人参皂苷Rb1在大鼠肠内菌代谢物吸收入血成分的研究

目的:研究口服人参皂苷Rb₁(G-Rb₁)被吸收入血的成分。方法:给大鼠igG-Rb₁500mg·kg^-1后,于不同时间采集粪、尿及血清样品,用电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)检测吸收入血成分。结果:在血与尿中发现分子量为1108,946及784amu的代谢产物。经ESI-MS2级质谱分析,上述分子量的化合物分别为G-Rb₁,Rd和F₂。结论:G-Rb₁给大鼠ig后,原形及中间代谢产物Rd及F₂被吸收入血。     

黄山药总皂甙肠内菌代谢及代谢产物吸收的研究

目的：本离体和整体观察人和大鼠肠内菌对黄山药总皂苷（DX）的代谢作用及整体给予DX后吸收入血的有效成分，方法：用薄层色谱（TLC）及电喷雾质谱（ESI－MS）法检测粪中DX及其代谢产物。整体给予大鼠灌服DX900mg/kg，于给药后不同时间采集尿及血清样品，用ESI－MS检测吸收入血成分。结果：DX容易被人和大鼠消化道菌群代谢，随着代谢时间的延长，出现了各种甾体皂苷的降解产物及终产物薯蓣皂苷元（Dio)。整体实验表明，在大鼠血及尿中均发现分子量为415．3的代谢产物，经ESIMS二级质谱分析，上述分子量的化合物为Dio。结论：DX可被人和大鼠肠内菌代谢，DX经口服后Dio被吸收入血。     

LC-MS~n法研究曲马多在大鼠尿中的代谢产物

研究曲马多在大鼠尿中的主要代谢产物。健康大鼠腹腔注射盐酸曲马多(剂量为9.0 mg.kg-1),收集0～36 h不同时间段的尿样,经固相萃取法预处理后,直接采用LC-MSn法对曲马多和代谢产物进行分析。通过比较空白尿样和给药后尿样的总离子流色谱图和选择离子监测色谱图,与3个代谢产物对照品比较,并分析各个色谱峰的色谱保留时间、准分子离子和多级碎片离子,在大鼠尿样中共检测到13种代谢产物,包括9种I相代谢产物,4种II相代谢产物,其中1种为首次在生物体内发现的曲马多代谢产物,证明曲马多在大鼠体内的主要代谢途径为O-去甲基化、N-去甲基化、羟基化、N-氧化和葡糖醛酸化反应。本文所建立的LC-MSn方法可进一步研究曲马多在其他动物和人体内的代谢产物。     

黄山药总皂苷肠内菌代谢及代谢产物吸收的研究

目的 :本文离体和整体观察人和大鼠肠内菌对黄山药总皂苷(DX)的代谢作用及整体给予DX后吸收入血的有效成分。方法 :用薄层色谱(TLC)及电喷雾质谱(ESI -MS)法检测粪中DX及其代谢产物。整体给予大鼠灌服DX900mg/kg ,于给药后不同时间采集尿及血清样品 ,用ESI -MS检测吸收入血成分。结果 :DX容易被人和大鼠消化道菌群代谢 ,随着代谢时间的延长 ,出现了各种甾体皂苷的降解产物及终产物薯蓣皂苷元 (Dio)。整体实验表明 ,在大鼠血及尿中均发现分子量为415 3的代谢产物 ,经ESI -MS二级质谱分析 ,上述分子量的化合物为Dio。结论 :DX可被人和大鼠肠内菌代谢 ,DX经口服后Dio被吸收入血。     

液相色谱-串联电喷雾离子阱质谱法研究人尿中埃坡霉素D的主要代谢产物

目的：研究埃坡霉素D在人尿中的主要代谢产物。方法：受试者6名静脉滴注埃坡霉素D,收集0～72h尿样,经SPE固相萃取小柱分离纯化后,采用液相色谱-串联电喷雾离子阱质谱法（LC—MS^n）对样品进行分析,通过比较空白尿样和给药后的尿样的总离子流色谱图和选择离子扫描色谱图,分析可能的代谢产物。代谢产物的结构鉴定主要依据代谢产物的各级质谱图与原药的各级质谱图的相关性推断所得。结果：在人尿中共检测到11种主要的代谢产物,根据所提供的代谢产物标准品鉴定出3种代谢产物的结构,代谢方式主要有氧化、还原、水解和结合反应。结论：本方法选择性好,为深入研究埃坡霉素类药物在人体内的代谢规律提供了可靠的方法和可参考的依据。     

稳定同位素标记结合离子阱质谱鉴别大鼠尿中胍丁胺及其乙酰化代谢产物

目的：识别大鼠给予胍丁胺后尿中药物原形及其代谢产物，推测其可能的代谢途径。方法：采用同位素^2H标记药物，尿样经固相提取后利用液相色谱-电喷雾离子阱质谱进行分离检测，利用离子簇技术和离子阱MS^n技术对药物原形及其代谢产物进行识别。结果：在大鼠尿中检测到胍丁胺原形，并发现其乙酰化代谢产物，作者未见文献报道。结论：胍丁胺在大鼠尿中主要以原形和乙酰化产物2种途径排泄。     

芪苈强心胶囊中人参皂苷类成分在大鼠体内药动学研究

目的建立高效液相色谱–串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法考察芪苈强心胶囊中人参皂苷类成分(人参皂苷Rb_1、Rb_2、Rg_1、Rg_3、Rc、Rd、Re、Rf、F_2)在大鼠体内的药动学特征。方法 SD大鼠ig 1.3 g/kg芪苈强心胶囊混悬液,于给药后0.083、0.167、0.333、0.667、1、1.5、2、3、4、6、8、12、24 h经目内眦静脉丛取血,样品处理后,采用HPLC-MS/MS法测定血浆中人参皂苷Rb_1、Rb_2、Rg_1、Rg_3、Rc、Rd、Re、Rf、F_2的血药浓度。通过DAS 3.0软件拟合计算药动学参数。结果大鼠ig芪苈强心胶囊后,血浆中人参皂苷Rb_2的药动学参数t_(max)为1.5 h,其余人参皂苷类成分的t_(max)均在0.67 h;AUC_(0-∞)排序依次为人参皂苷Rb_1人参皂苷Rc人参皂苷Rg_1人参皂苷Re人参皂苷Rb_2人参皂苷Rd人参皂苷Rf人参皂苷Rg_3人参皂苷F_2;t_(1/2)的排序依次为人参皂苷Rb_2人参皂苷Rb_1人参皂苷Rg_1人参皂苷Re人参皂苷F_2人参皂苷Rf人参皂苷Rd人参皂苷Rg_3人参皂苷Rc。结论该检测方法专属性强,重复性好,可用于芪苈强心胶囊中人参皂苷类成分的药动学研究。     

液相色谱-电喷雾离子阱质谱法研究人尿中阿奇霉素的主要代谢产物

目的：研究阿奇霉素在人尿中的主要代谢产物。方法：受试者口服阿奇霉素后收集0～144 h尿样,经Strata C18-E固相萃取小柱分离纯化后,采用液相色谱-电喷雾离子阱质谱法（LC/ESI-MSn）对样品进行分析,通过比较空白尿样和给药后尿样的总离子流色谱图和选择离子监测色谱图,分析可能的代谢产物。结果：在人尿中共发现了8种代谢产物,通过与得到的代谢产物对照品比较,鉴定出2种代谢产物的结构,并推测出其他6种代谢产物的化学结构。阿奇霉素在人体内的主要代谢途径包括O-去甲基、N-去甲基、N-去甲基后去红霉糖和羟基化。结论：本研究为深入了解阿奇霉素在人体内的代谢情况提供了可靠的方法和参考依据。     

人参皂甙Rb1的肠内菌代谢

目的:通过离体及整体实验观察了人和大鼠肠内菌对人参皂甙Rb1(G-Rb1)的代谢.方法:采用薄层色谱(TLC)和电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)检测G-Rb1及其代谢产物.结果:离体实验表明,G-Rb1容易被大鼠和人消化道菌群代谢,随着代谢时间的延长,相继出现Rd, Rg3/F2, Rh2/C-K和Ppd 4种代谢产物.给大鼠ig G-Rb1 500 mg.kg-1后收集4 h和6 h粪,提取G-Rb1的代谢产物,证明粪中存在Rd和Rg3/F2两种代谢产物.结论:G-Rb1可被人和大鼠肠内菌代谢,其代谢模式为G-Rb1→Rd→F2→compound K(C-K)→20(S)protopanaxadiol(Ppd).     

人参皂苷Rd固体脂质纳米粒的体外释放和大鼠的在体吸收

目的研究人参皂苷Rd固体脂质纳米粒(Rd-SLN)的体外释药特性、在大鼠肠道的吸收和体内药物动力学行为。方法采用透析法测定Rd-SLN体外释药速率;通过大鼠在体分段肠回流实验,研究Rd-SLN的肠道吸收行为;建立血浆样品中人参皂苷Rd的HPLC分析方法,在大鼠灌胃给药后测定不同时间的血药浓度,观察Rd-SLN在体内的吸收和药动学特征。结果Rd-SLN具有缓释特征。在十二指肠和空肠段,Rd-SLN与人参皂苷Rd对照溶液的吸收率差异没有显著性;在回肠和结肠段,Rd-SLN与对照溶液的吸收率差异有显著性。Rd-SLN在回肠段的吸收率高于其它肠段。与对照组相比,Rd-SLN组的血药浓度水平维持时间更长,其Cmax、MRT、AUMC和AUC均明显增加。结论Rd-SLN具有一定的缓释作用,其在回肠的吸收优于其他肠段,并且能明显提高人参皂苷Rd的生物利用度。     

Pharmacokinetic and absolute bioavailability study of total panax notoginsenoside, a typical multiple constituent traditional chinese medicine (TCM) in rats

LC/ESI/MS method was employed for the pharmacokinetic evaluation of total panax notoginsenoside (TPNS) in rats. After oral or intravenous administration of TPNS at the dosage of 300.0 or 10.0 mg kg(-1) to rats respectively, panax notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1, Rd, Re and Rb1 were simultaneous determined in rat plasma. Pharmacokinetic parameters and absolute bioavailability of panax notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rg1, Rd, Re and Rb1 were obtained by the Drug And Statistics for windows (DAS) pharmacokinetic software. The pharmacokinetic parameters of all analytes were different form each other. T(1/2) were changed from 0.72 to 22.16 h and AUC were changed from 1.03 to 98.94 mg/l.h after oral or intravenous administration TPNS or Xuesaitong (TPNS) injection. The absolute bioavailability of R1, Rg1, Rd, Re and Rb1 were of 9.29%, 6.06%, 2.36%, 7.06% and 1.18%, respectively.     

苦碟子注射液对血栓通主要皂苷成分药物动力学的影响

目的研究苦碟子注射液对血栓通(冻干)中三七皂苷R1、人参皂苷Rg1、人参皂苷Re、人参皂苷Rb1和人参皂苷Rd在大鼠体内药动学特征的影响。方法 12只SD大鼠随机分为2组,分别为血栓通组、苦碟子注射液-血栓通配伍组,尾静脉注射,于给药后不同时间采集血样,血样经乙腈沉淀蛋白后取上清,采用超高效液相色谱串联三重四级杆质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)测定5个皂苷成分的血药浓度。结果与苦碟子注射液配伍后,血栓通中5个化合物的t1/2、AUC0^t、AUC0t、AUC0^∞、CL、MRT0∞、CL、MRT0^t、MRT0t、MRT0^∞、Vd等主要药物动力学参数有不同程度的改变。结论苦碟子注射液在一定程度上能影响血栓通中主要皂苷成分在大鼠体内的药动学特征。     

UPLC-Q-Exactive Plus Orbitrap-MS鉴定桑色素在大鼠体内的代谢产物

目的 利用UPLC-Q-Exactive PlusSOrbitrap-MS技术对大鼠灌胃给予桑色素后体内的的主要代谢产物进行研究。方法 大鼠灌胃给予桑色素20 mg/kg后,分别收集血浆、尿液和粪便样品,采用超高压液相色谱串联高分辨质谱技术测定桑色素的体内代谢物。结果 根据一级质谱分子离子信息和二级质谱碎裂离子信息,在大鼠血浆和尿液中均发现2个葡萄糖醛酸代谢产物,在粪便中发现脱氢产物。结论 桑色素在大鼠体内的主要代谢途径为葡萄糖醛酸化反应。本研究初步阐明了桑色素在大鼠体内的代谢情况,为进一步药理作用机制研究提供依据。     

液相色谱-电喷雾离子阱质谱法研究人尿中1,5-二咖啡酰奎宁酸的代谢产物

目的 研究健康受试者口服1,5-二咖啡酰奎宁酸后尿液中的代谢产物.方法 健康受试者每人口服1,5-二咖啡酰奎宁酸600 mg,收集0-24 h的尿样,经C_(18)小柱固相萃取纯化后,用液相色谱-电喷雾离子阱质谱联用技术对人尿中的代谢产物进行分析鉴定.结果 在人尿中发现了1,5-二咖啡酰奎宁酸的甲基化、葡萄糖醛酸化及甲基-葡萄糖醛酸化代谢产物共28个.其中,有2个代谢产物结构经标准品对照得到确证.结论 甲基化、葡萄糖醛酸化和异构化反应是1,5-二咖啡酰奎宁酸在人体内的3种重要代谢途径.     

Metabolism of 2,4-diamino-6-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-s-triazine maleate in rats, guinea pigs, dogs and monkeys

The metabolism of 2,4-diamino-6-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-s-triazine maleate (MN-1695) was studied in rats, guinea pigs, dogs and monkeys. MN-1695 was metabolized to more than 8 metabolites after oral administration in a dose of 3.1 mg/kg in rats. These metabolites were isolated from the urine and characterized by cochromatography with reference compounds, mass spectrometry and other instrumental analysis. The main metabolite in the urine was MN-1695 X m-OH, which was excreted as a conjugate, in rats and guinea pigs, and MN-1695 X N-oxide in dogs. In monkeys, MN-1695 X m-OH (free and conjugate) and MN-1695 X N-oxide predominated in the urine, although MN-1695 was not extensively metabolized. In rats, over 90% of the radioactivity excreted into the bile consisted of the polar metabolites. The major metabolic pathways of MN-1695 found in various animal species involved the hydroxylation at the positions of 3 and 4 of the aromatic ring and the N-oxidation at the position of 3 of the s-triazine ring. In addition, the sulfur-containing metabolites were detected in all species examined.     

Characterization of metabolic profile of mosapride citrate in rat and identification of two new metabolites: Mosapride N-oxide and morpholine ring-opened mosapride by UPLC–ESI-MS/MS

The identification and structure elucidation of metabolites of mosapride, a selective gastroprokinetic agent, was investigated in rats. After oral administration, samples of rat urine, bile, feces and plasma were collected and analyzed by a selective UPLC–ESI-MS/MS method. Altogether 18 metabolites were detected and at least 15 metabolites were reported in rat for the first time. Two new metabolites, mosapride N-oxide in rat bile, urine and plasma, morpholine ring-opened mosapride in plasma and feces, were identified by comparison with the reference standards. One known major mammalian metabolite, des-p-fluorobenzyl mosapride, was also identified. The molecular structures of nine phase I metabolites and six phase II metabolites of mosapride were elucidated based on the characteristics of their protonated molecular ions, product ions and chromatographic retention times. The phase I metabolites were mainly transformed by four main metabolism pathways, dealkylation, N-oxidation, morpholine ring cleavage and hydroxylation, with dealkylation as the predominant metabolic pathway, while phase II metabolites were mainly formed by glucuronidation. The relatively comprehensive metabolic pathway of mosapride was proposed.     

Pharmacokinetics of the new antihypertensive agent nipradilol in rats. 1st communication: Metabolism and disposition after single oral administration of [14C]nipradilol

The metabolism and disposition of a new antihypertensive and antianginal agent, 3,4-dihydro-8-(2-hydroxy-3-isopropylamino)propoxy- 3-nitroxy-2H-1-benzopyran (nipradilol, K-351) were studied using its [14C]-labelled compound in rats. The plasma level of radioactivity reached the maximum 1 h after oral administration, and the majority of radioactivities administered were recovered in urine and via the bile in feces within 48 h. From the foregoing it is obvious that the drug was absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract rapidly and well, and was eliminated from the body completely. The unchanged drug detected in the plasma and urine after oral administration of 30 mg/kg was more than 10 times as much as that after 3 mg/kg. This fact indicates that the first-pass metabolism of the drug has been saturated. Denitronipradilol, 4- and 5-hydroxynipradilol, and 4- and 5-hydroxydenitronipradilol were identified as major metabolites in the plasma and excreta, and the degradation compounds of the aminohydroxypropoxy side chain were also found as minor metabolites. Among these metabolites, 4-hydroxy metabolites were found mainly as unconjugates and 5-hydroxy metabolites as glucuronides, respectively. These findings suggest that the possible metabolic pathways of nipradilol in rats involve reductive denitration of the nitroxy group, hydroxylation at the benzopyran skeleton, oxidative degradation of the beta-blocking side chain and their glucuronidation.     

丹酚酸B在大鼠体内的代谢产物及代谢途径研究

目的 建立大鼠血浆、胆汁、尿液与粪便中丹酚酸B代谢产物的测定方法,并考察其代谢途径。方法 取SD大鼠18只,平分为灌胃和静注2组,每组再分成3个小组,分别采集血浆、胆汁、尿液及粪便,每小组2只大鼠分别单剂量灌胃（500 mg·kg^-1）和尾静脉注射（16.5 mg·kg^-1）给予丹酚酸B,另一只分别灌胃水和尾静脉注射生理盐水作为空白对照。采用高效液相色谱串联四极杆飞行时间质谱（HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS）联用法测定血浆、胆汁、尿液与粪便中的丹酚酸B代谢产物,同时推断代谢途径。结果 根据一级质谱分子离子信息和二级质谱碎裂离子信息,在大鼠体内共发现8个丹酚酸B的代谢产物,其中胆汁、粪便中均含有这8个代谢产物,尿液中发现3个代谢产物,血浆中发现2个代谢产物。由丹酚酸B及其代谢产物结构推断丹酚酸B体内主要通过甲基化反应、酯键水解反应代谢。结论 建立的分析方法准确、灵敏、快速,符合生物样品分析要求,适用于大鼠血浆、胆汁、尿液与粪便中丹酚酸B代谢产物的分析,并分析鉴定了8个代谢产物。代谢实验结果表明,胆汁排泄是丹酚酸B最主要的排泄方式。     

Drug Metabolism: Intestinal Bacterial Hydrolysis is Required for the Appearance of Compound K in Rat Plasma after Oral Administration of Ginsenoside Rb1 from Panax ginseng

Ginsenoside Rb₁ from Panax ginseng root is transformed into compound K via ginsenosides Rd and F₂ by intestinal bacterial flora. Among 31 defined intestinal strains from man, only Eubacterium sp. A-44 transformed ginsenoside Rb₁ into compound K via ginsenoside Rd. The ginsenoside Rb₁-hydrolysing enzyme isolated from Eubacterium sp. A-44 was identical to a previously purified geniposide-hydrolysing β-D-glucosidase. When ginsenoside Rb₁ (200 mg kg^?1) was administered orally to germ-free rats, neither compound K nor any other metabolite was detected in the plasma, intestinal tract or cumulative faeces 7 or 15 h after administration. Most of the ginsenoside Rb₁ administered was recovered from the intestinal tract, especially the caeca, and cumulative faeces indicating poor absorption of ginsenoside Rb₁. When ginsenoside Rb₁ was administered orally to gnotobiote rats mono-associated with Eubacterium sp. A-44, a significant amount of compound K was detected in the plasma and considerable amounts were found in the caecal contents and cumulative faeces 7 and 15 h after administration. A small amount of ginsenoside Rb₁ was detected in the caecal contents only 7 h after administration. These results indicate that orally administered ginsenoside Rb₁ is poorly absorbed from the gut but that its metabolite compound K, produced by ginsenoside Rb₁-hydrolysing bacteria such as Eubacterium sp. A-44 in the lower part of intestine, is absorbed.