Treatment of renal cell carcinoma by in situ partial nephrectomy and extracorporeal operation with autotransplantation

During a 10-year period, 33 patients underwent in situ enucleation, in situ partial nephrectomy, or an extracorporeal operation for low-grade (1 or 2), low-stage (I or II), bilateral or solitary renal cell carcinoma. Only one patient (3%) (who had undergone in situ partial nephrectomy) had local recurrence; the projected 5-year rates of nonprogression of disease and survival from death due to cancer only were 76% and 87%, respectively. A group of patients who were closely matched for grade and stage of renal cell cancer underwent traditional transabdominal radical nephrectomy during the same time interval and had rates of nonprogression and survival similar to those of the conservative surgical group. Thus, in selected patients with low-grade, low-stage renal cell cancer, conservative surgical treatment (that is, renal parenchyma-saving procedures) can produce favorable results without the side effects (such as renal failure) associated with ablative renal operations.     

肾嫌色细胞癌的临床特点及微创外科手术治疗

目的研究肾嫌色细胞癌的临床表现、诊断要点、治疗方法及疗效。方法回顾性分析2008～2010年期间经后腹腔镜微创手术治疗,病理确诊肾嫌色细胞(ChRCC)的11例患者,对其临床症状、影像学特点、病理及免疫学表现进行总结,对其预后进行随访跟踪评估。结果 11例患者的影像学均无明显特征性的表现,依靠病理确诊,具有相对特异的免疫组化指标,11例患者全部按时随访,随访时间6～30个月,平均13个月。1例T2N0M1患者术后1周立即开始给予舒尼替尼进行靶向药物治疗,9月后复查腰椎MRI病灶评估SD。余10例患者未见肿瘤局部复发或转移灶。预后良好。结论微创手术是早期肾嫌色细胞癌的首选治疗方式,靶向药物治疗对中晚期患者具有确切疗效。     

Immunotherapy for renal cell carcinoma

Introduction: Advanced renal cell cancers (aRCC) has historically been responsive to immune system manipulation. A better understanding of the anti-tumor immune response has fueled the emergence of immunotherapy-based regimens, including combinations with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors.

Areas covered: In this review, we will describe the historic use of immunotherapies and their integration with newer agents, specifically in clear cell aRCC.

Expert opinion: Novel immunotherapeutic agents, as well as combinations with VEGF/TKI therapy, will become the standard of care initial therapy in the management of aRCC. Further studies in the sequencing of drug administration, managing treatment-related adverse events (TRAE), and exploring innovative approaches are warranted.     

老年偶发肾癌保留肾单位手术的临床研究

目的探讨对于老年偶发肾癌行保留肾单位的肾部分切除手术的意义。方法回顾性分析32例老年偶发肾癌病例,患者行保留肾单位的肾部分切除手术,术后平均随访53.6个月(4~97个月)。结果32例患者手术顺利,术中肾血管阻断时间皆小于30 m in。术后病理报告肿瘤切除完整,切缘阴性。术后4周复查时28例肾功能恢复至手术前水平,4例的血清肌酐水平比术前高1.0~1.3 mg/d l。术后随访无肿瘤局部复发和远处转移病例。结论保留肾单位的肾部分切除手术对高龄局限性小肾癌患者是安全有效的。     

局限性肾癌保留肾单位手术19例分析

目的探讨保留肾单位手术治疗局限性肾癌的安全性和疗效。方法对19例肾癌患者行保留肾单位的肾部分切除术,其中男16例,女3例,平均年龄53岁,平均肿瘤直径2.8cm。术后评估局部复发及并发症情况。结果 19例患者手术均成功,平均随访29（14～38）个月,无局部复发和肿瘤转移。结论保留肾单位手术治疗肾癌安全、有效,尤其适用于局限性肾癌患者。     

Acrometastasis in renal cell carcinoma.

Acrometastasis is rare and may occur as the primary manifestation of an occult malignant tumor. Clinically, it may mimic benign osteoarthritic diseases, thus resulting in misdiagnosis and improper treatment. We describe a patient with renal cell carcinoma that presented itself as a case of chronic osteomyelitis after trauma to a finger. Such a lesion presents diagnostic challenges to both clinicians and histopathologists.     

Status of surgery in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma

A report is presented on 78 patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC, Robson III and IV). The average survival time was 2.1 years after nephrectomy, 1.1 years after embolization and only 0.65 years in the patients who underwent no surgery at all. As there is still not known effective systemic cytostatic therapy for this type of tumour, there is no doubt about the priority of nephrectomy. The indication for nephrectomy is limited by the feasibility of total removal of the metastases. An extension of this indication limit has not improved the survival rate. There is no difference in survival rate between patients with removable local, as opposed to operable distant metastases. In those cases where nephrectomy was not possible the patients did better after embolization than with no surgery at all.     

囊性肾细胞癌的CT诊断与手术及病理对照

目的：分析囊性肾癌的CT表现,探讨CT对囊性肾癌的诊断价值。方法：对手术、病理证实的17例囊性肾癌的CT表现进行回顾性分析。结果：17例囊性肾癌包括10例多房囊性肾细胞癌、3例单房囊性肾癌、3例透明细胞癌囊变坏死及1例单纯囊肿癌变。17例囊性肾癌中,CT诊断正确15例;1例单纯囊肿癌变,CT诊断为单纯囊肿;1例多房囊性肾细胞癌,CT诊断为复杂囊肿。典型的囊性肾癌CT表现为肾实质内单房或多房囊性肿物,具有厚薄不均匀的囊壁,内壁凹凸不平,囊壁不均匀强化,伴有强化的壁结节或实性成分,部分病例囊壁伴有钙化。结论：CT对囊性肾癌的诊断具有较大优势,对大部分肿块能准确诊断。     

CEUS鉴别诊断肾透明细胞癌和嫌色细胞癌

目的 探讨CEUS对肾透明细胞癌（CCRCC）和嫌色细胞癌（ChRCC）的鉴别诊断价值。方法 收集接受肾脏CEUS检查并经术后病理证实为CCRCC的患者75例及ChRCC的患者26例。观察CCRCC和ChRCC的增强方式、增强程度、增强形态、假包膜征及病灶对局部淋巴结、肾包膜及肾静脉的侵犯情况,并绘制时间-强度曲线,获得校正的始增时间（ΔAT）、达峰时间（ΔTTP）和峰值强度（ΔPI）,进行统计学分析。结果 CCRCC多表现高增强（41/75,54.67%）、弥漫性增强（54/75,72.00%）和不均匀增强（58/75,77.33%）,56.00%（42/75）有假包膜征。ChRCC多表现为低增强（19/26,73.08%）、向心性增强（14/26,53.85%）和均匀增强（17/26,65.38%）,61.54%（16/26）有假包膜征。CCRCC与ChRCC增强程度、增强方式及增强形态的差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,假包膜征检出率的差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。CCRCC的ΔAT和ΔTTP与ChRCC比较,差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）,而CCRCC的ΔPI明显高于ChRCC（P<0.001）。以ΔPI=0.05%为阈值鉴别诊断CCRCC和ChRCC的准确率最高,其敏感度为82.70%,特异度为100%,ROC曲线下面积为0.969。CCRCC出现肾周和（或）肾窦脂肪受累和肾门和（或）腹膜后淋巴结转移的百分率均高于ChRCC（P均<0.05）。结论 CCRCC和ChRCC具有不同的CEUS特征,有助于二者的鉴别诊断。     

Dendritic cell vaccine strategies for renal cell carcinoma

Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines are an important experimental immunotherapy for renal cell carcinomas. DC vaccines have proven safe, but only minimal clinical efficacy has been observed to date. DC vaccine strategies reflect the continually evolving understanding of DC biology. The use of mature DCs is particularly important to avoid the induction of regulatory T cells. Better defined sources of immunizing antigens and more efficient antigen-loading will contribute to DC vaccines of better quality. Improved clinical efficacy may also be achieved using DCs that secrete biologically active IL-12, which fosters innate immunity and polarizes T helper type 1 responses that contribute to optimal antitumor immunity. Furthermore, combination therapies that treat systemic immune suppression will be crucial for obtaining improved clinical responses to DC vaccines in patients with advanced disease.     

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Clear cell RCC is the most common type of RCC that occurs in adults. It has the worst prognosis among the common epithelial tumors of the kidney. Histologically, a wide range of morphologic patterns can be encountered. Those cases with a multi-locular cystic architecture are considered to be a distinct subtype because of the clinicopathologic features.     

Success of nephron-sparing surgery in the treatment of localized renal cell carcinoma

Advancement in imaging techniques has now made it possible for small renal tumors to be detected incidentally. This has led to the use of minimally invasive techniques for treatment of these cases. A 33-year-old woman was diagnosed to have a small renal mass after routine abdominal ultrasonography for epigastric discomfort. Computed tomography scan was used to characterize the mass, and an elective partial nephrectomy was successfully carried out. The procedure is safe, less morbid, and has good oncological outcome.     

Antigenic targets for renal cell carcinoma immunotherapy

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been shown to respond to immunotherapeutic intervention, thus fostering continued interest in exploiting the ability of the immune system to recognise and eradicate renal malignancy. Considerable progress in the characterisation of tumour-associated antigens, coupled with the appreciation that dendritic cells act as master regulators of immunity and tolerance, has opened new possibilities for immunotherapeutic intervention against human cancer. However, in contrast to other tumour systems, clinically relevant antigens expressed by RCC have not yet been identified. Therefore, most RCC vaccine trials have employed unfractionated antigens derived from tumour cells, with the goal of eliciting T cell responses against many unknown antigens expressed by the tumour. The recent discovery of genes with critical roles in oncogenesis has facilitated the identification of novel, more universal targets that may make cancer vaccines more practical, applicable and, potentially, more effective. In addition, immunisation against tumour antigens can be combined with tumour stroma-associated targets, thereby exerting a synergistic antitumour effect. Continued identification of molecular targets, in concert with more effective vaccination protocols, is likely to produce vaccination strategies with clinical impact.     

Bilateral renal cell carcinoma

Renal carcinoma is frequently detected incidentally during abdominal ultrasound studies or computed tomographic scanning. Although clinical studies report bilateral tumors in fewer than 4 percent of patients with renal carcinoma, an autopsy study has shown a much higher incidence. Various surgical approaches are available.     

腹腔镜肾癌根治术

目的 报道腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术的经验。方法 2001年11月一2002年12月共收治肾癌13例，男性8例，女性5例，年龄36—78岁(平均57岁)。左侧6例，右侧7例，11例肿瘤直径小于5cm，采用后腹腔镜肾癌根治术。2例肿瘤直径分别为7．8及8．9cm，采用手辅式腹腔镜肾癌根治术。结果 12例腹腔镜肾癌根治手术成功，1例左肾动脉损伤改开放手术。手术时间67—213min，平均162min。术中出血量约80。400ml之间，平均120ml。8例穿刺口周围不同程度皮下气肿，3d后自行消失。术后24h下床活动，48h开始进食，术后7d出院。随访1—1．5年，13例无肿瘤复发，无穿刺孔种植转移。结论 腹腔镜肾癌根治术是一种安全，有效的治疗方法。