不同循环方式对老年患者冠状动脉旁路移植术预后的影响

目的 比较老年冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)患者接受不同循环方式下冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后围手术期的心肌损伤程度,分析其对预后的影响.方法 2008年7月至2009年6月,我院收治的125例老年冠心病患者分别在非体外循环(A组,70例)、心肺转流(CPB)不停跳(B组,33例)、CPB停跳(C组,22例)下行CABG.分别于术前,术后0、24、72和168 h取静脉血标本,分别测定心肌肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(cTnI)和肌酸激酶同工酶-MB(CK-MB)的水平,另外记录并发症及病死率.结果 三组术前、术后168 h的cTnI和CK-MB差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).术后0、24、72 h的cTnI和CK-MB值A组低于B、C组(P<0.05).术后0、24、72 h的cTnI和CK-MB值B组低于C组(P<0.05).A组并发症发生率低于B、C组(P<0.05),A组病死率低于B组(P<0.05),但与C组的差异无统计学意义.B组与C组的并发症发生率和病死率差异无统计学意义.结论 对于老年冠心病患者,非体外循环CABG造成的心肌损伤小于CPB不停跳和CPB停跳.非体外循环CABG能够减少老年冠心病患者围手术期并发症的发生.     

缺血预处理对心肌的保护作用

目的 探讨定量检测血清心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)，并结合临床指标，评价心肌缺血预处理(IPC)对缺血心肌的保护作用。方法 将40例择期心瓣膜置换术患者随机分为IPC组和对照组，每组20例。IPC组采用2个周期的3分钟缺血 5分钟再灌注方案。两组分别于体外循环(CPB)前、CPB后、术后l0小时、24小时、72小时和6天测定血清cTnI，比较两组间cTnI、术毕心脏自动复跳率、术后室性心律失常发生率、正性肌力药物使用率和死亡率。结果 术后两组cTnI均立即升高，对照组在术后l0小时达峰值，而IPC组在CPB后即达峰值；CPB前和术后6天两组cTnI比较差别无显著性意义(P＞0．05)，其余各时点对照组cTnI值均明显高于IPC组(P＜0．05)；对照组术后室性心律失常发生率和正性肌力药物使用率均明显高于IPC组(P＜0．05)。结论 IPC能降低缺血心肌血清cTnI浓度，降低患者术后室性心律失常发生率，减少术后正性肌力药物的使用率，对缺血心肌具有保护作用。     

远端缺血预处理对全胸腔镜下心脏手术患者心肌的影响

目的研究远端缺血预处理(remote ischaemic preconditioning,RIPC)对全胸腔镜下心脏瓣膜置换术患者心肌的影响。方法选择行全胸腔镜下心脏手术的患者120例,男72例,女48例,年龄41~69岁,体重49~68kg,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级。将患者随机分为两组:远端缺血预处理+全胸腔镜体外循环组(RIPC组)和对照组(C组),每组60例。监测两组RIPC前(T0)、RIPC后即刻(T1)和RIPC后30min(T2)的pH;监测两组术前、出室前、术后24h的左心室射血分数(LVEF)和心脏指数(CI),并在麻醉诱导前、RIPC后6、24和48h采集静脉血检测肌钙蛋白(cTnI)含量、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性;并记录两组患者术中和术后基本情况。结果T1时RIPC组pH明显低于C组(P0.01)。术后24hRIPC组CI明显高于C组(P0.05),而两组各时点LVEF差异无统计学意义。术后6、24hRIPC组cTnI含量明显低于C组(P0.05或P0.01)。术后6、24和48hRIPC组CK-MB活性明显低于C组(P0.05),而两组LDH活性差异无统计学意义。两组术中和术后基本情况差异无统计学意义。结论远端缺血预处理可减轻全胸腔镜下心脏手术患者心肌损伤,对缺血-再灌注心肌有一定保护作用。     

两种心脏灌注方案对心内直视术患者心肌的保护效应

目的比较温血心脏灌注液诱导心脏停搏、冷血灌注液维持心脏静止及终末温血灌注方案与单纯冷血灌注液灌注方案对心内直视手术患者的心肌保护效应。方法拟行心内直视术患者30例,随机分为2组,温血组:温血高钾停搏液诱导心脏停跳 冷血维持 终末温血灌注,冷血组:冷血高钾停搏液灌注。分别于术前0.5h、术毕、术后3h、24h、72h、6d时抽取静脉血,测定血浆肌酸肌酶同工酶(CK-MB)、心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)的水平,并记录患者心脏自动复跳率及患者术后恢复情况。结果温血组患者心脏自动复跳率明显高于冷血组;温血组术后机械通气时间及ICU停留时间显著性短于冷血组(P<0.05)。两组患者术后血浆CK-MB、cTnI、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10血浆浓度均有不同程度升高(P<0.01或0.05),但温血组患者血浆CK-MB和IL-6浓度在T1-5均低于冷血组(P<0.01或0.05),温血组cTnI浓度在T1-4、TNF-α浓度在T1-3、IL-10浓度在T2-4各时点低于冷血组(P<0.01或0.05)。结论温血灌注液诱导心脏停搏,冷血灌注液维持术中心脏静止的灌注方案能提高对患者的心肌保护效应,并有利于减轻全身炎症反应程度。     

老年人非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术的心肌保护作用

目的比较70岁以上老年人非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCAB)和体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)围术期心肌损伤程度,探讨OPCAB的心肌保护效果。方法30例老年患者分为两组,A组15例,为CABG组,B组15例,为OPCAB组。分别于术前、术中30min、术中1h、术后6h、12h、24h、72h、120h取静脉血标本,分别测定心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)水平和CKMB活性;另外记录围手术期各项临床指标。结果OPCAB组术后辅助呼吸时间较CABG组短(P<0.01),而且主动脉球囊反搏和输血例数较低(P<0.05)。CABG组与OPCAB组cTnI、CKMB的术前水平相,术后6hcTnI即有升高而后下降,术后30min至72h均较OPCAB组明显升高(P<0.05或0.01)。结论与CABG相比,OPCAB的心肌损伤较轻,心肌保护效果较好。     

缺血预处理在心瓣膜置换术中对心肌保护的作用

目的研究单一周期的缺血预处理（IP）方法在心脏瓣膜手术中对心肌的保护作用。方法2002年8月至2006年4月85例慢性心瓣膜疾病患者在我院行心脏瓣膜手术，将其随机分为两组，IP组（n=47）：主动脉阻断前文行单次缺血2min开放3min的预处理方案，阻断主动脉后采用冷晶体心脏停搏液心肌保护方法；对照组（n=38）：仅采用冷晶体心脏停搏液心肌保护方法。观察两组术前、术后心肌型肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）、肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）、心电图ST-T改变、室性心律失常及ICU临床指标。结果术后两组血清CK-MB和cTnI均较术前升高；IP组术后24、48和72h的CK-MB测量值，以及术后24和48h cTnI测量值均低于对照组（P〈0．05）。IP组术后使用抗心律失常药物的比率和持续时间明显低于对照组（P〈0．05），术后使用的正性肌力药物种类和ICU停留时间少于／短于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论IP和低温高钾晶体心脏停搏液灌注方法联合使用，可以增强心脏瓣膜手术中对心肌的保护效果，降低术后心肌酶、肌钙蛋白上升水平和术后室性心律失常程度，提高手术效果。     

非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术中血液回输对围手术期血浆细胞因子、心肌损伤及肺功能的影响

目的 研究非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)术中血液回输与术后血浆细胞因子水平的关系及对心肌损害、肺功能的影响.方法 将患者分为三组:非体外循环CABG术中回输血量≥600ml为OPCABG 1组(16例),<600ml为OPCABG 2组(15例);心肺转流下CABG作为对照组(13例).分别于术前,术后1、4、24和72 h取静脉血,采用液相芯片法检测细胞因子IL-6、IL-8、IL-10和TNF-α,并记录CK-MB、TnI、AaDO2、PaO2/FiO2的变化.结果 三组患者的一般情况、既往史、射血分数、左心室舒张末期内径(LVED)、冠状动脉旁路数量、术中出血量均无差异.术中回输血量OPCABG1组(800.0±246.3)ml,OPCABG2组(276.0±136.9)ml.三组患者IL-6、IL-8、IL-10水平均于术后1 h达到峰值,并于术后72 h恢复到术前水平.术后1 h,CABG组和OPCABG1组IL-6、IL-8的水平均高于OPCABG2组(P<0.05).CABG 组术后4 h的CK-MB、TnI水平及术后24小时TnI水平均高于OPCABG1组和OPCABG2组(P<0.05).三组间同一时间点AaDO2、PaO2/FiO2差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05).结论 OPCABG中的大量血液回输会提高血浆细胞因子IL-6、IL-8的水平,但尚不足以引起显著的心肌损害和影响肺换气功能.     

腺苷含血心脏停搏液在心瓣膜置换术中对心肌的保护作用

目的 研究含血心脏停搏液中加入外源性腺苷在心瓣膜置换术中对心肌的保护作用. 方法 将32例行心瓣膜置换术患者随机分为两组,腺苷组在含血心脏停搏液中加入外源性腺苷,对照组单用含血心脏停搏液,分别经主动脉根部或切开主动脉经冠状动脉窦直接灌注.于术前、主动脉开放后6 h、24 h、72 h采集患者桡动脉血,监测心肌肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、肌钙蛋白I(cTnI);观察心脏停搏情况,术后机械辅助通气时间及术后正性肌力药物的应用情况;透射电子显微镜观察心肌超微结构的改变. 结果 两组患者均无死亡.腺苷组诱导心脏停搏时间较对照组短(P=0.021);腺苷组的CK-MB水平在主动脉开放后6 h、24 h,cTnI水平在主动脉开放后6 h、24 h、72 h均较对照组低(P<0.05);两组机械辅助通气时间和术后多巴胺使用剂量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);腺苷组心肌超微结构心肌损伤较对照组明显减轻. 结论 外源性腺苷加入心脏停搏液中能显著提高对心肌的保护效果.     

非体外循环与常规冠状动脉旁路移植术后心肌酶的动态变化

目的通过观察非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCAB)与常规冠状动脉旁路移植术(CCABG)患者术后心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)和肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)的动态变化,比较两种手术方式对心肌的损伤情况.方法102例不稳定型心绞痛患者,按不同的手术方式分为OPCAB组和CCABG组.OPCAB组:71例,行OPCAB;CCABG组:31例,行CCABG.两组分别于术前、术后4、12小时、1、3、5天测定cTnI和CK-MB.结果CCABG组行旁路血管移植2～5支(2.97±0.84支),OPCAB组1～5支(2.69±0.92支);两组均无围术期心肌梗死.两组术后早期cTnI和CK-MB均有升高,分别于术后5天和术后3天基本恢复至术前水平.术后4、12小时、术后1天OPCAB组cTnI值与CCABG组比较差别有显著性意义(P<0.01).结论有选择的施行OPCAB是一种安全和合理的手术方式,OPCAB的心肌损伤程度明显轻于CCABG.     

七氟醚对老年冠心病患者胃癌根治术的心肌保护作用

目的比较老年冠心病患者胃癌根治术中七氟醚和丙泊酚麻醉的心肌保护作用。方法择期行胃癌根治手术患者40例,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,年龄65～85岁,随机均分为丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼组(P组)和七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼组(S组)。记录术中血管活性药物使用情况。分别于术前、术后即刻、术后6、12、24h抽取中心静脉血测定血清心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)和肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)浓度。结果两组血管活性药物使用情况差异无统计学意义。术后6、12、24hS组CK-MB、cTnI浓度明显低于P组(P<0.05)。结论七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼比丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉对老年冠心病患者行胃癌根治术具有更好的心肌保护效果。     

Myocardial protection related to magnesium content of cold blood hyperkalemic cardioplegic solutions in CABG

The objective of this study was to investigate whether the addition of magnesium to a hyperkalemic cardioplegic solution containing 1.2-1.5 mmol/L ionized calcium improves myocardial protection. Twenty-seven coronary artery disease (CAD) patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) received hyperkalemic (20-22 mmol/L potassium) cardioplegic solutions containing 1.2-1.5 mmol/L ionized calcium and were randomized to one of the following groups: Group A (n = 9) received 3-4 mmol/L magnesium cool blood cardioplegia (4 degrees C), Group B (n = 9) received 8-10 mmol/L magnesium cold blood cardioplegia (4 degrees C). Group C (n = 9) received 16-18 mmol/L magnesium cold blood cardioplegia (4 degrees C). The effect of myocardium protection of the three kinds of cardioplegic solutions were evaluated by clinical outcome, cTnI and CK-MB mass. Serial venous blood samples were obtained before induction, after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), postoperative 6 h, 24 h, 72 h, and 6th day, respectively. The percentage of myocardial autoresusciation in group B (100%) was significantly higher than that in groups A (77.8%) and C (66.7%). One patient in group A and two patients in group C needed an interim pacemaker, but none in group B. The period of postoperative mechanical ventilation and ICU stay in group B was shorter than in the other two groups. The level of cTnI and CK-Mb mass increased from postoperative 6 h (p < .05), reached peak in 24 h-72 h, and recovered postoperative 6th day. As compared with groups A and C, the plasma concentrations of cTnI and CK-MB mass in group B were significantly lower at 6 h, 24 h, and 72 h (p < .01). 8 approximately 10 mmol/L magnesium cold blood cardioplegia provides better myocardium protection than higher or lower concentrations.     

Evaluation by cardiac troponin I: the effect of ischemic preconditioning as an adjunct to intermittent blood cardioplegia on coronary artery bypass grafting

OBJECTIVE: Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is commonly regarded as having a powerful internal protective effect on the organs. The mechanism of IPC is not clear yet, and the controversy over the benefits and protocol of IPC still continues. In this study, we used the sensitive and specific biochemical marker: cardiac troponin-I (CTnI) to evaluate whether IPC as an adjunct to intermittent cold blood cardioplegia (CBC) could reduce myocardial injury, as opposed to simple CBC during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHODS: From May 2003 to December 2003, 40 patients with three vessel coronary artery disease (CAD) and stable angina, receiving first-time elective CABG, were randomly divided into two equal groups: IPC plus CBC (IPC + CBC group, n = 20); and CBC (CBC group, n = 20). The patients in IPC + CBC group received two cycles of ischemia (two min) and reperfusion (three min) before myocardial arrest induced by CBC. The patients in CBC group received 10-minute normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) before CBC arrest. Clinical outcomes were observed during and after the operation. Serial venous blood samples were obtained before induction, after CPB, and postoperatively 6, 12, 24, and 72 hours. Hemodynamic indexes were obtained before and after the bypass by the radial catheter and Swan-Ganz catheter. RESULTS: In both groups, there were no differences regarding operative parameters. Compared to the baseline, the level of CTnI increased after CPB, peaked 6-12 hours (p < 0.01). Compared to IPC + CBC group, plasma concentrations of CTnI in CBC group were significantly higher at 6 and 12 hours (p < 0.05). CI recovery in IPC + CBC group was more significant than CBC group at 12 and 24 hours (p < 0.05). IPC + CBC also shortened the time of postoperative mechanical ventilation (p < 0.05) after surgery. CONCLUSION: Compared to the simple CBC in lower-risk CABG patients, IPC as an adjunct to CBC reduced CTnI release, improved heart function after surgery, and shortened the time of recovery in CAD patients.     

A comparison between ischemic preconditioning,intermittent cross-clamp fibrillation and cold crystalloid cardioplegia for myocardial protection during coronary artery bypass graft surgery

The aim of this study was to compare ischemic preconditioning (IPC) with two established methods of myocardial protection, namely cold crystalloid cardioplegia and intermittent cross-clamp fibrillation (ICCF), in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. This was a prospective randomised study. Thirty CABG patients were randomised to receive: (a) St Thomas' cardioplegia solution no. 2; (b) ICCF; or (c) IPC (two 3-min periods of ischemia with 2-min of reperfusion). Surgery was performed under standardised conditions by one surgeon (WBP). The primary endpoint was cardiac troponin T release during the first 72 h after surgery. Mean troponin T at 72 h was significantly lower in the IPC group (0.5 microg/l; p=0.05, ANOVA) compared with the cardioplegia and ICCF groups (2.1 and 1.3 microg/l respectively). This suggests that ischemic preconditioning is superior at limiting myocardial necrosis during CABG, but there is no difference between cold crystalloid cardioplegia and intermittent cross-clamp fibrillation.     

Markers of myocardial ischemia after minimally invasive and conventional coronary operation

Background. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the course of serum markers of myocardial tissue damage after two different types of minimally invasive coronary surgical procedures (MICS) as compared with conventional coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

Methods. We enrolled 87 patients with one- or two- vessel disease scheduled for one of the three procedures: minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting (MIDCABG) by lateral thoracotomy (n = 29), the OCTOPUS method by median sternotomy (n = 27), and CABG (n = 31). Creatine kinase activity (CK), creatine kinase MB activity (CK-MB act), creatine kinase MB mass concentration (CK-MB mass), myoglobin concentration (MG), and cardiac troponin I concentration (cTnI) were measured perioperatively until the second postoperative day.

Results. Creatine kinase-MB, CK-MB mass, and cTnI were significantly higher after CABG and were nearly maintained within the normal range in MICS. Creatine kinase and MG were significantly lower in the OCTOPUS group than in the MIDCABG or CABG groups.

Conclusions. Minimally invasive coronary surgical procedures cause less myocardial injury than CABG as indicated by specific serum markers. However, higher CK and MG reflect more substantial skeletal muscle trauma during MIDCABG operation compared with Octopus procedures.     

磷酸肌酸钠复合氨甲环酸对非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术患者心肌和血液保护作用的研究

目的 研究在非体外循环下行冠状动脉旁路移植术(off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting,OPCABG)中应用磷酸肌酸钠及氨甲环酸对缺血心肌的保护及血液保护作用.方法 将拟行OPCABG术的冠心病患者280例按完全随机法分为4组,每组70例,实验组、磷酸肌酸钠组、氨甲环酸组和对照组...     

迷走神经电刺激后处理对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响

目的 评价迷走神经电刺激后处理对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响.方法 雄性SD大鼠40只,体重250 g～350 g,采用计算机产生的随机数平均分为4组(每组10只):假手术组(S组)、缺血/再灌注组(IR组)、缺血预处理组(IPC组)和迷走神经电刺激后处理组(POES组).除S组外,其余各组均结扎冠状动脉左前降支30...     

Influence of ischemic preconditioning and blood cardioplegia protection on postischemic endothelial activation in coronary bypass surgery

Summary Background Hypothermic ischemia in open heart surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass involve a postischemic in-flammatory reaction caused by an activation of leukocytes and endothelia with the systemic release of cytokines and adhesion molecules. The present study addresses the question, if an amelioration of postischemic endothelial activation in the heart could be achieved by means of cardioplegic protection or ischemic preconditioning. In a randomized prospective study patients underwent a normothermic preconditioning procedure either followed by crystalloid or blood cardioplegia during coronary bypass surgery. Methods Patients (n=28) were included and randomized in the study according to defined criteria: Group A received St. Thomas cardioplegia, group B cold blood cardioplegia. Ischemic precon-ditioning was performed twice at normothermia under a cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for 5 min followed by 10 min of reperfusion before coronary aortic bypass graft (CABG) using St. Thomas (group C) or blood cardioplegia (group D) hypothermic protection. In coronary sinus blood and arterial blood myocardial (creatine-kinase myoglobin [CK-MB]) and endothelial activation (endothelin, IL-6, IL-8, sE-selectin, soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 [sVCAM-1], soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 [sICAM-1]) parameters were investigated 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h after coronary reperfusion. Results 1) Parameters of myocardial injury (CK-MB, myoglobin) revealed increased levels at 1 h and 9 to 12 h after CABG. Levels at 12 h were lower in group B and D as compared to A and C. 2) Cytokines (IL-6, IL-8) showed increased levels 3 h after reperfusion with no difference between study groups. 3) Soluble adhesion molecules (E-selectin, VCAM-1, ICAM-1) were found increased in all groups 6 to 12 h after reperfusion. Lower levels were present in group D for E-selectin and VCAM-1. Conclusions The results indicate a sequence of cytokine and adhesion molecule release as a potential pathomechanism of myocardial reperfusion injury. Gradual decrease in the release of endothelial adhesion molecules in late myocardial injury was noted for blood cardioplegia and ischemic preconditioning. Amelioration of endothelial activation by means of preconditioning and blood cardioplegia may improve heart muscle recovery in open heart surgery with borderline ischemia time and organ dysfunction.      

The effectiveness of ischemic preconditioning on myocardial protection and comparison with K(+) cardioplegia

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of ischemic preconditioning on myocardial protection and to compare this method to K(+) crystalloid cardioplegia. Langendorff perfused isolated working rat hearts were used in the following groups. After 20 min of stabilisation, 30 hearts were divided into three groups. In group I (control, n=10), hearts were arrested with cold (+4 degrees C) Krebs-Henseleit (K-H) solution, in group II (cardioplegia, n=10) hearts were arrested with cold K(+) cardioplegia solution, and in group III (preconditioning, n=10) hearts were subjected to 5 min normothermic ischemia followed by 5 min reperfusion then arrested with cold K-H solution. All hearts were subjected to 30 min of global ischemia (24 degrees C) and 40 min of reperfusion. Hemodynamic measurements were performed with a left ventricular latex balloon using a data acquisition system. Creatine kinase (CK-MB) washout and Troponin I (cTnI) levels were determined from the coronary effluents. There was no significant difference among the three groups in any of the parameters (hemodynamic and biochemical) measured at the end of stabilisation period. During reperfusion, functional recovery and coronary flow were significantly improved in K(+) cardioplegia and preconditioned groups compared with control group. CK-MB washout and cTnI levels were significantly lower in groups II and III compared with group I at the reperfusion. However no significant difference was observed between K(+) cardioplegia and preconditioned groups among biochemical and hemodynamic parameters and coronary flow at the post-ischemic period. In conclusion, ischemic preconditioning is as effective as K(+) cardioplegia on myocardial protection and recovery of myocardial function during reperfusion.