医专生父母教养方式与应对方式:心理资本的中介作用

目的:研究医专生积极心理资本在父母教养方式与应对方式间的中介作用。方法:采用父母教养方式问卷、积极心理资本问卷和简易应对方式量表对一所医学高等专科学校的950名学生进行测量。结果:父/母关爱、鼓励自主与心理资本呈显著正相关(r在0.174~0.254之间,P0.01),父/母控制与心理资本呈显著负相关(r=-0.170,r=-0.200,P0.01);父/母关爱、鼓励自主与积极应对方式呈显著正相关(r在0.133~0.206之间,P0.01),父/母控制与消极应对方式呈显著正相关(r=0.205,r=0.220,P0.01);积极心理资本与积极应对方式呈显著正相关(r=0.516,P0.01),与消极应对方式呈显著负相关(r=-0.246,P0.01)。医专生积极心理资本在父母关爱与积极应对方式/消极应对方式、父母控制与积极应对方式间起完全中介作用,在父母鼓励自主、父母控制与消极应对方式间起部分中介作用。结论:父母教养方式对医专生应对方式的影响是通过积极心理资本来起作用的,提高医专生的积极心理资本水平可以培养其积极应对方式,减少消极应对方式的使用。     

父母教养方式对留守儿童未来取向的影响:心理控制源的中介作用

目的:探讨留守家庭的父母教养方式对子女未来取向的影响关系中,心理控制源发挥的中介作用。方法:采用整群抽样法,调查内容包含父母教养方式问卷、青少年未来取向问卷以及心理控制源问卷。结果:①相较于父母双方外出务工的留守儿童,父亲单方外出务工的留守儿童汇报了更多的父母消极教养(P0.01)。②父母积极教养与消极教养分别与心理控制源(r=0.227,0.318;P0.001)及未来取向(r=-0.211,-0.236;P0.001)呈显著正相关和负相关。③心理控制源在父母积极教养与未来取向关系中的中介效应显著(效应值为0.05,Bootstrap 95%CI为[0.01,0.08]),但在父母消极教养与未来取向关系中的中介效应不显著(效应值为-0.02,Bootstrap 95%CI为[-0.05,0.01])。结论:留守家庭中,心理控制源是父母积极教养影响其子女未来取向的重要内部机制。     

大学新生社会支持、应对方式与学校适应的关系

目的探讨大学新生社会支持、应对方式与学校适应的关系。方法采用应对方式问卷、社会支持评定量表及中国大学生适应量表对256名大学新生进行测量。结果①大学新生学校适应与积极应对呈显著正相关(r=0.325~0.595;P均<0.01),与消极应对呈显著负相关(r=-0.595~-0.290;P均<0.01);②大学新生学校适应总分及各维度与社会支持总分及各维度呈显著正相关(相关系数为0.166~0.492;P均<0.01);③社会支持不仅直接影响大学新生学校适应(路径系数为0.456,P<0.001),还通过积极应对间接影响大学新生学校适应(路径系数为0.509;P<0.001)。结论积极应对在社会支持和大学新生学校适应之间起部分中介作用。     

硕士生的自我接纳与特质焦虑:特质应对方式的中介作用

目的:探讨硕士生特质应对方式在自我接纳与特质焦虑之间的中介作用。方法:选取1040名硕士生,采用自我接纳量表(SAQ)、特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)和特质焦虑问卷(T-AI)评估其自我接纳、特质应对方式与特质焦虑。结果:(1)女生在消极应对方式方面的得分高于男生(t=-2.60,P0.05),城市学生自我接纳得分高于农村学生(t=-2.37,P0.05);(2)自我接纳得分与消极应对方式得分呈负相关(r=-0.57,P0.001),与积极应对方式呈正相关(r=0.50,P0.001);特质焦虑得分与自我接纳(r=-0.61,P0.001)、积极应对方式(r=-0.49,P0.001)呈负相关,与消极应对方式呈正相关(r=0.58,P0.001);(3)自我接纳直接预测特质焦虑(β=-0.61,P0.001),又通过消极应对方式间接预测特质焦虑(β=0.34,P0.001),中介效应占总效应的31.8%;又通过积极应对方式间接预测抑郁(β=-0.25,P0.001),中介效应占总效应的20.5%。结论:硕士生特质焦虑与自我接纳、特质应对方式密切相关,特质应对方式在自我接纳与特质焦虑之间起中介作用。     

心理一致感对中国消防员创伤后应激反应的影响:应对方式的双重中介作用

目的:考察心理一致感与应对方式对中国消防员创伤后应激反应的影响,并检验应对方式在心理一致感与创伤后应激反应间的中介作用。方法:使用事件影响量表、心理一致感量表和特质应对方式问卷对234名经历创伤事件的消防员进行现场调查。结果:①积极应对方式与创伤后应激反应及其各因子分呈显著负相关(r=-0.276,-0.250,-0.299,-0.195;P0.01);消极应对方式与创伤后应激反应及其各因子分呈显著正相关(r=0.438,0.394,0.443,0.336;P0.01);心理一致感与创伤后应激反应及其各因子分呈显著负相关(r=-0.446,-0.406,-0.429,-0.355;P0.01);心理一致感与积极应对显著正相关,与消极应对显著负相关(r=0.276,-0.606;P0.01);②心理一致感可以直接预测创伤后应激反应(β=-0.29,P0.01);心理一致感可以预测积极应对和消极应对(β=0.29,-0.72;P0.01);积极应对和消极应对能预测创伤后应激反应(β=-0.19,0.26;P0.01);③积极应对、消极应对在心理一致感与创伤后应激反应之间起部分中介作用,中介效应分别占总效应的11.48%、34.82%。结论:心理一致感通过直接和间接两个途径影响消防员的创伤后应激反应。积极应对和消极应对在心理一致感与创伤后应激反应之间具有双重中介作用。     

医学院校大学生父母教养方式、自我效能和应对方式之间的关系

目的了解大学生父母教养方式、自我效能和应对方式之间的关系。方法采用整群随机抽样对山西医科大学551名大学生进行简式父母教养方式、一般自我效能感和应对方式问卷调查。结果①相关分析发现父母亲情感温暖、自我效能感和成熟型应对方式显著正相关(P<0.01);父母亲拒绝、过度保护的教养方式和不成熟型、混合型应对方式显著正相关(P<0.01),父亲情感温暖、自我效能和不成熟型应对方式显著负相关(P<0.01);②回归分析发现父亲情感温暖对成熟型应对方式有正向预期作用(β=0.149,t=3.694,P<0.001);母亲过度保护、父母拒绝对不成熟型应对方式有正向预期作用(β=0.156,t=3.550,P<0.001;β=0.162,t=3.823,P<0.001;β=0.115,t=2.533,P<0.05);自我效能对成熟型应对方式有正向预期作用(β=0.317,t=7.841,P<0.001),而对不成熟型应对方式有负向预期作用(β=-0.227,t=-5.792,P<0.001);母亲拒绝、父亲过度保护对混合型应对方式有正向预期作用(β=0.139,t=3.247,P<0.01;β=0.112,t=2.608,P<0.01);③进一步的路径分析显示父亲情感温暖可以直接影响成熟型、非成熟型应对方式,也可以通过自我效能为中介影响成熟型、非成熟型应对方式;母亲情感温暖通过自我效能间接影响成熟型应对方式。结论大学生父母教养方式、自我效能和应对方式之间关系密切,提倡情感温暖型的父母教养方式、提高学生的自我效能可以对学生成熟的应对方式产生积极的影响。     

父母教养方式对医专护生学业倦怠的影响心理资本的中介作用

探讨心理资本在父母教养方式和学习倦怠间的中介作用。采用父母教养方式、心理资本、学习倦怠问卷对368名医专护生进行调查,以结构建模的方法,分析心理资本在父母教养方式与大学生学习倦怠影响中的作用机制。结果表明,积极的父母教养方式与学习倦怠呈负相关(P<0.05),与心理资本呈正相关(P<0.01);消极的父母教养方式与学习倦怠呈正相关(P<0.01),与心理资本呈负相关(P<0.01);父母教养方式对学习倦怠的总体效应差异有统计学意义(c=-0.316,P<0.01),间接效应差异有统计学意义(a=0.479,P<0.01;b=-0.814,P<0.01),直接效应差异无统计学意义(c′=0.072,P>0.05)。不论是积极的父母教养方式还是消极的父母教养方式,均既可以直接作用于学习倦怠,又可以通过心理资本影响学习倦怠;心理资本是父母教养方式与学习倦怠的中介变量。     

正念对大学生应对方式的影响:未来时间洞察力的中介作用

目的:探讨大学生正念、未来时间洞察力与应对方式之间的关系.方法:采用正念注意知觉量表、简易应对方式问卷与一般未来时间洞察力问卷对343名大学生进行问卷调查.采用Hayes开发的SPSS宏程序PROCESS检验未来时间洞察力在大学生正念和应对方式之间的中介作用.结果:正念得分与积极应对得分呈正相关(r = 0.418,P＜0.001),与消极应对得分相关不显著;未来时间洞察力得分与积极应对得分呈负相关(r =-0.376,P＜0.001),与消极应对得分呈正相关(r = 0.310,P＜0.001);未来时间洞察力得分与正念得分呈负相关(r=-0.262,P＜0.001).中介模型检验表明,正念对积极应对直接效应显著,效应值为0.346,相对效应值为86％,未来时间洞察力在正念与积极应对方式之间起到显著的中介作用,中介效应值为0.055,相对效应值为14％.结论:正念不仅能直接正向影响大学生积极应对方式,还能通过未来时间洞察力间接影响积极应对.     

应对方式在医学院校硕士新生自我效能感与抑郁间的多重中介作用

目的:探讨特质应对方式在医学院校硕士新生自我效能感与抑郁之间的多重中介效应。方法:采用一般自我效能感量表(GSES)、特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)、流调用抑郁自评量表(CES-D)对某医科大学884名新入学硕士研究生进行调查,运用结构方程模型分析变量之间的关系。结果:抑郁与积极应对、自我效能感呈显著负相关(r=-0.41～-0.36,P0.01),与消极应对呈显著正相关(r=0.54,P0.01);自我效能感与积极应对呈显著正相关(r=0.39,P0.01),与消极应对呈显著负相关(r=-0.34,P0.01)。回归分析显示,自我效能感、积极和消极应对能显著预测抑郁,可解释其34%的变异。结构方程模型分析和Bootstrap检验显示,积极应对和消极应对在自我效能感和抑郁之间的中介作用显著,并且是完全中介作用(95%CI=-0.19～-0.08/-0.30～-0.20);消极应对的中介作用比积极应对更强(95%CI=0.05～0.22)。结论:应对方式在自我效能感与抑郁之间起多重中介作用。     

应对方式在医学院校硕士新生自我效能感与抑郁间的多重中介作用

目的:探讨特质应对方式在医学院校硕士新生自我效能感与抑郁之间的多重中介效应。方法:采用一般自我效能感量表(GSES)、特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)、流调用抑郁自评量表(CES-D)对某医科大学884名新入学硕士研究生进行调查,运用结构方程模型分析变量之间的关系。结果:抑郁与积极应对、自我效能感呈显著负相关(r=-0.41～-0.36,p0.01),与消极应对呈显著正相关(r=0.54,p0.01);自我效能感与积极应对呈显著正相关(r=0.39,p0.01),与消极应对呈显著负相关(r=-0.34,p0.01)。回归分析显示自我效能感、积极和消极应对能显著预测抑郁,可解释其34%的变异。结构方程模型分析和Bootstrap检验显示积极应对和消极应对在自我效能感和抑郁之间的中介作用显著,并且是完全中介作用(95%CI=-0.19～-0.08/-0.30～-0.20);消极应对的中介作用更比积极应对更强(95%CI=0.05～0.22)。结论:应对方式在自我效能感与抑郁之间起多重中介作用。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.