大学生生活事件对幸福感的影响:自我概念清晰性和应对方式的链式中介作用

目的:探讨大学生的自我概念清晰性和应对方式在生活事件和幸福感之间的中介作用。方法:采用青少年生活事件量表、自我概念清晰性问卷、简易应对方式问卷、生活满意度问卷和积极/消极情绪问卷对624名大学生进行测试。结果:(1)大学生的生活事件、自我概念清晰性和消极应对能够显著预测生活满意度(F=17.55,P0.001),在控制了生活事件后,自我概念清晰性和消极应对也能够显著预测消极情绪(F=65.37,P0.001);(2)生活事件、自我概念清晰性对消极应对方式的预测作用显著(F=72.59,P0.001);(3)大学生的生活事件对自我概念清晰性的预测作用显著(F=29.81,P0.001)。结论:大学生自我概念清晰性和消极应对在生活事件和生活满意度之间起着链式中介作用,并且在生活事件和消极情绪之间起着链式中介作用;自我概念清晰性对大学生的幸福感起到一定保护作用。     

大学生网络社会支持与主观幸福感的关系:自尊的中介作用

目的:探讨大学生网络社会支持与主观幸福感的关系,进一步验证自尊在网络社会支持与主观幸福感之间的中介作用。方法:采用青少年网络社会支持问卷、自尊量表和主观幸福感量表对427名大学生进行问卷调查。结果:(1)男性大学生在网络社会支持的信息支持维度得分低于女性大学生(t=-2.312,P0.05),工具性支持维度得分高于女性大学生(t=2.567,P0.05);(2)大学生网络社会支持在专业和年级上均没有显著差异;(3)大学生网络社会支持与总体主观幸福感、生活满意度、积极情感有显著正相关(t=0.191,0.167,0.203;P0.001),与消极情感相关不显著;(4)大学生网络社会支持与自尊显著正相关(r=0.110,P0.05);(5)自尊与总体主观幸福感、生活满意度、积极情感显著正相关(r=0.518,0.364,0.479;P0.001),与消极情感显著负相关(r=-0.293,P0.001);(6)自尊对大学生网络社会支持与总体主观幸福感、生活满意度、积极情感分别起中介作用,对网络社会支持与消极情感不起中介作用。结论:大学生网络社会支持与主观幸福感有显著正相关,并且自尊在这两者中间起了中介作用。     

医学生负性生活事件与人格特质对主观幸福感的影响

目的:探讨负性生活事件与人格特质对医学生主观幸福感的影响,以及人格特质在负性生活事件与主观幸福感间的中介作用。方法:采用方便取样选取江西省某高校460名医学生进行问卷调查,问卷内容包括总体幸福感量表(GWB)、青少年生活事件量表(ASLEC)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)。结果:①医学生主观幸福感水平在性别、是否独生子女、生源地等方面的差异有统计学意义(t=2.824,1.971,F=7.973;P0.05),医学生负性生活事件水平在是否独生子女方面的差异有统计学意义(t=-2.793,P0.05),医学生人格特质在性别、是否独生子女、生源地等方面的差异有统计学意义(t=5.098,-4.996,2.130,-2.898,F=5.840,3.840;P0.05);②线性回归分析显示健康适应(β=-1.572,95%CI:-1.960～-1.183)、人际关系(β=-0.235,95%CI:-0.470～-0.001)和神经质(β=-0.987,95%CI:-1.166～-0.808)能负向预测医学生主观幸福感,内外向能正向预测医学生主观幸福感(β=0.501,95%CI:0.286～0.715);③精神质和神经质在负性生活事件与主观幸福感间起部分中介作用,其中介效应分别占总效应值的5.03%、46.44%。结论:医学生负性生活事件与人格特质对主观幸福感影响显著,负性生活事件既直接影响医学生主观幸福感,又间接通过精神质和神经质对主观幸福感产生影响。     

军校学员组织支持、自尊与主观幸福感的关系

目的:讨论组织支持对军校学员自尊以及主观幸福感的影响,基于中介效应分析,探讨自尊在组织支持与主观幸福感之间的中介作用。为提升军校学员心理健康与幸福感水平提供理论依据。方法:采用组织支持量表、罗森博格自尊量表与主观幸福感量表对某军校403名在读本科生进行测量。结果:(1)本科生组织支持(F=2.57,P0.05)、自尊(F=3.48,P0.05)、生活满意度(F=27.06,P0.01)、积极情感(F=22.05,P0.01)和消极情感(F=7.86,P0.01)年级差异显著;(2)组织支持与自尊(r=0.31,P0.01)、生活满意度(r=0.28,P0.01)、积极情感显著正相关(r=0.30,P0.01),与消极情感显著负相关(r=-0.15,P0.01)。自尊与生活满意度(r=0.38,P0.01),积极情感(r=0.37,P0.01)显著正相关,与消极情感显著负相关(r=-0.22,P0.01);(3)自尊能够部分地中介组织支持对主观幸福感的影响,组织支持对主观幸福感的影响33.24%是通过自尊的中介作用实现的。结论:军校学员的组织支持感能显著地影响其主观幸福感,自尊在其中承担部分中介作用。     

高等职业贫困生自我效能感心理韧性与主观幸福感关系研究

为探讨高等职业贫困生的心理韧性、自我效能感与主观幸福感的关系,并与高等职业非贫困生进行对比,为我国高等职业心理健康教育提供理论与实践的参考。采用《自我效能感量表》《青少年心理韧性量表》《主观幸福感量表》对110名高等职业贫困生和84名高等职业非贫困生实施问卷调查。结果显示：①高等职业贫困生生活满意度水平显著低于非贫困生（t=-2.915,P〈0.05）。②男贫困生的心理韧性（t=-2.275,P〈0.05）及目标关注（t=-4.585,P〈0.01）、积极认知（t=-3.222,P〈0.01）、人际协助（t=-2.485,P〈0.05）因子得分低于女贫困生。③年级影响主观幸福感,二年级高等职业贫困生的主观幸福感水平最高,其次是三年级,一年级最低（F=5.651,P〈0.01）;二年级正性情感水平最高,一、三年级差异无统计学意义（F=5.103,P〈0.01）;二年级负性情感水平最低,一、三年级差异无统计学意义（F=6.367,P〈0.01）;三年级情绪控制水平最高,一、二年级差异无统计学意义（F=6.161,P〈0.01）。④高等职业贫困生的自我效能感、主观幸福感、心理韧性及各因子间存在显著相关。对数据进行回归分析和中介效应验证,结果表明,高等职业生贫困生自我效能感在心理韧性与主观幸福感之间起中介作用。     

高等职业贫困生自我效能感 心理韧性与主观幸福感关系研究

为探讨高等职业贫困生的心理韧性、自我效能感与主观幸福感的关系,并与高等职业非贫困生进行对比,为我国高等职业心理健康教育提供理论与实践的参考。采用《自我效能感量表》《青少年心理韧性量表》《主观幸福感量表》对110名高等职业贫困生和84名高等职业非贫困生实施问卷调查。结果显示:1高等职业贫困生生活满意度水平显著低于非贫困生(t=-2.915,P<0.05)。2男贫困生的心理韧性(t=-2.275,P<0.05)及目标关注(t=-4.585,P<0.01)、积极认知(t=-3.222,P<0.01)、人际协助(t=-2.485,P<0.05)因子得分低于女贫困生。3年级影响主观幸福感,二年级高等职业贫困生的主观幸福感水平最高,其次是三年级,一年级最低(F=5.651,P<0.01);二年级正性情感水平最高,一、三年级差异无统计学意义(F=5.103,P<0.01);二年级负性情感水平最低,一、三年级差异无统计学意义(F=6.367,P<0.01);三年级情绪控制水平最高,一、二年级差异无统计学意义(F=6.161,P<0.01)。4高等职业贫困生的自我效能感、主观幸福感、心理韧性及各因子间存在显著相关。对数据进行回归分析和中介效应验证,结果表明,高等职业生贫困生自我效能感在心理韧性与主观幸福感之间起中介作用。     

大学生社会支持与主观幸福感的关系:自我和谐的中介作用

目的:探讨大学生社会支持、自我和谐与主观幸福感之间的关系.方法:采用社会支持评定量表、自我和谐量表、生活满意度量表以及情感量表测量360名在校大学生.结果:①社会支持、自我和谐、生活满意度以及积极情感两两之间存在显著的正相关(r在0.12至0.28之间,P＜0.05);社会支持、自我和谐与消极情感存在显著的负相关(r=-0.28,r=-0.47,P＜0.001).②自我和谐在社会支持与生活满意度之间发挥着完全中介作用,当自我和谐进入回归方程时,社会支持对生活满意度的预测效应不再显著(β=0.10,t=1.87,P=0.06);自我和谐在社会支持与消极情感之间发挥着部分中介作用,当自我和谐进入回归方程时,社会支持对消极情感的预测效应从-0.28降为-0.16(t=-3.21,P=0.001).③通过构建结构方程模型进一步验证了自我和谐是社会支持与主观幸福感关系中的中介变量.结论:社会支持通过自我和谐的中介影响主观幸福感.     

大学生自尊与主观幸福感的关系:应对方式的中介作用

目的探讨应对方式在大学生自尊与主观幸福感之间所起的潜在中介作用,为大学生心理健康教育工作提供科学依据和指导。方法采用生活满意度量表、积极消极情感量表、Rosenberg自尊量表和简易应对方式问卷对286名大学生进行问卷调查,并运用结构方程模型技术探讨应对方式在自尊与主观幸福感之间所起的中介作用。结果相关分析发现自尊和积极应对与生活满意度和积极情绪显著正相关(r=0.15~0.42,P0.05);自尊与消极情绪显著负相关(r=0.48,P0.001);消极应对方式与消极情绪显著正相关(r=0.30,P0.001);自尊与积极应对方式显著正相关(r=0.27,P0.001),与消极应对方式显著负相关(r=-0.23,P0.001)。中介效应分析发现,消极应对在自尊与主观幸福感之间的关系中起部分中介作用(β=0.08,P0.05)。结论自尊既可以直接影响主观幸福感,也可以通过消极应对的中介作用间接影响主观幸福感。     

少数民族大学生的主观幸福感及影响因素

目的 探讨少数民族大学生主观幸福感的现状及影响因素.方法 运用主观幸福感量表、青少年生活事件量表、领悟社会支持量表、艾森克人格问卷对贵州省5所大学的1285名少数民族大学生进行抽样调查.结果 少数民族大学生只有中等程度的主观幸福感和正性情感、较低的生活满意度及较高的负性情感;女生生活满意度高于男生,负性情感低于男生,城市学生生活满意度高于农村学生,低收入家庭学生的主观幸福感和生活满意度低于普通家庭学生;回归分析表明:神经质、外向性、社会支持、生活事件、性别、家庭经济状况可不同程度的解释总体主观幸福感、生活满意度、正性情感及负性情感方差变异的19.7%,19.9%,22.4%,36.8%.结论 少数民族大学生具有中等程度的主观幸福感、正性情感、较低的生活满意度以及较高的负性情感;生活满意度、负性情感存在性别差异,生活满意度存在城乡差异,家庭经济收入不同的学生存在不同的主观幸福感和生活满意度:神经质、外向性、社会支持、生活事件、性别、家庭经济状况是少数民族大学生主观幸福感的影响因素.     

大学生社会支持、心理控制源与主观幸福感的关系

目的：探讨大学生社会支持、心理控制源与主观幸福感的关系。方法：采用社会支持、心理控制源及主观幸福感问卷对376名大学生进行测量，结果：①社会支持、心理控制源与总体主观幸福感、生活满意度以及积极情感之间呈显著正相关（r在0．17至0．36之间，P〈0．01）；社会支持、心理控制源与消极情感呈显著负相关（r=-0．20，r=-0．26，P〈0．01）。②社会支持对心理控制源和主观幸福感各维度回归效应显著（β=0．52，β＝0．71）；③心理控制源在社会支持的基础之上对主观幸福感各维度回归效应显著（β=0．64），是社会支持与主观幸福感的中介变量。结论：社会支持通过心理控制源的中介影响主观幸福感。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.