团体心理辅导对流动儿童的影响效果

目的 讨论团体心理辅导对流动儿童心理状况的影响.方法 采用中学生心理健康评定量表、青少年心理韧性量表、青少年社会支持评定量表、Rosenberg自尊量表,对北京市某流动儿童学校的41人进行干预,并以46人为对照.结果 ①干预组在中学生心理健康评定量表的症状总分上有了显著降低(t=-2.31,P＜0.05),具体表现在敌对(t=-3.24,P＜0.01)、适应不良(t=-2.10,P＜0.05)、情绪不稳定(t=-2.33,P＜0.05)3个因子上;②干预组在青少年心理韧性总分(t＝2.77,P＜0.01)和社会支持总分(t=2.56,P＜0.05)上有了显著性提高;③干预组在自尊量表得分上没有显著性变化.结论 团体心理辅导能加快流动儿童心理状况好转的进程,从整体上提高流动儿童的心理健康水平.     

留守经历对大学生心理韧性的影响

目的调查留守经历大学生心理韧性的差异并探讨其影响因素。方法采用青少年心理韧性量表、自编留守情况调查表,对560名大学生进行抽样调查,从中筛选出留守经历大学生245名,无留守经历大学生291名进行数据分析。结果①有留守经历大学生家庭支持得分显著低于无留守经历大学生(P0.05);有留守经历女生目标专注、家庭支持、支持力总分、心理韧性总分显著低于无留守经历女生(P0.05);有无留守经历男生心理韧性水平无显著差异(P0.05);②同为留守经历,男女大学生心理韧性总分无显著差异(P0.05),但男生情绪控制(t=3.265,P0.01)、个人力总分(t=2.129,P0.05)显著高于女生,女生支持力总分显著高于男生(t=-2.143,P0.05);③留守总时间不同的大学生家庭支持得分差异显著(F=3.074,P0.05),留守期间与父母联系频率不同的大学生人际协助得分差异显著(F=3.332,P0.05),与抚养人沟通情况不同的大学生人际协助得分(F=4.91,P0.01)、支持力总分(F=6.331,P0.05)、心理韧性总分差异显著(F=3.687,P0.05);④与抚养人沟通情况、性别及与父母团聚频率对支持力有一定预测作用,预测正确率为10.8%;与抚养人沟通情况对总体心理韧性有一定预测作用,预测正确率为3.7%。结论留守经历对大学生心理韧性有一定影响;可通过加强与抚养人沟通、与父母团聚频率等提升留守儿童,尤其是留守女童的心理韧性水平。     

初中生社会支持与心理健康的关系研究

目的了解初中生的心理健康状况及其与社会支持的关系。方法采用社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)对273名初中生进行问卷调查,然后对数据进行t检验和相关分析。结果初中女生的问题检出率高于男生;学生的心理问题集中在强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对等5个因子上,女生的客观支持显著高于男生(t=-2.146,P<0.05);心理健康大部分因子与社会支持存在显著相关(r=0.258,P<0.01)。结论初中生心理健康状况总体较好,但是问题检出率仍不乐观,女生的问题检出率高于男生;社会支持与心理健康密切相关。     

儿童福利机构中孤儿的心理健康状况

目的 了解儿童福利机构中孤儿的心理健康状况.方法 研究采用小学生心理健康评定量表(MHRSP),对儿童福利机构中43名身体健康孤儿的心理健康状况进行探查.结果 孤儿的心理健康总分高于常态儿童(t=2.201,P<0.05),其中学习障碍、性格障碍、社会适应障碍和品德障碍分量表得分高于常态儿童(t=3.926,3.186...     

内地民族初中生心理健康状况和结构特征调查研究

目的探析内地民族初中生心理健康状况及特征。方法采用中学生心理健康量表(MSSMHS)对215名内地民族初中生进行测试。结果①内地民族初中女生焦虑和抑郁显著高于男生(t=6.10,6.73;P<0.05);②不同年级的内地民族初中生心理健康10个方面均差异显著(F=3.9～7.9,P<0.05、P<0.01或P<0.001),多重比较结果显示了八年级得分均显著高于七年级和九年级;③内地民族初中生心理健康各因子得分普遍显著高于城市初中生与流动学生(t=2.3～9.31,P<0.05、P<0.01或P<0.001)但低于山区初中生(t=2.21～5.91,P<0.05或P<0.001);④各因子呈中等以上显著相关(r=0.41～0.79,P<0.001),因素分析抽取了1个因子。结论内地民族初中生心理健康问题明显且心理健康结构复杂、变化剧烈,女生比男生问题严重,八年级问题突出。     

高职学生顶岗实习期心理健康状况与人格特征、社会支持的相关研究

目的探讨高职学生顶岗实习期的心理健康状况与人格特征、社会支持的关系,并提出相应劳动风险防范策略。方法采用症状自评量表、社会支持量表、中国大五人格问卷简式版对湖南省4所高职院校448名处于顶岗实习期的学生进行调查。结果①高职顶岗实习学生躯体化、人际敏感、焦虑因子得分显著高于全国青年常模、大学生常模(t1=9.622,6.188,7.175;t2=7.299,2.344,2.993;P1<0.001,P2<0.05),敌对、偏执、精神病性因子得分显著低于常模(t1=-11.812,-11.905,-11.484;t2=-19.302,-21.239,-18.701;P1<0.001,P2<0.001);②SCL-90各因子得分与社会支持评定量表各因子得分相关显著(P<0.05);③SCL-90绝大部分因子与人格因子相关显著(P<0.05);④外向性、神经质、支持总分、宜人性能显著预测高职顶岗实习生的心理健康水平(t=-39.708,33.902,-16.645,-16.399;P<0.001)。结论高职顶岗实习学生的心理健康水平与人格特征、社会支持显著相关。     

心理干预对飞行人员应对方式和社会支持的影响

目的探讨心理干预对飞行人员应对方式和社会支持的影响。方法选取来院疗养的119名军事飞行人员,随机分为干预组和对照组,对干预组实施心理干预,对照组不进行任何心理干预,采用社会支持量表及应对方式问卷对心理干预前后两组飞行人员进行测评,并对干预前后的结果进行比较。结果①心理干预前两组飞行人员应对方式和社会支持量表得分无统计学差异(t=0.12,0.74,-0.30,0.67,-0.37,-0.67;P>0.05);②心理干预后干预组飞行人员的积极应对维度(t=2.67,P<0.01)、主观支持度(t=2.85,P<0.01)、对支持利用度的得分(t=2.45,P<0.05)及社会支持总分(t=2.82,P<0.01)高于干预前,消极应对维度得分低于干预前(t=4.11,P<0.01),对照组前后测的各量表得分无显著变化;③干预组心理干预后飞行人员的积极应对维度(t=2.45,P<0.05)、主观支持度(t=2.90,P<0.01)、对支持利用度得分(t=2.61,P<0.01)及社会支持总分(t=3.42,P<0.01)均高于同时期的对照组,消极应对维度得分低于对照组(t=-2.72,P<0.01)。结论心理干预能改善飞行人员的应对方式,提高飞行人员的社会支持水平。     

经济转型中太原市青少年心理韧性的现状与思考

目的 了解经济转型时期山西太原青少年心理韧性的现状,为提高其水平提供科学依据。方法采用青少年心理韧性量表（RSCA）对山西太原862名中学生进行问卷调查,通过独立样本t检验和单因素方差分析对数据进行统计分析。结果太原市青少年心理韧性总分得分平均值为（91.5±16.6）分。青少年心理韧性总分在不同性别、是否独生、是否寄宿、父母受教育程度、高中年级差异总分差异均无统计学意义。家庭月收入方面,青少年心理韧性总分（F=5.458,P<0.01）、目标专注（F=8.961,P<0.01）、家庭支持（F=4.151,P<0.05）、人际协助（F=3.546,P<0.05）的得分差异均具有统计学意义。初中生心理韧性总分（t=2.035,P<0.05）、目标专注（t=3.315,P<0.01）和情绪控制（t=2.355,P<0.05）的得分均高于高中生。除积极认知外,初中3个年级在心理韧性总分及其他各因子上的得分差异均具有统计学意义。结论 青少年心理韧性的培养与提高工作应有针对性,关注低收入家庭学生和高中学生。     

高等院校研究生导师支持与心理健康：同伴支持的调节作用

目的 探讨研究生心理健康与导师支持的关系,并将同伴支持作为调节变量。方法 采用《抑郁和焦虑量表》《导师支持量表》《同伴支持量表》《共情量表》对高等院校406名研究生进行测量。结果 (1)研究生的抑郁焦虑得分在年级上差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);博士生得分显著高于其他年级(P<0.01);研究生的导师支持在性别上差异具有统计学意义且男生的导师支持水平显著高于女生(t=2.359,P<0.01);研究生的同伴支持在在年级上具有统计学意义差异(P<0.01);(2)心理健康与同伴支持之间呈正相关(r=0.114,P<0.05);心理健康与导师支持呈正相关(r=0.283,P<0.01);同伴支持与导师支持之间呈正相关(r=0.345, P<0.01);(3)同伴支持能够调节导师支持与抑郁的关系。回归方程为Y=0.063+0.422 X+0.178 U-0.184 UX;同伴支持能够调节导师支持与焦虑的关系。回归方程为Y=0.044+0.433 X+0.177 U-0.129 UX。结论 (1)研究生抑郁和焦虑得分偏高,心理健康问题易被忽视,有效...     

社会支持和应对方式与医学生心理健康

目的探讨医学生的社会支持和应对方式与心理健康状况的关系,为医学生心理教育提供依据。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、社会支持量表和应对方式评定量表对423名医学大学生进行调查分析。结果社会支持与心理健康水平呈正相关;消极应对方式与SCL-90各项指标呈显著性的正相关(r=0.315,0.227,0.247,0.358,0.399,0.359,0.241,0.257,0.267;P>0.01);高症状组的主观支持和社会利用度因子分均低于低症状组(t=-2.386,P<0.05;t=-5.712,P<0.01)。结论医学生心理健康状况与其社会支持、应对方式存在密切相关;对社会支持感受差、利用度低者易引起心理问题;消极应对方式是影响医学生心理健康的重要因素。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.