以被害妄想为主的精神分裂症患者自尊、应对方式及其与精神症状的关系

目的探讨精神分裂症被害妄想患者的自尊及应对方式的特点,及其与精神症状间的关系。方法采用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、自尊量表(RSES)、应对方式问卷及Zung抑郁自评量表(SDS),分别对82例精神分裂症被害妄想患者及50名正常对照进行评估。结果①被害妄想患者的自尊与问题解决及求助应对方式显著低于对照组(t=8.951,4.167;P<0.001;t=3.083,P<0.01),而逃避、自责及幻想应对显著高于对照组(t=3.175,5.426;P<0.001;t=6.797,P<0.01);患者抑郁情绪显著高于对照组(t=4.569,P<0.001);②患者的自尊与问题解决及求助呈正相关(r=0.326,0.341;P<0.01),而与自责及逃避呈负相关(r=-0.274,-0.321;P<0.01);③患者的被害妄想症状与自尊呈负相关(r=-0.282,P<0.05)。结论精神分裂症被害妄想患者持有低自尊及消极应对特点,低自尊容易产生被害妄想。     

员工情绪智力、应对方式与心理健康关系研究

目的 探究员工情绪智力、应对方式与心理健康的关系.方法 采用情绪智力量表(WLEIS)、简易应对方式量表和症状自评量表(SCL- 90),对249名来自不同单位的员工进行调查.结果 ①心理健康状况不同的员工情绪智力存在显著差异(t=2.737,P＜0.01);②情绪智力、积极应对方式、消极应对方式与心理健康状况显著相关(r=-0.226,-0.177,0.391;P＜0.01);③回归分析表明,情绪智力、积极应对、消极应对对心理健康症状有显著的预测作用(t=-3.639,-2.828,6.674;P＜0.001).结论 情绪智力、应对方式对员工心理健康有预测作用,情绪智力在积极应对方式与心理健康关系中起完全中介作用.     

留守儿童的安全感与应对方式及其关系

目的探讨初中阶段留守儿童安全感与应对方式的特点及两者之间的关系,为留守儿童心理健康教育提供科学依据。方法采用修订后的马斯洛安全感-不安全感问卷和中学生应对方式量表对493名农村初中生进行测查。结果①初二和初三年级留守儿童的人际信任感明显高于初一(F=3.15,P<0.05),男生的自信感水平高于女生(t=2.71,P<0.01),但指向问题的应对得分上显著低于女生(t=-2.94,P<0.01);②除情绪安全感外,留守儿童的安全感及其他因子与指向问题的应对呈显著正相关(r=0.26,0.26,0.29;P<0.01),安全感及各因子与指向情绪的应对呈显著负相关(r=-0.35,-0.15,-0.14,-0.30;P<0.01);③人际安全感能正向预测指向问题的应对(t=5.67,P<0.01),情绪安全感能负向预测指向情绪的应对(t=-5.53,P<0.01)。结论留守儿童的安全感与应对方式之间的关系密切。     

支气管哮喘患者心理健康与应对方式

目的研究支气管哮喘患者的心理健康状况与应对方式。方法以症状自评量表(SCL-90)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、特质应对方式问卷对60例确诊的支气管哮喘患者和50例正常对照者进行调查研究。结果患者组SCL-90总分、躯体化、人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐惧、偏执、精神病性得分显著高于对照组(t=4.441,5.722,4.124,3.232,5.631,4.300,3.863,1.712,1.982;P<0.05或P<0.01);抑郁和焦虑得分显著高于对照组(t=5.101,7.142;P<0.01)。患者组的积极应对方式显著低于对照组(t=-5.591,P<0.01),消极应对方式显著高于对照组(t=4.482,P<0.01)。相关分析显示,积极应对与SCL-90总分、焦虑、抑郁得分呈负相关(r=-0.238,-0.259,-0.324;P<0.001),消极应对与SCL-90总分、焦虑、抑郁得分呈正相关(r=0.407,0.435,0.442;P<0.001)。结论支气管哮喘患者的心理健康状况较低,存在明显的焦虑和抑郁情绪,且更多采用消极应对方式。     

内地民族初中生心理健康状况和结构特征调查研究

目的探析内地民族初中生心理健康状况及特征。方法采用中学生心理健康量表(MSSMHS)对215名内地民族初中生进行测试。结果①内地民族初中女生焦虑和抑郁显著高于男生(t=6.10,6.73;P<0.05);②不同年级的内地民族初中生心理健康10个方面均差异显著(F=3.9～7.9,P<0.05、P<0.01或P<0.001),多重比较结果显示了八年级得分均显著高于七年级和九年级;③内地民族初中生心理健康各因子得分普遍显著高于城市初中生与流动学生(t=2.3～9.31,P<0.05、P<0.01或P<0.001)但低于山区初中生(t=2.21～5.91,P<0.05或P<0.001);④各因子呈中等以上显著相关(r=0.41～0.79,P<0.001),因素分析抽取了1个因子。结论内地民族初中生心理健康问题明显且心理健康结构复杂、变化剧烈,女生比男生问题严重,八年级问题突出。     

中学生应激与应对方式:情绪弹性的中介作用

目的:探讨情绪弹性在中学生应激和应对方式间的中介作用。方法:采用问卷调查法,运用青少年生活事件量表、青少年情绪弹性量表和中学生应对方式量表对800名中学生进行调查。结果:1中学生应激、情绪弹性和应对方式三者间两两显著相关。应激与积极应对方式显著负相关(r=-0.138,P0.01),而与消极应对方式显著正相关(r=-0.310,P0.01);情绪弹性与应激显著负相关(r=-0.372,P0.01);情绪弹性与积极应对显著正相关(r=0.312,P0.01),与消极应对显著负相关(r=-0.298,P0.01);2情绪弹性在应激与积极应对间起到完全中介作用;情绪弹性在应激与消极应对间有部分中介作用。结论:应激和情绪弹性都是影响应对方式的重要因素,情绪弹性在应对方式中起中介作用。     

高职院校学生应对方式与心理健康

目的:探讨高职院校学生应对方式与心理健康状况的相关关系,为进一步开展高职院校心理健康教育提供理论依据。方法:采用中学生应对方式量表和中国中学生心理健康量表对北京市某高职院校385名在校学生进行问卷调查。结果:在心理健康的强迫、偏执、敌对、焦虑、人际敏感和心理不平衡因子上高职院校学生的得分明显高于全国常模(t=2.47,3.24,1.97,2.90,2.29,-8.43;P0.05);男生在问题解决、合理化、忍耐因子上的得分显著高于女生(t=3.04,1.96,2.69;P0.05);女生在逃避、发泄情绪因子上的得分显著高于男生(t=-2.51,-2.07;P0.05);一年级学生在逃避和幻想因子上的得分显著高于其它两个年级组(t=3.04,1.96;P0.05);应对方式中的发泄情绪、幻想因子与心理健康总分及分量表得分呈显著正相关(P0.01);忍耐、逃避因子与心理健康总分及分量表得分呈不同程度的正相关(P0.05)。结论:高职院校学生总体心理健康水平偏低,并与应对方式有不同程度的相关。     

中职生自我接纳心理健康的关系

目的探讨中职生自我接纳水平及其与心理健康的关系。方法采用自我接纳量表(SAQ)和中学生心理健康量表(MSSMHS)对264名在校中职生进行团体施测。结果①中职生自我接纳状况处于中等水平,男生显著高于女生(t=2.102,P<0.05);②不同心理健康水平的中职生在SAQ总分上存在显著差异(F=4.195,P<0.05);③中职生心理健康水平与SAQ及自我接纳因子呈显著负相关(r=-0.226,-0.304;P<0.001);强迫症状因子与自我评价因子呈显著正相关(r=0.122,P<0.05);SAQ与偏执、人际关系紧张和敏感等因子呈显著负相关(r=-0.195,P<0.01;r=-0.311,P<0.001)。结论中职生的自我接纳处于中等水平;自我接纳、自我评价因子与心理健康存在一定的相关;自我接纳水平在一定程度上影响心理健康水平。     

军队女性医护人员控制点、应对方式与心理健康水平的关系

目的探究军队女性医护人员控制点、应对方式与心理健康水平之间的关系。方法采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、内控与外控型人格测试和简易应付方式量表对300名现役女性医护人员进行测查。结果军队女性医护人员强迫(t=17.296,P<0.01)、人际敏感(t=6.321,P<0.01)、焦虑(t=33.295,P<0.01)、恐怖(t=27.683,P<0.01)、偏执(t=20.294,P<0.01)5个因子显著高于军人常模。控制点与恐怖因子呈显著正相关(r=0.168),分别与强迫、抑郁、焦虑因子呈显著负相关(r=-0.129,-0.142,-0.121);消极应对与偏执因子呈显著正相关(r=0.134);积极应对分别与躯体化、人际关系敏感、敌意、恐怖、神精病性5个因子呈显著负相关(r=-0.129,-0.330,-0.202,-0.122,-0.243)。结论军队女性医护人员心理健康部分因子显著高于军人常模水平,存有明显的不良心理;控制点、应对方式是影响心理健康水平的因素。     

大学生应对方式对羞耻感与抑郁的中介作用研究

目的探讨应对方式对羞耻感和抑郁的中介作用,为高校心理健康教育提供科学依据。方法采用应对方式问卷(CSS)、羞耻感量表(ESS)和Beck抑郁自评量表(BDI)对457名大学生进行调查。结果①羞耻感与抑郁呈显著正相关(r=0.372,P<0.01);应对方式与羞耻感、抑郁呈显著相关,其中不成熟应对和混合型应对因子与羞耻感和抑郁呈显著正相关(r=0.313,0.135,0.256,0.163;P<0.01);成熟应对因子与羞耻感和抑郁呈显著负相关(r=-0.191,-0.272;P<0.01);②回归分析表明羞耻感(β=0.372,P<0.001)、应对方式(β=0.209,P<0.001)对抑郁有显著的预测作用,不成熟应对方式在羞耻感与抑郁间的作用为部分中介作用(P<0.001)。结论羞耻感、应对方式对抑郁有显著预测作用,高羞耻易感性可能导致不成熟应对方式的运用,使个体更易陷入抑郁。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.