萨提亚模式团体心理干预对大学生心理健康的提升作用

目的:探索萨提亚模式团体心理干预对大学生心理健康提升效果。方法:采用方便取样的方式选择大学生实验组30人和对照组30人,对实验组进行每周1次的萨提亚模式团体心理干预,共计8次干预,对照组大学生不参加任何心理辅导活动和个体心理咨询。两组大学生在干预前后采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)进行测评。结果:实验组大学生干预后SCL-90问卷的总分和各个因子分均显著低于干预前,差异有显著性意义(t=2.892～7.347,P0.01～0.001);对照组大学生SCL-90问卷总分和各个因子在干预前与干预后得分的差异无显著性意义(P0.05);干预前,两组大学生SCL-90问卷总分和各个因子得分的差异无显著性意义(P0.05);干预后,实验组大学生SCL-90问卷总分和各个因子得分显著低于对照组得分,差异有显著性意义(t=-4.312～-2.098;P0.001～0.05)。结论:萨提亚模式团体心理干预能够提升大学生心理健康水平。     

萨提亚模式团体心理干预对大学生心理健康的提升作用

目的：探索萨提亚模式团体心理干预对大学生心理健康提升效果。方法：采用方便取样的方式选择大学生实验组30人和对照组30人,对实验组进行每周1次的萨提亚模式团体心理干预,共计8次干预,对照组大学生不参加任何心理辅导活动和个体心理咨询。两组大学生在干预前后采用症状自评量表（SCL-90）进行测评。结果：实验组大学生干预后SCL-90问卷的总分和各个因子分均显著低于干预前,差异有显著性意义（t=2.892～7.347,P0.01～0.001）;对照组大学生SCL-90问卷总分和各个因子在干预前与干预后得分的差异无显著性意义（P0.05）;干预前,两组大学生SCL-90问卷总分和各个因子得分的差异无显著性意义（P0.05）;干预后,实验组大学生SCL-90问卷总分和各个因子得分显著低于对照组得分,差异有显著性意义（t=-4.312～-2.098;P0.001～0.05）。结论：萨提亚模式团体心理干预能够提升大学生心理健康水平。     

团体心理训练对军校学员心理健康水平的影响

目的 探讨团体心理训练对提高军校学员心理健康水平的作用.方法 随机选取某军医大学184名学员分为实验组和对照组,对照组常规学习生活,实验组在与对照组同样学习生活的基础上,给予5周的团体心理训练.利用症状自评量表(SCL-90)和信赖他人量表,在训练开始前和结束后对两组进行心理健康和信赖他人水平测评.结果 干预后实验组SCL-90量表躯体化(t=2.414,P＜0.05)、强迫(t=2.414,P＜0.05)、人际关系敏感(t=2.119,P＜0.05)、抑郁(t=2.236,P＜0.05)、敌意(t=2.117,P＜0.05)5个因子得分比训练前降低;干预后实验组SCL-90量表全部9个因子得分同对照组相比较均有显著的降低:躯体化(t =-4.435,P＜0.01);强迫(t=-2.762,P＜0.05);人际关系敏感(t=-2.411,P＜0.05);抑郁(t=-3.344,P＜0.01);焦虑(t=-3.465,P＜0.01);敌意(t=-3.117,P＜0.01);恐怖(t=-3.990,P＜0.01);妄想(t=-3.554,P＜0.01);精神病性(t=-3.969,P＜0.01);实验组干预后信赖他人量表得分比训练前降低(t=2.609,P＜0.05).训练干预后实验组信赖他人量表得分同对照组相比较有显著降低(t=-2.847,P＜0.01).结论 团体心理训练能够改善军校学员心理健康状况,提高对他人的信赖程度.     

心理健康课程教学改善大学生心理健康水平的效果

目的:考查心理健康课程教学改善大学生心理困扰和心理品质的效果,为同类高校心理健康相关课程建设提供参考。方法:将选修心理健康课程的116名大学生作为实验组,同时选取同级、相似专业的100名学生作为对照组。实验组被试接受连续17周(1.5小时/周)的教学干预,对照组被试不接受任何处理。使用症状自评量表(SCL-90)和心理品质量表对两组被试进行前测和后测。结果:实验组和对照组被试在前测的各指标上差异不显著(P0.05)。实验组后测SCL-90总分及除偏执外的其它各因子得分均显著低于对照组(t=-4.85~-1.99,P0.05),而好学、社会智力、勇敢、自控和感恩等心理品质得分显著高于对照组(t=2.50~4.79,P0.05);实验组后测SCL-90总分及各因子得分均显著低于前测(t=2.03~3.39,P0.05),而心理品质得分显著高于前测(t=-2.74~2.03,P0.05);对照组后测SCL-90总分及各因子得分和心理品质得分与前测结果差异不显著(P0.05)。结论:心理健康课程教学能显著提升大学生的心理健康水平,不仅能够减少心理困扰程度,还可以提高积极心理品质。     

116名精神分裂症配偶心理健康教育干预研究

目的 探索精神分裂症患者家属心理健康教育的有效途径和方式.方法 对116精神分裂症患者配偶进行了为期3个月的心理健康教育干预研究,实验前后采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)和简易应对方式问卷(SQCQ)进行测查,并进行实验效果反馈调查.结果 经过实验后患者配偶除精神病性外的SCL-90各因子得分显著降低(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),积极应对分子得分显著升高(P＜0.01),消极因子得分显著降低(P＜0.01),反馈结果显示,90%以上参加实验的配偶对心理干预持肯定和欢迎的态度.结论 本研究构建的心理健康教育干预模式有助于提高精神分裂症患者家属的心理健康水平.     

Mental Health of 821 Shoudao Officers and Soldiers and Intervention Measurement

目的 了解海岛官兵的心理健康状况和适应能力及相关影响因素,提高对海岛官兵心理干预的水平.方法 参加“为海岛官兵送健康”活动,分别到13个岛屿随机抽取守岛官兵821人为研究组,以岛外1922名官兵作为对照组,统一使用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、心理适应能力问卷对其团体测评和个别访谈,而后对心理健康状况和适应能力进行相关性分析.结果 研究组SCL-90各因子分与对照组比较(t=28.51,P＜0.01);筛查各因子阳性的严重程度175/797人(21.96％)与对照组346/1924人(18％)比较(t=4.74～10.20,P＜0.01);研究组的心理适应能力与SCL- 90总分及各因子分存在显著负相关(r=-0.320～-0.444,P＜0.01);官兵的军龄、年龄与SCL-90的焦虑因子存在显著正相关(r=0.103～0.302,P＜0.01).访谈出的主要问题是婚恋问题;对身体和家人的担忧、恐惧等.结论 守岛官兵心理健康水平低于岛外官兵,且与心理适应能力、年龄、军龄密切相关.     

Psychological Status of Needy Students of Colleges and Universities in Hainan

目的 了解海南省高校贫困生的心理现状.方法 采取随机整群抽样方法,对海南省的3所高校1200名学生进行调查,采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)调查.结果 海南省高校贫困生SCL- 90总均分显著高于国内常模(t=7.295,P＜0.01).除强迫和其它两个因子外,贫困生各因子得分显著高于非贫困生(t=3.986,6.595,6.698,2.987,5.124,5.826,10.556,2.641;P＜0.05).男贫困生的强迫症状、人际关系敏感和恐怖症状得分均小于女贫困生(t=2.032,1.979,2.006;P＜0.05).结论 海南省高校贫困生的心理健康水平不高,其中女贫困生的心理健康水平相对偏低.     

团体心理干预对贫困大学生心理资本的影响

目的:本研究根据Luthans的心理资本理论及干预模型,采用团体心理干预方式探究其对高校贫困大学生心理资本的辅导和干预效果。方法:研究采用教育实验法,设计实验组、对照组前后测实验,并使用心理资本问卷及症状自评量表(SCL-90)为测量工具。结果:1心理资本因子上,实验组与对照组后测结果差异显著(t=6.261,P0.001),实验组得分高于对照组;实验组前后测结果差异显著(t=-5.490,P0.001),心理资本后测得分高于前测;对照组前后测差异不显著;2在症状自评量表得分上,实验组后测得分显著低于对照组(t=-2.557,P0.05);实验组后测得分明显低于前测(t=5.214,P0.001);对照组实验前后测差异不显著(P0.05)。结论:以心理资本理论为基础设计的团体心理辅导干预方案能有效帮助贫困大学生提高心理资本水平。     

The Effects of Interpersonal Group Counseling on Private College Students

目的 探讨团体心理咨询改善民办高校大学生人际关系的效果.方法 通过问卷和会谈筛选了16名学生作为实验组,从非心理学公选课班级抽取16名学生组成与实验组同质的对照组,实验组采取团体心理咨询的综合方法,进行了为期7周,每周1次的团体心理咨询.采用人际关系综合诊断量表、症状自评量表(SCL- 90)在实施咨询前后分别对两组成员进行评定.结果 团体心理咨询前,实验组和对照组在人际关系量表和SCL- 90的人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑3个因子的得分上并没有出现显著差异(t=0.000,0.332,-0.535,0.279 ;P＞0.05);团体心理咨询之后,实验组在人际关系综合诊断量表上的得分较咨询前呈现极度显著差异(t=4.810,P＜0.001),而对照组并未出现;团体心理咨询前后,实验组在SCL- 90的强迫、人际敏感、焦虑和精神病性4个因子上的得分呈现显著差异(t=3.996,3.060,3.842,3.525;P＜0.01),而对照组并未出现.结论 在改善民办高校大学生人际关系上,团体心理咨询取得了非常显著的效果,是改善民办高校大学生人际关系和心理健康的有效手段.     

积极心理团体辅导对自杀意念大学生的干预

目的 旨在探讨积极心理团体辅导对自杀意念大学生的干预效果.方法 选取30名有自杀意念的大学生进行5个单元的辅导,而对另外30名健康大学生不干预,采用实验组对照组前后测实验设计,验证干预效果.结果 干预后,除关键题26题外,实验组在大学生心理健康调查量表(UPI)总分、3个鉴别因子和其他关键题上的得分都显著低于前测(t=-6.808,-5.982,-7.949,-6.793,-6.595,P＜0.001;t=-3.010,P＜0.01;t=-16.155,P＜0.001),而对照组后测与前测无显著性差异(t=-0.598,-1.200,0.054,-0.331,1.000,1.795,1.439,1.000;P＞0.05).结论 积极心理团体辅导是提升有自杀意念的大学生心理健康水平、降低自杀意念的有效途径.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.