deltas, relative deltas and p-values for significance of the deltas were defined. The population studied is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and many MHC haplotypes are in linkage disequilibrium. The most frequent specificities were HLA-A*02 (phenotype frequency = 44.3%) followed by HLA-A*24 (27.2%), HLA-B*51 (28.5%), HLA-B*18 (26.8%) and HLA-B*35 (26.4%) and HLA-Cw*04 (30.1%) and HLA-Cw*12 (26.8%). The most frequent MHC class II alleles were HLA-DRB1*1104 (34.1%), HLA-DQB1*0301 (54.5%) and HLA-DPB1*0401 with a phenotype frequency of 59.8%. The most prominent HLA-A, C, B haplotypes were HLA-A*24, Cw*04, B*35, and HLA-A*02, Cw*04, B*35, each of them observed in 21/246 individuals. The most frequent HLA-A, B, DRB1 haplotype was HLA-A*02, B*18, DRB1*1104 seen in 20/246 individuals, while the haplotype HLA-DRB1*1104, DQB1*0301, DPB1*0401 was found in 49/246 individuals. Finally, the haplotype DRB1*1104, DQA1*0501, DQB1*0301 was observed in 83/246 individuals. These results can be used for the estimation of the probability of finding a suitable haplotypically identical related or unrelated stem cell donor for patients of Greek ancestry. In addition, they can be used for HLA and disease association studies, genetic distance studies in the Balkan and Mediterranean area, paternity cases, and matching probability calculations for the optimal allocation of kidneys in Greece.     

HLA class II allele and haplotype distribution in a population from central Poland

We have studied the distribution of HLA DRB1, DQA1, DQB1 alleles and haplotypes in a sample of 103 unrelated healthy individuals from the region of Lodz in central Poland by the polymerase chain reaction and hybridization with allele-specific oligonucleotide probes (PCR-SSO). DRB1*0101, DRB1*07, DRB1*1501, DRB1*03 and DRB1*11 were the most frequent alleles at the DRB1 locus. The DRB1*04 group was observed at a high frequency, but only five out of the 19 DR4 subtypes tested were observed. The most frequent was DRB1*0401, followed by DRB1*0403, DRB1*0402, DRB1*0407 and DRB1*0417. Eight DQA1 alleles were found in this Polish population, among which DQA1*0501, DQA1*0101 and DQA1*0102 were the most frequent. At the DQB1 locus 13 alleles were found. Among them, four were present with frequencies above 10%: DQB1*0201, DQB1*0301, DQB1*0501 and DQB1*0602. Our results underline significant differences between the population of central Poland and populations of neighbouring countries such as Germany, Ukraine and the Czech Republic. This study will serve as a reference for further anthropological studies, as well as studies of associations between HLA and disease.     

慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染与HLA-DRB1基因的相关性研究

目的： 研究HLA-DRB1等位基因与HBV感染慢性化的相关性。 方法： 用PCR-SSP 方法对陕西地区汉族乙肝患者108例与正常对照108人以及慢性乙型肝炎表面抗原携带者32人，进行HLA-DRB1等位基因分型比较，并进行HLA-DRB1等位基因分型与HBV不同复制状态相关性分析。 结果： 陕西地区汉族人HLA-DRB1等位基因以DRB1*04（16.2%），DRB1*09（12.5%），DRB1*12（11.6%）, DRB1*15（13.4%）最为常见；病例组HLA－DRB1*03 的等位基因频率(10.6%)明显高于健康对照组(3.7%)，(OR=3.10; P<0.05)；HLA-DRB1*07等位基因频率病例组(17.6%)明显高于健康对照组(9.3%)(OR=2.09; P<0.05)；DRB1*07 基因位点在HBV高复制状态多见（OR=2.22; P<0.05）; HLA-DRB1*15对照组等位基因频率13.4%, 明显高于病例组6.9% (OR=0.48; P<0.05)。 结论： HLA－DRB1*03、HLA-DRB1*07与陕西地区汉族人HBV感染后的慢性化相关联，HLA-DRB1*15为陕西地区汉族人乙肝感染的抗性基因。本研究提示HLA-Ⅱ类基因是决定HBV感染后临床转归的重要因素。     

Susceptible and protective associations of HLA DRB1*/DQB1* alleles and haplotypes with ischaemic stroke

Stroke has emerged as the second commonest cause of mortality worldwide and is a major public health problem. For the first time, we present here the association of human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐DRB1*/DQB1* alleles and haplotypes with ischaemic stroke in South Indian patients. Ischaemic stroke (IS) cases and controls were genotyped for HLA‐DRB1*/DQB1* alleles by polymerase chain reaction sequence‐specific primers (PCR‐SSP) method. The frequencies of HLA class II alleles such as DRB1*04, DRB1*07, DRB1*11, DRB1*12, DRB1*13, DQB1*02 and DQB1*07 were high in IS patients than in the age‐ and gender‐matched controls, suggesting that the individuals with these alleles are susceptible to ischaemic stroke in South India. The frequencies of alleles such as DRB1*03, DRB1*10, DRB1*14, DQB1*04 and DQB1*05 were less in IS cases than in the controls, suggesting a protective association. Haplotypes DRB1*04‐DQB1*0301, DRB1*07‐DQB1*02, DRB1*07‐DQB1*0301, DRB1*11‐DQB1*0301 and DRB1*13‐DQB1*06 were found to be high in IS patients conferring susceptibility. The frequency of haplotype DRB1*10‐DQB1*05 was high in controls conferring protection. IS‐LVD and gender‐stratified analysis too confirmed these susceptible and protective associations. Thus, HLA‐DRB1*/DQB1* alleles and haplotypes strongly predispose South Indian population to ischaemic stroke. Further studies in different populations with large sample size or the meta‐analysis are needed to explain the exact mechanism of associations of HLA gene(s) with IS.     

Human leukocyte antigen class II association with spontaneous recovery from hepatitis B virus infection in Koreans: analysis at the haplotype level

It has been speculated that human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles are associated with the outcome of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection although the data obtained from various populations have shown some inconsistencies. A total of 464 HBVinfected Korean individuals (80 spontaneously recovered [SR] and 384 chronically infected [CI]) were selected to investigate the association of HLA class II alleles with the viral clearance and persistence. Our results showed that: 1) multiple HLA class II alleles and haplotypes were associated with viral clearance (DRB1*1302, DRB1*1502, DQB1*0302, DQB1*0609, and related-haplotypes) and persistence (DRB1*0701, DQB1*0301, and related-haplotypes); 2) DRB1*1302 and DQB1* 0609 were more strongly associated with viral clearance. And the association of DQB1*0609 (pc=0.0084; OR, 7.24) with vial clearance was much stronger than previously recognized, DRB1*1302 (pc=0.0038; OR, 4.34); and 3) linkage to a specific DPB1 allele in a haplotype strengthened the association with viral clearance, although DPB1 itself was not associated with the outcome. These results indicate the existence of multiple factors controlling viral clearance in the HLA class II gene region. Further extended investigation on the genetic factors related to the outcome of HBV infection will provide valuable insights into the understanding of the mechanisms involved.     

Allele and haplotype frequencies at human leukocyte antigen class I and II genes in Venezuela's population

Population studies represent an integral part and link in understanding the complex chain of host-pathogen interactions, disease pathogenesis, and MHC gene polymorphisms. Genes of Mongoloid, Caucasoid, and Negroid populations have created a distinctive HLA genetic profile in the Venezuelan population. Our objective was to determine the predominant HLA class I and II alleles and haplotype frequencies in the hybrid population of Venezuela. The study population consisted of 486 healthy unrelated native Venezuelans and 180 families. We examined the frequency of HLA A-B-C, HLA-DQ and HLA-DR genes by polymerase chain reaction and subsequent hybridization with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes. Phenotypic, allelic and haplotype frequencies were estimated by direct counting and using the maximum-likelihood method. The predominant HLA class I alleles were A*02, A*24, A*68, B*35, B*44, B*51, B*07, B*15 and Cw*07. Regarding HLA class II, the most frequent alleles were DQB1*03 and DRB1*04, DRB1*15, DRB1*13, DRB1*07. The prevailing haplotype was HLA-A*02B*35 DQB1*03 DRB1*04. Some of these alleles and haplotype frequencies were predominantly present in Amerindians (A*02, A*24, B*35, Cw*07, DRB1*04, A*24 B*35). Previous reports have shown high incidence of A*02, B*44, B*51, DRB1*15, DRB1*13, DRB1*07 alleles in several European populations and A*68, B*07, B*15 alleles in African Americans, which could have contributed to the ethnic admixture of the Venezuelan population. We conclude that our results provide strong evidence that Venezuela's population represents an admixture of the primitive Mongoloid Aborigines, Caucasoid Europeans and Western African Negroid migrants.