移植肾动脉狭窄的介入治疗

目的 探讨移植肾动脉狭窄介入性治疗的方法和疗效。方法 7例肾移植术后肾动脉狭窄的病人,经股动脉或腋动脉入路行狭窄肾动脉的球囊扩张或支架置入术。结果 7例病人中3例行单纯球囊扩张术（2例经股动脉,1例经腋动脉）,4例同时行球囊护张和支架置入（2例经股动脉,2例经腋动脉）。治疗后5例病人血压恢复正常,2例口服降压药恢复正常。随访9－36个月,6例未见狭窄,仅1例支架入术后9个月出现移植肾动脉再狭窄。给予球囊扩张,血流基本恢复。结论 球囊扩张和（或）内支架入仍然是移植肾动脉狭窄的安全有效的方法之一,术后再狭窄的预防和处理需要进一步探讨。     

肾移植术后血管并发症的介入治疗

目的 探讨肾移植术后血管并发症介入治疗的价值。资料与方法 14例肾移植患者中，11例移植肾动脉狭窄，行球囊扩张或支架置入术；2例假性动脉瘤，行导管栓塞术；1例移植肾动脉血栓形成，行导管动脉溶栓术。结果 11例移植肾动脉狭窄患者均成功完成球囊扩张术，其中3例行支架置入术，术后患者血压均恢复正常，随3－35个月，未见狭窄；2例假性动脉瘤患者行栓塞术后，1例血流恢复正常，1例行移植肾摘除；1例移植肾动脉溶栓者，由于并发出血行移植肾摘除。结论 介入治疗是肾移植术后血管并发症有效的治疗方法。     

移植肾动脉狭窄的球囊扩张及支架治疗

目的评价肾移植术后肾动脉狭窄球囊扩张及支架植入治疗的疗效。方法对2002年6月～2008年12月肾移植病房的16例肾移植后3个月～4年发生的肾动脉狭窄患者行经皮肾动脉成形术。结果手术成功率100%,术后除1例血压在支架置入2h后下降,术后3d又升高外,其余血肌酐、血压均明显下降,症状缓解率93.7%。1例出现穿刺点血肿;3例发生再狭窄,通过二次球囊扩张及支架植入治疗缓解。结论球囊扩张及支架置入治疗肾移植术后肾动脉狭窄安全有效,是首选治疗方法 。     

肾移植术后动脉并发症的介入治疗

目的总结肾移植术后动脉性并发症介入治疗的经验及价值评估。方法回顾分析肾移植患者中进行血管造影检查者52例，介入治疗方法包括动脉内血管成形术治疗动脉狭窄，动脉内用尿激酶溶栓治疗急性血栓栓塞和假性动脉瘤的栓塞治疗。结果12例移植肾动脉基本正常，21例显示动脉吻合13狭窄，2例吻合13处动脉瘤形成(其中1例合并吻合13狭窄)，14例为移植肾动脉内血栓形成，3例为移植肾内动脉稀少。单纯移植。肾动脉狭窄中，16例行经动脉内血管成形术(单纯球囊扩张12例，血管内支架4例)治疗，其中14例肾功能逐渐恢复正常，2例术后肾功能恢复不良，移植肾切除。13例动脉血栓患者接受溶栓治疗(1例溶栓后放置支架)，其中3例溶栓失败，1例血管通畅后肾功能未见明显恢复，余9例。肾功能恢复正常。1例假性动脉瘤合并吻合口狭窄接受吻合口球囊扩张及支架治疗，动脉瘤栓塞治疗，造影复查动脉瘤消失，临床症状改善。结论血管内介入治疗为肾移植术后并发症提供进一步治疗，可及早挽救移植肾。     

移植肾动脉狭窄介入治疗

目的探讨移植肾动脉狭窄(TRAS)介入治疗的方法、疗效和安全性。方法经股动脉入路对12例TRAS患者行介入治疗,包括经皮血管腔内成形术(PTA)和支架置入术。患者从肾移植术后至出现肾动脉狭窄症状平均5.5个月(4～15个月),以手术前后血压、血肌酐、动脉狭窄程度作为判断疗效的指标。结果本组4例行单纯球囊(长20～40mm,直径5～7mm)扩张,5例于PTA后置入支架,3例直接置入支架。PTA术后2例(17%)复发狭窄,行支架置入术;支架术后3例再发狭窄,再次行PTA后无复发。12例患者先后共置入9枚球囊扩张式支架,1枚为自膨式支架。介入治疗前肾动脉狭窄率为65%～95%,术后狭窄率降为10%～25%;平均血压由术前175/105mmHg,降至术后140/80mmHg;平均血肌酐水平由术前475.5μmol/L降至术后118.5μmol/L;术后随访3～48个月(平均9个月),12例中最终治愈4例,改善5例,好转2例,无效1例。手术成功率100%,术中未发生血栓、出血、移植肾栓塞等严重并发症。结论TRAS的介入治疗安全有效,选择恰当入路,合理选择和组合运用PTA与支架置入术,可有效提高TRAS的远期疗效和手术成功率。     

肾移植急性动脉狭窄的影像学表现及介入治疗

目的探讨肾移植急性动脉狭窄的影像学表现及介入治疗的价值。资料与方法 15例肾移植动脉狭窄患者均有高血压和肾功能不良。均采用股动脉插管造影,明确诊断后行球囊扩张(PTA)和/或置入支架。结果15例中,6例行PTA治疗,9例行支架置入,操作全部成功。6例PTA治疗者中2例术后1个月出现再狭窄,行支架置入;9例支架置入者1年内有1例出现再狭窄。15例肾移植动脉狭窄患者介入治疗后均有血压下降和肾功能改善。结论肾移植动脉狭窄分为受体动脉狭窄、供体肾动脉狭窄和吻合口狭窄。血管造影是诊断肾移植动脉狭窄的金指标。介入治疗应作为肾移植急性动脉狭窄的首选疗法。     

The Imaging Features and Interventionai Therapy in the Acute Strictureof Artery of Renal Transplantation

目的 探讨肾移植急性动脉狭窄的影像学表现及介入治疗的价值.资料与方法 15例肾移植动脉狭窄患者均有高血压和肾功能不良.均采用股动脉插管造影,明确诊断后行球囊扩张(PrA)和/或置入支架.结果 15例中,6例行PTA治疗,9例行支架置入,操作全部成功.6例PTA治疗者中2例术后1个月出现再狭窄,行支架置入;9例支架置入者1年内有1例出现再狭窄.15例肾移植动脉狭窄患者介入治疗后均有血压下降和肾功能改善.结论 肾移植动脉狭窄分为受体动脉狭窄、供体肾动脉狭窄和吻合口狭窄.血管造影是诊断肾移植动脉狭窄的金指标.介入治疗应作为肾移植急性动脉狭窄的首选疗法.     

经皮血管腔内成形术及支架治疗移植肾动脉狭窄的临床研究

目的 评价经皮血管腔内成形术(PTA)及支架置入治疗移植肾动脉狭窄的效果.方法 对经造影确诊的13例移植肾动脉狭窄患者行FTA和/或支架置入治疗.分析手术的成功率,治疗前后的动脉血压、肌酐水平等参数.采用t检验用于比较治疗前后的参数.结果13例中4例行单纯球囊扩张术,8例扩张效果不佳者同期行支架置人术,1例治疗未成功,PTA/支架置入术的成功率为92.3％.随访6～24个月(中位时间为12个月),9例复查示血管内血流通畅.2例单纯球囊扩张分别于术后1和3个月(平均时间2个月)后再狭窄,再次行支架置入术后保持通畅.1例支架闭塞于术后1个月.术前平均肌酐水平为(2.9±1.5) mg/dL,术后1个月下降至(2.0±1.4) mg/dL(P =0.0098 ＜0.01).收缩压从术前的(157.2 ±18.7) mmHg下降至术后1个月的(136.6±14.2) mm-Hg(P =0.0029 ＜0.01),舒张压由(89.4±9.3) mmHg下降至(73±9.5) mmHg(P=0.0065 ＜0.01).结论 PTA及支架置入术是治疗移植肾动脉狭窄安全和有效的方法.     

经皮血管内球囊扩张及支架置入术治疗症状性大脑中动脉狭窄

目的：探讨症状性大脑中动脉狭窄的血管内治疗适应证、技术可行性及疗效。方法：回顾性分析自1997年3月至2001年10月收治的经血管内方法治疗的症状性大脑中动脉狭窄14例患者的技术成功率、并发症以及临床疗效，14例患者中9你是2001年以前的病例，单纯采用血管内球囊扩张术，而2001年5例患者全部采取血管内支架成形术。结果：采用球囊扩张的9例患者成功扩张5例，从术前平均狭窄67％扩张到术后的18％，2例由于球囊到位困难而放弃，2例患者出现与技术有关的严重并发症。该5例手术成功的患者，经过平均21个月随访，症状消失2例，所有患者随访期间病情平稳，无卒中发生。5例近期使用冠状动脉支架置入患者，4例成功，术后即刻造影显示狭窄程度从术前的平均85％下降到术后的平均10％，大脑中动脉血流明显增加。1例在支架到位后出现血管破裂。短期随访无卒中再发作（3-5个月）。结论：经皮球囊血管成形术以及支架置入术对于症状性大脑中动脉狭窄的治疗有效，技术可行。支架血管内成形术虽然刚刚起步，更有发展潜力，需要进一步的实践和临床随访。     

血管内支架在肝移植后血管并发症中的应用探讨

目的：探讨血管金属内支架在肝移植后血管并发症中的适应证和意义。方法：回顾性研究了8例使用血管金属内支架治疗肝移植后血管并发症的病例，并对术后病人情况进行了随访。结果：5例下腔静脉狭窄，支架置入后均获得了成功，术后2例（2／5）分别存活了22个月和8个月，另3例短期内死于其它原因，2例门静脉狭窄，1例（1／2）支架置入后存活了3个月，1例术后2周死亡；1例肝动脉狭窄支架置入患术后短期内死亡。结论：血管内支架放置术是一种处理肝移植后血管并发症的有效方法，它适用于肝移植后血管扭曲、旋转引起的血管狭窄，如肝移植术后早期发生的下腔静脉狭窄。血管内支架在治疗肝移植术后肝动脉狭窄并发症中应谨慎选择。其它原因所致的血管狭窄，血管内支架可在单纯PTA治疗不满意时选用。     

Iliac artery stenosis and occlusion: preliminary results of treatment with Gianturco expandable metallic stents

Ten patients with atherosclerotic stenosis or occlusion of the iliac artery were treated with Gianturco expandable metallic stents. In the five cases of stenosis, only balloon dilation was performed prior to placement of stents. The five patients with occluded arteries were given intraarterial infusions of urokinase before balloon dilation and stent placement. Clinical symptoms improved in all patients, and no technical failures or complications occurred. Doppler ankle-brachial index studies were performed in nine cases, and in all nine cases the indexes improved after stent placement. During follow-up of 2-18 months (mean, 10.3 months), all arteries remained patent. Follow-up angiograms showed slight intimal thickening and no restenosis. Long-term follow-up and more clinical experience will be necessary to evaluate the efficacy of this stent. However, preliminary results suggest that the Gianturco expandable metallic stent is of value in the treatment of arterial occlusive disease.     

Drug-eluting stents in renal artery stenosis

Because of higher acute and long-term success rates compared with balloon angioplasty alone, percutaneous stent implantation has become an accepted therapy for the treatment of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Restenosis rates after successful renal stent placement vary from 6 up to 40%, depending on the definition of restenosis, the diameter of the treated vessel segment and comorbidities. The safety and efficacy of drug-eluting stents for the treatment of renal-artery stenosis is poorly defined. The recently published GREAT study is the only prospective study, comparing bare-metal and sirolimus-coated low profile stent systems in renal artery stenosis, showing a relative risk reduction of angiographic binary in-stent restenosis by 50%. This is an opinion paper on indications, current treatment options and restenosis rates following renal artery stenting and the potential use of drug-eluting stents for this indication.     

端-端吻合型移植肾动脉狭窄的介入治疗

目的 探讨经皮血管成形术治疗端-端吻合型移植肾动脉狭窄的疗效.方法 以经皮血管腔内成形术（PTA）和/或支架置入术对16例端-端吻合型TRAS患者行介入治疗,TRAS患者从肾移植到出现肾动脉狭窄症状平均6.3个月（3～18个月）,记录经皮血管成形术（PTA）前后血压变化和肌酐水平并随访.结果 16例TRAS患者共行23次PTA（行1次PTA 10例,2次5例,3次1例）,PTA治疗前肾动脉狭窄率为70％～95％,PTA后狭窄率小于30％.PTA前收缩压（179.6±15.2）mmHg,舒张压（115.4±11.3）mmHg;PTA后收缩压降为（155.6±13.5）mmHg,舒张压降为（95.6±6.7）mmHg.平均血肌酐从术前（426.8±38.5）μmol/L降为术后（142.5±15.2μmol/L,首次PTA后再狭窄率37.5％.术后随访3～24个月（平均12个月）.16例中最终治愈4例,改善9例,好转2例,无效1例.结论 经皮球囊成形术治疗端-端吻合型移植肾动脉狭窄安全有效,支架植入应谨慎选择.     

大动脉炎颈动脉狭窄球囊扩张和内支架的治疗

目的：探讨应用球囊扩张和血管内支架治疗大支脉炎、颈动脉狭窄、材料和方法：３例大动脉炎性颈动脉狭窄的患者，狭窄段均超过８ｃｍ，１例单纯球囊扩张；２例球囊扩张后植入Ｗａｌｌｓｔｅｎｔ支架。结果：术后狭窄率均为０，达到了良好的治疗效果，单纯球囊扩张的动脉一年后动脉完全闭塞、西入血管内支架的２例，分别是在４．５个月和４个月检查，一例血管内支架的近端出现了再狭窄，另一例未出现再狭窄。结论：对于大动脉炎性长段     

Drug-eluting stent insertion in the treatment of in-stent renal artery restenosis in three renal transplant recipients

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) with or without stent insertion is the treatment of choice in transplant renal artery stenosis. However, in-stent restenosis occurs in as many as 13% of patients after PTA and stent insertion. This article describes three patients with recurrent transplant renal artery in-stent stenosis who were treated with paclitaxel-eluting stents. In two patients, the transplant renal artery remained patent after insertion of the drug-eluting stent (DES), and one patient required balloon angioplasty 7 months after the DES was inserted.     

Metallic stent placement for iliac artery occlusive disease

Since 1991, we have performed stent placement for 35 iliac artery lesions in 31 patients. The etiologic diseases were atherosclerotic in 34 patients and traumatic dissection in one. The indications of placement were total occlusion in 3, late restenosis after angioplasty in 5, dissection in 5, and residual stenosis due to inadequate angioplasty in 21. We also performed direct stent placement for one traumatic dissection. The stents used were Wallstents in 10, Palmaz stents in 14, Strecker stents in 9, and Memotherm stents in 2 lesions. Follow-up was performed clinically or angiographically with measurement of the ankle/arm pressure index. Stent placement was successful in all cases, and relief or improvement of symptoms was achieved. The follow-up period ranged from 6-85 months (mean, 37.3 months). Late stent stenosis or occlusion occurred in 6 cases, among which 4 occluded lesions were successfully recanalized by thrombolytic therapy with angioplasty or second stent placement. In total, the primary patency rates were 88% and 77% at two and four years, respectively, while the secondary patency rates were 94% and 94%. In conclusion, metallic stent placement may offer extended application of intravascular treatment for iliac artery occlusive disease, and good long-term patency rates can be expected.     

主-髂-股动脉闭塞性病变介入治疗的技术探讨及疗效观察

目的探讨主-髂-股动脉闭塞性病变介入治疗的技术要点。方法本组34例主-髂-股动脉闭塞的患者中，腹主动脉下段、双侧髂动脉完全闭塞8例，同时肾动脉受累3例；单侧髂动脉闭塞23例，其中病变累及股总动脉4例；单纯单侧股浅动脉长段闭塞3例。分别行闭塞段开通、经导管局部溶栓、血管腔内成形术(PTA)和内支架置人等多种介入方法综合治疗。结果除3例髂动脉闭塞未能开通外，8条腹主动脉，36条髂动脉，4条股总动脉和3条股浅动脉均得以开通，开通率为94％。共置入裸支架46枚，覆膜支架3枚。其中包括腹主动脉支架6枚，髂动脉支架34枚，股总动脉支架2枚、股浅动脉支架4枚和肾动脉支架3枚。在治疗成功的31例中，9例临床症状和体征得到缓解，21例明显改善，1例因长期慢性肾功能衰竭于术后第2天死亡；其中4例合并有并发症。术后平均随访21．5个月(2～53个月)，除2例分别在术后2个月和14个月发生支架内再闭塞行二次介入治疗外，其余患者症状均无加重或复发。结论综合应用多种介入方法治疗主-髂-股动脉闭塞性病变是一项安全有效的治疗手段，可获得满意的临床效果。     

Self-expandable metallic stent for use in arterial occlusive lesions

Gianturco expandable metallic stents were successfully placed in 4 patients with arterial occlusive disease: aortic obstruction or stenosis due to aortitis (n = 2), dissecting aneurysm (n = 1) and arteriosclerotic obstruction of the iliac artery (n = 1). The length of lesion was from 2 to 15 cm. In one case of aortitis (case 1), eleven stents (5 and 6 stents in tandem connected by wire struts) were inserted through a 12 F Teflon sheath. In another aortitis case (case 2) 4 stents in tandem were inserted through a 10 F sheath. In the two cases the sheaths were introduced by femoral arteriotomy. In case 3 and 4 two or four stents in tandem were placed through a 8 F long sheath which was introduced via the femoral artery by Seldinger method. Symptoms disappeared after placement of stents in all four cases. Our results showed the usefulness of expandable metallic stents in the treatment of arterial occlusive diseases.     

Low-profile stent placement with the monorail technique for treatment of renal artery stenosis: midterm results of a prospective trial

PURPOSE: To determine feasibility, safety, and midterm patency of a monorail balloon stent device for the treatment of renal artery stenosis (RAS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: During a period of 30 months, 47 patients (with severe hypertension, n=45; renal insufficiency, n=20) with 50 cases of RAS and indications for stent implantation (calcified ostial lesion, n=41; insufficient percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, n=6; dissection, n=3) were enrolled into the prospective evaluation. After predilation, 59 stents (Rx-Herculink 4 mm, n=2; 5 mm, n=19; 6 mm, n=35; 7 mm, n=3) were implanted under manometer control with use of the long-sheath technique (5 F; 6 F for 7-mm stents) via a femoral (n=44) or transbrachial approach (n=6). Parameters of hypertension and renal insufficiency were determined before and after the procedure and for a maximum of 18 months. Restenosis rate was determined with color duplex ultrasonography. RESULTS: Renal artery stent placement (mean diameter, 5.7 mm; mean length, 16 mm) was technically successful in all cases (100%). Mean blood pressure and serum creatinine level decreased from 177/93 mm Hg to 145/78 mm Hg and from 1.8 mg/dL to 1.5 mg/dL, respectively. Within 48 hours after the implantation, acute occlusions occurred in two patients, supposedly triggered by cholesterol embolization. Primary and primary assisted patency rates were 87% and 92% at 6 months and 75% and 84% at 18 months. CONCLUSIONS: Renal artery stent placement with the rapid-exchange monorail system is a safe procedure with promising patency rates. In combination with the long-sheath technique, adequate control of stent deployment is guaranteed during the entire intervention. The low profile of the device facilitates the use of small sheaths (5 F) to minimize access-site complications.     

Repeated intervention for in-stent restenosis of the renal arteries

PURPOSE: To assess the long-term technical success of repeated endovascular intervention in stenosed renal artery stents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients with stenoses >or=50% in a renal stent placed because of an ostial atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis were included in this study. In the presence of increased blood pressure or decreased renal function, the in-stent restenosis was treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) in the stent or placement of a second stent if the stenosis was located too distally in the stent. The results of these repeat interventions were evaluated by angiography. RESULTS: The 15 patients had a total of 20 stenosed stents. Eighteen of these in-stent stenoses were treated with PTA and two were treated with placement of a second stent. Angiographic follow-up was available in 16 arteries, showing in-stent restenosis in four (25%; mean follow-up, 11 mo). The cumulative patency rates after repeat endoluminal intervention were 93% (95% CI: 80%-106%) and 76% (95% CI: 52%-101%) after 6 and 12 months, respectively. Renal function remained stable or improved in most patients (80%) after repeated intervention in the stent, and hypertension was classified as improved or cured in 47% of patients after 1 year. CONCLUSION: Patients with stenosed renal artery stents can be treated successfully with PTA in a majority of cases, with a long-term success rate of 75% and stable renal function 1 year after repeated intervention.