Effects of coffee on serum cholesterol and lipoproteins: The Italian brewing method

In order to evaluate the effects of Italian brewed coffee (moka) on cholesterol and serum lipoproteins, a randomized double-blind 14-week clinical trial was performed. After a coffee-free period of four weeks, 49 subjects drank coffee, caffeinated and decaffeinated, for ten weeks. There was no evidence that the Italian method of brewing coffee affects serum lipoproteins since no statistically significant differences were found.     

The independent effect of habitual cigarette and coffee consumption on blood pressure

The authors investigated the possible relation between habitual cigarette and coffee consumption and blood pressure (BP) levels in 7506 men and 2095 women. The study population were managers and employees examined in northern Italy between 1986–1988. In particular, the hypothesis of a substantial independence between smoking-BP and coffee-BP was tested. BP levels were corrected for age, body mass index, physical activity, and alcohol consumption by analysis of covariance. Significantly, smoking was inversely related to BP, both in men (SBP, P < 0.001, DBP, P < 0.001) and women (SBP, P = 0.001, DBP, P = 0.012). In particular, the BP of non-smoking men, SBP/DBP, was 131.0/83.5, whereas in male smokers up to and over 20 cigarette/day, BP was 128.1/82.0 and 128.1/82.1 respectively. Coffee consumption was related to BP levels in men (SBP, P < 0.001; DBP, P = 0.009), but not in women (SBP, P = 0.320; DBP, P = 0.982). BP in male subjects was 131.3/83.5 in non-drinkers, 130.7/83.3 in those drinking 1–3 cups/day, 128.4/82.6 and 127.2/81.8 in drinkers of 4–5 and over 5 cups/day, respectively. No significant interactions were demonstrated, thus the relationship between habitual smoking and coffee consumption with BP appears to agree with an additive model.Corresponding author.     

Effect of cigarette smoking and coffee consumption on apolipoprotein B levels

Apolipoprotein B levels were studied in relation to cigarette smoking, coffee and alcohol consumption, physical activity, age and body mass index in 253 men aged 21–61 years. The mean apolipoprotein B level was 7.3 ± 3.2 mg/dl and was higher for smokers compared with non-smokers. Considering the smokers of over 20 cigarettes/day and the non-smokers, this difference reached 12.6 ± 4.3 mg/dl. A significant increase of 7.2 ± 3.5 mg/dl in apolipoprotein B levels was observed in the subjects who drank over 3 cups of coffee/day compared with the remaining subjects, but the increase was only 4.3 ± 3.7 mg/dl when we made a correction for cigarette consumption. Furthermore, for cigarette smoking and coffee consumption, there is apparently an interactive effect with BMI and/or age (vs apolipoprotein B levels). However, with a stepwise selection among explicative variables [age, BMI, smoking (yes/no) and coffee consumption ( 3, > 3 cups/day)] and all their interactions of first order, only the interaction between BMI and smoking (BMI^*smoking: b± ES (b) = 0.3029±0.0303), and age and BMI (age^*BMI), are significantly and positively related to serum levels of apolipoprotein B. Thus cigarette smoking, interacting with high BMI, appear related to higher apolipoprotein B levels.Corresponding author.     

Maternal smoking, alcohol, and coffee use during pregnancy and son's risk of testicular cancer

It has been suggested that increased risk for testicular cancer occurring worldwide may be due to exposures during fetal development. Lifestyle or environmental exposures may be the most important predictors of risk. However, few studies have directly examined these exposures prospectively. The Child Health and Development Studies is a 40-year follow-up of 20,530 pregnancies occurring between 1959 and 1967. There were 20 cases of testicular cancer diagnosed through 2003 among sons with a maternal interview in early pregnancy. Cases were matched to three controls on birth year and race. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated with exact conditional logistic regression. Compared to controls, mothers of testicular cancer cases were more likely to drink alcohol (unadjusted odds ratio, 3.2; 95% confidence interval, 0.83-15.48 for above vs. below the median for controls) and less likely to drink coffee (unadjusted odds ratio, 0.19; 95% confidence interval, 0.02-1.02 for above vs. below the median). Case mothers were neither more nor less likely to smoke. Although low power may limit interpretation of negative results, the prospective design minimizes bias. In this cohort, maternal serum testosterone in pregnancy was previously reported to be lower in women who drank alcohol. Because populations with high testicular cancer risk also have lower maternal testosterone, we suggest that testosterone could play a role in explaining the higher risk of son's testicular cancer among mothers who drank alcohol during pregnancy.     

The effect of drinking coffee and smoking cigarettes on the risk of cirrhosis associated with alcohol consumption

In order to assess the interaction between alcohol intake, tobacco smoking and coffee con sumption in determining the risk of liver cirrhosis we carried out a hospital-based case-control study involving 115 patients at their first diagnosis of cirrhosis and 167 control patients consecutively enrolled in the General Hospitals of the Province of L'Aquila (Central Italy). The mean life-time daily alcohol intake (as g ethanol consumed daily) was measured by direct patient interviews, whose reproducibility was >0.80 and similar for cases and controls, as checked by interviewing the relatives of a sample of 50 cases and 73 controls. During the same patient's interview we also measured the mean consumption of coffee (daily number of cups of filtered coffee) and tobacco (life-time daily number of cigarettes smoked). A dose-effect relationship on the risk of cirrhosis was present both for alcohol intake — for which the risk was significantly increased above 100 g of daily intake — and for cigarette consumption. The latter did not however improve the goodness-of-fit of a logistic regression model including alcohol intake as covariate. By contrast, coffee consumption had a protective effect on the risk of cirrhosis and significantly improved the goodness-of-fit of such a model. Abstaining from coffee consumption determined both a significantly increased risk of cirrhosis, even for daily alcohol intake below 100 g, and a multiplicative effect with alcohol intake on this risk. In patients drinking 101 g ethanol daily the relative risk increased from 5.5 (95% confidence interval: 1.4–22.0) for coffee consumers to 10.8 (95% confidence interval: 1.3–58.1) for coffee abstainers. We conclude that: (1) tobacco smoking is likely to be a faint risk factor for cirrhosis, and studies on wider patients series should be performed for confirmation; (2) coffee drinking is associated with a reduced risk of cirrhosis. Whether coffee contains some hitherto unknown protective substances, or is just a marker of other life-style or dietary protective factors, deserves further clarification. Provincial Group for the Study of Chronic Liver Disease: A. Attili (Cattedra di Fisiopatologia Digestiva, Università di L'Aquila), S. Santini, F. Bruccoleri & E. Zepponi (Laboratorio Analisi Cliniche, Ospedale Civile Tagliacozzo), G. Tullio & G. Tonietti (Cattedra di Clinica Medica, Università di L'Aquila), V. Festuccia, G. Giandomenico & G. Natali (Cattedra di Patologia Medica, Università di L'Aquila), M. Pozone, A. Giusti & F. Caione (Divisione di Geriatria, Ospedale Civile L'Aquila), M. Mariani, A. Grimaldi & A. Iannessi (Divisione di Malattie Infettive, Ospedale Civile L'Aquila), F. Marchionni, G. Del Bove Orlandi & G. Rabitti (Divisione di Medicina Generate, Ospedale Civile Avezzano), G. Sgrò & S. Cercone (Divisione di Medicina Generate, Ospedale Civile Sulmona), E. Bernardini & P. Capobianchi (Divisione di Medicina Generate, Ospedale Civile Tagliacozzo), M. Giovannone, M. Cincis & P. Caracciolo (Divisione di Medicina Generate, Ospedale Civile Castel di Sangro), L. Colitti & A. Biocca (Divisione di Medicina Generate, Ospedale Civile Pescina), C. Ercole, C. Miccoli & C. Rapone (Scuola di Specializzazione in Patologia Clinica, Università di L'Aquila), S. Necozione & G. Pantaleo (Centro Interdipartimentale di Epidemiologia, Università di L'Aquila)     

吸烟、饮酒与肝癌关系的条件logistic回归分析

目的 探讨吸烟、饮酒与肝癌发生的关系.方法 采用配对病例对照研究,收集福州地区388例肝癌新发病例和388例对照,对可能的危险因素进行了调整混杂因素(喝茶、乙肝和人均收入)的多因素条件logistic回归分析.结果 在控制了混杂因素后,吸烟和大量饮酒的OR值分别是2.42和2.98.吸烟与饮酒对肝癌的发生具有联合作用....     

我国中老年人血清低HDL-c血症与膳食关系研究

目的 分析我国中老年人血清低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-c）血症与膳食的关系。方法 数据来源于2010-2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测。对我国城乡150个监测点45岁及以上居民共28 092名进行基本情况问卷调查及连续3 d的24 h膳食调查,采用直接法测定调查对象空腹血清HDL-c水平,按《中国成人血脂异常防治指南（2016年修订版）》标准判断低HDL-c血症。结果 我国中老年人低HDL-c血症患病率男性高于女性（χ²=202.144,P<0.001）;低HDL-c血症患病率随年龄增加呈下降趋势（χ²=9.782,P=0.002）;随收入增加（χ²=16.143,P<0.001）和文化程度提高（χ²=95.129,P<0.001）呈现上升趋势;大城市、中小城市、普通农村和贫困农村血清低HDL-c血症患病率分别为36.5%,32.4%,33.5% 和34.0%,地区间差异有统计学意义（χ²=7.314,P=0.007）。城乡男性低HDL-c血症与HDL-c正常人群水果、蛋类和奶类摄入量差异均有统计学意义（均有P<0.05）;城乡女性低HDL-c血症与HDL-c正常人群红肉类和禽肉类摄入量差异均有统计学意义（均有P<0.05）。调整其他因素后Logistic回归分析显示,低HDL-c血症与粮谷类、水果和红肉摄入有关,其OR（95% CI）值分别为1.06（1.03~1.09）、1.12（1.06~1.19）和0.91（0.89~0.93）。结论 我国城乡中老年人血清低HDL-c血症患病率较高,低HDL-c血症与粮谷类、水果和红肉摄入量有关。     

抑郁症与血清低密度脂蛋白关系的Meta分析

目的探讨血清低密度脂蛋白(LDL)与抑郁症之间的关系,为抑郁症发病的病理生理机制提供证据。方法检索Pub Med,Elsevier,CNKI数据库有关LDL与抑郁症发病风险之间联系的研究,提取效应值进行统计分析。结果抑郁症患者血清LDL水平未见显著降低,其标准均差Standardized Mean Difference(SMD)=-0.15(-0.67,0.37);按亚组分析显示,中低收入患者和男性患者的血清LDL水平下降,其SMD分别为-1.08(-1.80,-0.35)和-1.31(-2.61,-0.00),结果差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论抑郁症总体血清LDL水平未见显著降低,但在收入水平和性别方面血清LDL可能与抑郁症存在联系。     

心血管专科医生吸烟状况与诊疗行为关系

目的探讨心血管专科医生的吸烟状况与临床诊疗之间的关系。方法横断面调查514名心血管专科医生的吸烟状况及相应的诊疗行为,分析两者之间的相关关系。结果参与调查医生的经常吸烟率8.9%,偶尔吸烟率12.3%,戒烟率4.1%及从不吸烟率74.7%,其中吸烟者以男性为主。经常吸烟医生相对其他医生,对患者询问吸烟史及处方戒烟的OR值分别为0.35(95%CI:0.17~0.73)和0.45(95%CI:0.25~0.83),差异有统计学意义。结论降低心血管专科医生的吸烟率,有助于发挥医生对吸烟患者的控烟作用。     

中老年人群胆囊结石与血脂水平关系的分析

目的:探讨中老年人胆囊结石与血脂水平的关系。方法:体检发现的45岁以上的胆囊结石患者542人为研究组,肝囊肿389人为对照组,对比两组患者的总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平及两组人员的各项血脂异常的例数。结果:两组总胆固醇、甘油三脂、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平和其异常例数均无统计学差异,但研究组的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平明显低于对照组,其异常例数明显高于对照组。结论:中老年人群的胆囊结石和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇的降低有一定的相关性,与总胆固醇、甘油三脂、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平异常无相关关系。     

A dose-response meta-analysis of coffee consumption and bladder cancer

Background

A number of studies have examined the association between coffee consumption and risk of bladder cancer, but uncertainty about the dose-response relationship remains.

Materials and methods

A comprehensive search was performed to identify all observational studies providing quantitative estimates between bladder cancer risk and coffee consumption. Dose-response relationship was assessed by restricted cubic spline model and bivariate random-effect meta-regression.

Results

23 case-control studies with 7690 cases and 13,507 controls, and 5 cohort studies with 700 cases and 229,099 participants, met the inclusion criteria. Compared with non-drinkers and for case-control studies, the pooled smoking-adjusted RRs(95% CI) of bladder cancer were 1.07(1.02-1.13) for 1 cup/day, 1.15(1.05-1.26) for 2 cups/day, 1.22(1.08-1.38) for 3 cups/day, and 1.29(1.12-1.48) for 4 cups/day. For cohort studies, the pooled smoking-adjusted RRs of bladder cancer were 1.09(95% CI, 0.89-1.34) for 1 cup/day, 1.13(95% CI, 0.82-1.55) for 2 cups/day, 1.09(95% CI, 0.77-1.56) for 3 cups/day, and 1.01(95% CI, 0.69-1.48) for 4 cups/day.

Conclusions

Although data from case-control studies suggested that coffee was a risk factor for bladder cancer, there was no conclusive evidence on this association because of inconsistencies between case-control and cohort studies.     

咖啡摄入量与心血管死亡率关系的剂量-反应Meta分析

目的 探讨咖啡每日摄入量与心血管死亡率的关系。方法 计算机检索PubMed、EMbase、The Cochrane、CBM、WanFang Data和CNKI 数据库,搜集有关咖啡摄入量与心血管疾病的相关研究,检索时限均从建库至2020年4月。由两名研究者独立筛选文献、提取文献并评价纳入研究的偏倚风险后,采用Stata 14.0进行剂量反应meta分析,并对纳入的文献进行方法学质量评价。结果 共纳入26篇队列研究,包括2 046 690例受试者。剂量-反应meta分析结果显示,咖啡摄入量每天每增加1杯心血管死亡率下降约3%（RR = 0.97,95%CI:0.96～0.98）,差异具有统计学意义,且存在一种非线性剂量反应关系（P for non - linearity:＜0.01）。与不喝咖啡的人群相比,每天喝1～8杯咖啡的人群相对死亡率分别为（RR = 0.90,95%CI:0.87～0.92）、（RR = 0.84,95%CI:0.81～0.87)、（RR = 0.82,95%CI:0.79～0.84）、（RR = 0.81,95%CI:0.78～0.84）、（RR = 0.81,95%CI:0.78～0.84）、（RR = 0.81,95%CI:0.78～0.84）、（RR = 0.82,95%CI:0.79～0.85）、（RR = 0.83,95%CI:0.80～0.87）。与不喝咖啡人群相比,meta分析结果显示喝咖啡人群的相对死亡率平均为（RR = 0.83,95%CI:0.81～0.85）,可以降低17%的死亡率,差异具有统计学意义。结论 饮用咖啡可以降低心血管死亡率,每日饮用2～4杯最佳。     

Job strain and arterial blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and smoking as risk factors for coronary heart disease in Japan

Objective: To determine the effects of the job demands-control model on arterial blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, and smoking in male daytime and rotating-shift workers in Japan. Methods: The survey was conducted for all employees of an electrical factory in Japan using a mailed questionnaire concerning three job stressors, i.e., job overload, work-pace control, and work-site social support. A blood sample was taken at the same time. Data on 1 703 male daytime workers and 1 173 male rotating-shift workers were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression or analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were employed to determine the effects of the job stressors on systolic and diastolic blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, and smoking with control for other covariates. Results: Among daytime workers, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were highest in the “high-strain” (i.e., higher job overload + lower work-pace control) group; ANCOVA indicated that a two-way interaction between job overload and work-pace control was significant (P < 0.01). This tendency was not observed among rotating-shift workers. The number of cigarettes smoked per day was greater in groups with lower work-pace control and lower work-site social support among daytime workers (two-way interaction between these two job stressors, P < 0.05); it was greater in groups with lower work-site social support among rotating-shift workers (main effect of work-site social support, P < 0.05). Conclusions: Our study suggest that job strain as defined in the job demands-control model is associated with increased systolic and diastolic blood pressures in male daytime workers in Japan. Smoking might be affected by lower work-site social support. Received: 10 June 1997 / Accepted: 20 March 1998     

Unexpected effects of coffee consumption on liver enzymes

The effects of regular daily coffee consumption on liver enzymes were studied in a large number of subjects from the general population. In coffee drinkers, liver enzymes (gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaine-amino transferase, and alkaline phosphatase) and serum bilirubin were lower than in non-coffee-drinking subjects or in those consuming less than 3 cups daily. The hypothesis proposed is that liver enzymes are a target for caffeine contained in coffee.     

吸烟与宫颈癌关系的Meta分析

目的:探讨吸烟与宫颈癌之间的相互关系。方法:采用Meta分析专用软件ReviewManger4.2对国内外13篇关于吸烟与宫颈癌关系文献的病例对照研究结果进行随机效应模型的Meta分析。结果:吸烟与宫颈癌之间关联明显(Z=10.58,P=0.000),合并计算的OR值为1.98,OR的95%CI为1.74～2.25。结论:吸烟是宫颈癌发生的一个危险因素。     

我国成年居民膳食胆固醇摄入量与血清总胆固醇水平关系的研究

目的 了解我国成年居民膳食胆固醇摄入量与血清总胆固醇(TC)水平的关系。 方法 资料来源于2009年第八轮“中国健康与营养调查”。将参加2009年中国健康与营养调查并有完整个人信息的18~65岁成年居民作为调查对象。分析调查对象膳食胆固醇摄入量与TC水平的相关关系, 探讨膳食胆固醇摄入对TC水平的影响及膳食胆固醇摄入过量人群高胆固醇血症的患病风险。结果 我国成年居民膳食胆固醇摄入量与TC水平及LDL-C水平呈显著正相关(均P<0.05);多元回归分析显示, 成年居民膳食胆固醇摄入量是影响TC水平(P<0.05)及女性LDL-C水平的重要因素(P=0.01);调整混杂因素后, 膳食胆固醇摄入过量(≥300 mg/d)的男女性人群发生高胆固醇血症的危险性明显增高(OR=1.21, 95%CI: 1.03~1.42, P=0.019;OR=1.18, 95%CI: 1.00~1.40, P=0.044)。结论 我国成年居民膳食胆固醇摄入量与其TC水平存在一定关联, 降低居民膳食胆固醇摄入量可以预防高胆固醇血症的发生。     

Frequency of consumption of selected indicator foods and serum cholesterol

The relationship between frequency of consumption of eleven indicator foods (milk, meat, liver, carrots, green vegetables, fruit, eggs, ham, fish, cheese and alcohol) and serum cholesterol was investigated in the comparison group of a case-control study of acute myocardial infarction conducted in Italy. Data were collected on 792 subjects from various Italian regions, admitted to hospital for acute conditions unrelated to any known or potential risk factor for myocardial infarction or to long-term modifications in diet. No statistically or epidemio-logically meaningful relationship emerged between serum cholesterol level and frequency of consumption of any of these foods. Cholesterol levels rose according to increasing consumption tertiles for most of the indicator foods considered. Higher values for the higher tertile of consumption were observed for meat, ham and eggs, but also for fruit, carrots and green vegetables. However, correlation coefficients between frequency of consumption of various food items and serum cholesterol level were uniformly low for all food items considered, ranging between –0.09 (for milk) and 0.19 (for ham). Although a more comprehensive diet history may lead to different indications, the present data are not suggestive of any major influence of long-term frequency of consumption of a few selected indicator foods on serum cholesterol levels.GISSI-EFRIM (Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto — Epidemiologia dei Fattori di Rischio dell'Infarto Miocardico). Scientific Advisory Board: G.A. Feruglio, M.G. Franzosi, C. La Vecchia, A.P. Maggioni, A. Maseri, G. Tognoni. Participating Clinical Centers: Alba (S. Boscarino); Asti (M. Alciati); Avellino (G. Amoroso); Bari Di Venere (N. D'Amato); Barletta (M.A. Messina); Belluno (A. Darold, A. De Biasi); Biella (A. Pagliarini); Bolzano (C. Romeo); Bozzolo (E. Franzi); Brindisi (C. Andriulo); Broni (B. Albonico); Cagliari (M. Sias); Casale Monferrato (M. Pezzana); Casarano (S. Ciricugno); Caserta (R. Di Sarno); Castel San Giovanni (D. Bozzarelli); Castellammare di Stabia (R. Longobardi); Cento (L. Orselli); Chiari (C. Gentilini); Colleferro (E. Venturini); Copertino (A. Calcagnile); Crotone (R. Lumare); Desio (G. Iacuitti); Fidenza (S. Callegari); Foligno (A. Mattioli); Gallarate (G. Filippini); Genova Galliera (G. Scarsi); Grosseto (A. Cresti); Guastalla (V. Manicardi); Legnago (P. Todesco); Leno (A. Lanzini); Lodi (C. Pezzi); Lugo (T. Tognoli, M. Gobbi); Magenta (G. Ventura, R. Turato); Mantova (A. Izzo, G.P. Guerra); Matera (A. Rizzi); Menaggio (S. Silvani); Messina Policlinico (G. Di Tano); Mestre (G. Gasparini); Milano Niguarda II° divisione (C. Corsini); Milano Policlinico (M. Marconi); Mirano (A. Zanocco); Monza (F. Achilli); Napoli Cardarelli ' (F. Piantadosi, R. Giuliano, G. Sepe, S. Pezzella); Novi Ligure (L. Fasciolo); Nuoro (G. Tupponi); Palermo Cervello (A. Ledda); Palermo Benfratelli (R.G. La Malfa); Palermo Villa Sofia (A. Pizzuto); Perugia (S. Brando); Pescia (L. Iacopetti); Piombino (S. Bechi); Pisa (U. Conti); Pistoia (F. Fantoni); Putignano (A. Marco); Riccione (F. Brighi, A. Benati); Rieti (S. Orazi); Rimini (F. Bologna, D. Santoro); Roma Nuova ITOR (M. Rocchi); Roma S. Pietro (P. Giuliani); Roma Policlinico (P. De Paolis); Saluzzo (P. Allemanno, S. Reinaud); San Donà di Piave (P. Delia Valentina); Sassuolo (G. Fontana, P. Orlandi); Savigliano (V. Cravero); Savona (A. Gandolfo); Sciacca (C. Catalano); Sondrio (M. Marieni); Termoli (M. Esposito); Torino Maria Vittoria (L. Faccio, L. Mussano); Trapani (G.B. Biondo); Treviso (F. Perissinotto); Udine (C. Fresco); Vasto (E. Bottari); Voghera (G. Ferrari).     

吸烟、白细胞计数与男性放射工作人员血清胆红素水平的关联性

目的 分析吸烟、白细胞计数与男性放射工作人员血清胆红素水平的关联性,探讨机体炎症反应在吸烟对血清胆红素水平影响中的作用机制.方法 基于某医疗机构对1320名男性放射工作人员在岗或离岗时的职业健康检查数据,利用线性回归分析方法分别分析吸烟与白细胞计数、吸烟与血清胆红素水平、白细胞计数与血清胆红素水平之间的关联性.结果 吸...     

Tobacco smoking,coffee, cocoa and tea consumption in relation to mortality from urinary bladder cancer in Italy

This paper examines changes in mortality from urinary bladder cancer in Italy during the years 1950-81 in relation to changes in smoking habits and in coffee, cocoa and tea consumption. The authors found that, in both sexes and for all ages, mortality has been increasing throughout this period, although the rates and relative increase have consistently been much lower and more gradual for women than for men.From the analysis of age-cohort-period variation it seems that bladder cancer mortality can also be influenced by changes in smoking habit patterns and by variation in the quality of diagnoses. The increase in death risk for both sexes in Italy up to cohorts born around 1905-10 can be related to occupational exposures and to high-tar-content tobacco smoking, whereas the tendency for mortality rates to stabilize and decline in cohorts born after 1910 were influenced by changes from high-tar-content and no-filter cigarettes to low-tar-content and filter cigarettes and by prevention measures taken in at-risk working environments.The consumption of coffee, cocoa and tea does not seem to be related to the increase in bladder cancer risk in Italy.Corresponding author.