翼点锁孔入路显微手术切除鞍区肿瘤

目的探讨翼点锁孔入路显微手术治疗鞍区及前颅底肿瘤的方法及效果。方法对19例鞍区及前颅底肿瘤采用翼点锁孔入路开颅显微手术切除。结果肿瘤全切除13例（68．4％）,次全切除4例（21．1％）,大部分切除2例（10．5％）。无手术死亡病例。术后随访2～18个月,失访2例,无肿瘤复发病例。结论翼点锁孔入路能够充分显露鞍区及前颅底,可达到传统翼点入路相似的手术效果,具有创伤小、脑组织暴露少、出血少、病人术后恢复快等优点。     

经额部纵裂入路术中切断前交通动脉的可行性分析

目的 经额部纵裂终板入路切除鞍区和视交叉后部肿瘤,前交通动脉切断后以利于肿瘤切除,探讨切断前交通动脉的安全性.方法 采用经额部纵裂入路切除鞍区和视交叉后部肿瘤14例,术中切断前交通动脉以利于肿瘤的显露和切除.结果 8例颅咽管瘤全切除.3例视神经胶质瘤:1例大部切除,1例近全切除,1例全切除.1例嗅沟脑膜瘤近全切除,1例鞍背脑膜瘤大部切除.1例生殖细胞瘤做活检.14例没有手术死亡.1例前交通动脉的宽度为3 mm被切断,术后双侧大脑前动脉区和右侧基底节区缺血,病人呈浅昏迷状态.余13例的前交通动脉宽度4～10 mm,切断后没有缺血改变.结论 经额部纵裂终板入路,当前交通动脉妨碍肿瘤的显露和切除时,且前交通动脉的宽度在4咖以上时.可以安全地切断前交通动脉.     

经颅切除鞍区大型肿瘤手术入路探讨

目的探讨经颅切除鞍区大型肿瘤的手术入路。方法对13例位于鞍内-鞍上轴线上的大型肿瘤采用一侧额下经眶入路手术;11例鞍上巨大型肿瘤和侵袭至鞍区周邻部位的肿瘤经眶-翼点入路切除。结果肿瘤全切除9例,次全切除9例,大部分切除6例。术后死亡1例,余无严重并发症,恢复良好。结论该两种手术入路具有操作简便、显露良好、脑牵拉轻和并发症少等优点,适于鞍区大型肿瘤的经颅手术切除。     

经额底纵裂入路显微手术切除鞍区肿瘤

目的 探讨经额底纵裂入路显微外科手术治疗鞍区肿瘤的于术方法及手术技巧.方法 应用经额底纵裂入路显微外科手术切除垂体瘤12例,脑膜瘤5例,颅咽管瘤3例,表皮样囊肿1例.结果 垂体瘤伞切除9例,近全切除3例;脑膜瘤SimpsonⅡ级切除5例;颅咽管瘤全切除3例;鞍上表皮样囊肿伞切除1例.结论 经额底纵裂入路对前颅底、鞍区草要解剖结构有良好暴露,有利于术中对大脑前动脉、颈内动脉、前交通动脉,垂体柄、视交叉、下丘脑及重要穿通血管等结构的保护,手术全切率高,术后出现偏瘫、失语、昏迷、尿崩的发生率低.     

前颅底中线区大型脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗

目的 探讨前颅底中线区大型脑膜瘤的显微外科治疗.方法 应用显微外科手术治疗17例前颅底中线区大型脑膜瘤.采用单额开颅经纵裂入路10例,双额开颅额下入路7例.结果 根据脑膜瘤切除Simpson分级,肿瘤全切除(Simpson Ⅰ、Ⅱ级)14例,近全切除3例.结论 单额开颅经纵裂入路和双额开颅额下入路都能够达到全切除前颅底中线区大型脑膜瘤的目的,前者经单侧额部入路,术中仅影响单侧额叶,术后脑组织损伤较后者轻,且可能保留一侧嗅神经.单额开颅经纵裂入路优于双额开颅.     

“三明治”法重建颅底技术的探讨

目的探讨颅前窝底肿瘤切除后颅底重建技术。方法回顾性分析6例颅前窝底肿瘤的临床资料．复发颅咽管瘤2例,复发嗅沟脑膜瘤2例,筛窦低分化腺癌1例,嗅神经母细胞瘤1例。手术采用扩大双额、双骨瓣开颅．肿瘤切除后,颅前窝底骨质缺损直径5．0-7．0cm,颅前窝底硬膜缺损直径约6．0～9．0cm。采用“三明治”法重建颅底,硬膜缺损以游离自体骨膜或颞肌筋膜修补,额部带蒂骨膜覆盖于鼻根部小骨瓣并与颅底硬膜缝合,两者之间用钛板修补骨性缺损。结果肿瘤完全切除6例。术后无一例出现脑脊液鼻漏。术后颅内感染1例,经抗感染治疗及腰大池脑脊液持续引流后治愈。结论“三明治”法重建颅底可获得优良效果。颅前窝底肿瘤彻底切除后可获得良好的长期预后。     

经双额前颅窝底扩展入路切除斜坡蝶筛窦区肿瘤

总结１１例经前颅窝底双额扩展入路切除斜坡蝶筛窦区肿瘤。术中采用双骨瓣开颅，双侧眉弓及部分眶顶骨瓣成形，使手术野暴露尽可能低，磨除蝶骨平台，沿蝶鞍下方切除肿瘤。切除肿瘤后，利用额部骨膜及颅骨内板行颅底重建。本方法具有肿瘤暴露充分，脑组织损伤小，切除较彻底，术后并发症少等优点。１１例中全切７例，近全切除１例，大部切除３例。术后仅有２例有短暂性脑脊液鼻漏，疗效满意。     

前颅底扩大入路切除筛蝶窦斜坡区肿瘤(附9例报告)

目的　探讨筛蝶窦斜坡区肿瘤的手术入路及切除。方法　采用双额单骨瓣联合眉弓眶顶骨瓣前颅底扩大入路暴露肿瘤,即在传统双额骨瓣的基础上附加双侧眉弓眶顶骨瓣。术野暴露低而广泛,在减少向上抬起额叶的情况下分块切除肿瘤,然后给予颅底重建。结果　９ 例肿瘤中全切除５ 例,次全切除３ 例,大部切除１ 例。无手术死亡,无长期脑脊液漏和颅内感染。结论　此入路暴露肿瘤充分,可直接从前方或下方接近并切除肿瘤,对脑组织牵拉损伤小。     

经双额前颅窝底扩展入路切降斜坡蝶筛窦区肿瘤

总结１１例经前颅窝底双额扩展入路切除斜坡蝶筛窦区肿瘤。术中采用双骨瓣开颅，双侧眉弓及部分眶顶骨瓣成形，使手术野暴露尽可能低，磨除蝶骨平台，沿蝶鞍下方切除肿瘤，切除肿瘤后，利用额部骨膜及颅骨内板行颅底重建。     

翼点眶上小骨窗开颅显微手术切除大型鞍区肿瘤

目的 探讨应用翼点眶上小骨窗入路显微手术冶疗大型鞍区肿瘤的临床效果。方法 21例大型鞍区肿瘤均采用经翼点皮切口眶上小骨窗入路进行开颅手术。皮瓣按翼点入路切开，但仅采用经眶上小骨窗开颅，骨窗呈椭圆形，最大直径仅为3．5～4．0cm，前部尽量靠近颅前窝底，应用显微外科技术将鞍区肿瘤切除。结果 取得显微镜下全切除18例，次全切除3例，无1例手术死亡。仅有1例64岁老年病人术后并发高血压脑出血，于术后3个月死于8市部感染。其他多数病人术后仅出现较为短暂的多尿和低钠血症，经应用脑垂体后叶素和(或)长效尿崩停以及浓氯化钠溶液后效果良好，术后恢复良好。结论 采用经翼点皮切口眶上小骨窗入路显微外科技术切除鞍区大型肿瘤，均可做到显微镜下全切除或次全切除，且对脑组织损伤轻，肿瘤显露好，是较为理想的鞍区肿瘤手术入路。     

额外侧前颅底锁孔入路处理额部及鞍区病变

目的探索额外侧前颅底锁孔入路在处理额部及鞍区病变中的应用价值。方法沿鬓发迹前缘向额侧不超过5cm弧形切口,做小于3cm骨窗,利用额外侧及额下间隙处理额部、鞍区病变33例。结果 9例垂体腺瘤、7例鞍结节脑膜瘤、6例颅咽管瘤、4例额叶胶质瘤、2例脑膜瘤、1例额叶海绵状血管畸形经此手术入路均显露充分,视野清晰,切除彻底。4例后交通动脉瘤解剖清晰,夹闭满意。结论额外侧前颅底锁孔入路具有微创,影响容貌小、操作简单,能够显露和处理额叶侧方、前颅窝底及鞍区病变的优点。     

Access to the anterior cranial fossa through the frontal sinus

In 1998 to 2001, the Academician N. N. Burdenko Research Institute of Neurosurgery operated on 15 patients aged 20 to 65 years who had bulky processes in the base of the skull and paranasal sinuses by applying an access through the frontal sinus. Most patients (n = 7) had meningiomas. The others had osteoma of the base of anterior cranial fossa (n = 2), chondroma (n = 2), angiofibroma (n = 1), fibroma (n = 1), esthesioneuroepithelioma (n = 1), and neurinoma (n = 1). The main criteria for choosing this access were the site and extent of a process, the sizes of the frontal sinus, and no signs of acute or chronic rhinosinusitis. The length of frontal sinuses in the most measurement was 3.5 to 5.0 cm, their width was 7 to 10 cm. All patients showed no progression of neurological symptoms. Three patients had a decrease in visual acuity from 1.0 to 0.8; with vascular therapy, visual disorders regressed during 2 months. Olfaction became worse in 4 cases, there was anosmia in 2 cases. Nasal liquorrhea was not observed. When there were tumors in the anterior cranial fossa, an access through the anterior wall of the frontal sinus permits radical removal of both intra- and extracranial parts of a tumor with closure of the defect with a periostal flap.     

Extended frontobasal approach to the skull base

The extended frontobasal approach provides an adequate midline exposure from the anterior cranial fossa to the sphenoclival region. Between November 1991 and August 1999, 13 patients with extensive anterior and anterolateral skull base tumours extending to supra and parasellar regions, cavernous sinus and sphenoclival regions were operated upon using this approach alone (7 patients) or in combination with subtemporal -infratemporal (4 patients) or transfacial (2 patients) approaches. Gross total excision was performed in 8 patients while in 4 patients with malignant tumours and in a patient with extensive skull base fungal granuloma, only partial excision was possible. Basal repair was performed using pedicled pericranium, temporalis muscle or fascia lata. The complications included increase in the cranial nerve paresis, endophthalmitis, facial oedema, CSF leak, frontal haematoma and internal carotid artery injury. This study reviews the operative technique, the indications and the complications of extended frontobasal approach.     

内镜经鼻颅底手术中骨性解剖标志的临床意义

目的探讨内镜经鼻颅底手术中骨性解剖标志的临床意义。方法测量100例干性颅底骨性标本的相关解剖数据;并分析2000年9月～2007年3月进行的172例内镜经鼻颅底手术录像,评价中鼻甲、筛窦、蝶窦腔内骨性隆起、蝶骨翼突等作为骨性解剖标志的临床意义。结果骨性解剖数据:两侧翼突内侧板、枕髁前缘和破裂孔间距分别为26.47mm、16.92mm和19.98mm;视神经管与破裂孔、卵圆孔和下颌关节窝内缘距离约26mm、30mm和44mm。在172例内镜经鼻颅底手术中,与手术入路相关的并发症包括颈内动脉损伤1例,视神经损伤1例,其他并发症包括脑脊液鼻漏14例,蛛网膜下腔出血1例,脑膜炎致死1例;中鼻甲、筛窦、蝶窦腔内骨性隆起及蝶骨翼突是内镜经鼻前颅底、鞍区、斜坡、海绵窦、颞下窝和翼腭窝手术中指导手术的重要解剖标志。结论颅底骨性解剖标志对于内镜经鼻颅底手术有指导作用,正确认识这些解剖标志有助于提高手术安全性。     

Tension pneumocephalus: a case report and literature review

Following a bifrontal craniotomy with frontal sinus involvement, a 64-year-old woman developed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhoea. At a second operation the skull base dural defect was repaired from within the anterior cranial fossa. Ten days later, the patient developed signs and symptoms of raised intracranial pressure and mass effect. Following radiological investigation, the diagnosis of tension pneumocephalus was made and confirmed at the time of decompression. Within 24 h air had reaccumulated under pressure and concurrently an ongoing CSF leak, which until then had been subclinical, became apparent. Definitive repair of the fistula was performed via a frontal sinus approach and the patient made a total recovery. The relationship between CSF leak and delayed onset tension pneumocephalus is discussed, along with other significant issues regarding the diagnosis and management of this uncommon but dangerous condition.     

额颞眶-颧弓开颅显露基底动脉及岩骨斜坡区显微外科解剖

目的：利用额颞眶颧弓（FTOZ）开颅，结合深部骨切除对基底动脉及岩骨斜坡区的显露进行研究。方法：利用10例尸体标本20侧FTOZ开颅，在手术显微镜下切除前后床突，用于显露基底动脉上部；切除岩骨前部用于显露岩骨斜坡区。结果：单纯FTOZ开颅可良好显露基底动脉顶端，结合前后床突切除，在10例标本16侧开颅均成功显露基底动脉中段以上；颞下硬膜外切除岩骨前部（Kawase三角）可由中颅窝显露桥脑前外侧的岩骨斜坡区；在50%(10侧)的情况下其显露可低至基底动脉下端及椎动脉汇合处。结论：FTOZ开颅较常规颞下开颅的手术方向更趋前后，正确选择开颅侧别，结合前后床突切除，FTOZ开颅可用于处理基底动脉中段以上的动脉瘤；结合岩骨前部切除可用于夹闭小脑前下动脉动脉瘤等；对同时累及海绵窦及后颅窝的肿瘤，FTOZ开颅也是全切肿瘤的良好选择。     

改良翼点入路显微切除鞍结节脑膜瘤

目的 总结经改良翼点入路显微手术切除鞍结节脑膜瘤的经验. 方法回顾性分析广州军区武汉总医院神经外科自2001年1月至2007年4月应用改良翼点入路显微手术治疗的26例鞍结节脑膜瘤患者的临床资料. 结果 26例患者获Simpson Ⅰ级切除11例,Ⅱ级切除14例,Ⅲ级切除1例.术后视力损害和视野缺损均有不同程度恢复23例,1例视力无改变,术后视力下降2例经治疗后改善.7例术后出现不同程度的尿崩,经对症治疗约10 d后好转.无1例死亡.随访6个月～5年,肿瘤无复发. 结论改良翼点入路可对中颅窝、前颅窝、鞍区及鞍旁病变进行良好暴露,能处理各种类型的鞍结节脑膜瘤,提高全切除率,减少术后并发症,值得临床推广应用.