冠状动脉旁路移植术病人神经体液因子的变化

目的 检测具有高危因素的行冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）病人的相关神经体液因子，结合临床改变，寻找针对性的处理措施及依据，减少并发症。方法 48例病人分A组23例行体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术（CCABG）；B组25例行非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术（OPCAB）。围术期分6个时间点测定血浆中血管紧张素Ⅱ（AGⅡ）、醛固酮（ALD）、心钠素（ANP）、胰岛素（INS）、血糖（SUG）和肌钙蛋白Ⅰ（cTnⅠ）。结果 血浆AGⅡ水平，A组术后6h、B组术后3h达高峰。血浆ALl）水平，A组术后6h、B组在术后0h达高峰。血浆ANP水平，A组术后0h、B组术中已达高峰。血浆胰岛素水平，A组术后24h、B组术后6h达高峰，术后24hA组显著高于B组。血糖水平，A组术后3h、B组术后0h达高峰。血浆AGⅡ、ALD、ANP和血糖水平术中及以后各时点A组均显著高于B组。血浆cTnⅠ水平，术后3—24hA组显著高于B组。结论 CABG均可出现血糖升高的高渗性利尿和高醛固酮血症的利尿，CCABG组是二者同时升高出现强而持久的利尿，OPCAB组则以高渗性利尿为主，持续时间短。CABG，尤其CCABG应使用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂（ACEI）、AGⅡ受体拈抗剂（ARB）和抗醛固酮制剂；术后6h内更应降血糖，补充钾、镁制剂。     

二尖瓣成形术早期血流动力学变化

报告39例二尖瓣成形术手术前后早期血流动力学指标变化情况。麻醉诱导前及术后早期测量右房压(RAP)、平均肺动脉压(MPAP)、肺毛细血管嵌压(PCWP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、心输出量(CO)，并计算出心脏指数(CI)、肺血管阻力指敷(PVRI)、外周血管阻力指数(SVRI)、左室作功指数(LVWI)、右室作功指数(RVWI)值。结果：术后早期MPAP、PCWP明显下降，说明二尖瓣成形术基本纠正了二尖瓣狭窄点(和)关闭不全的病变，使房压明显下降。结论：二尖瓣成形术早期血流动力学指标有明显改善，但长期效果有待严密随访。     

风湿性心脏病合并肺动脉高压瓣膜置换病人血浆肾上腺髓质素的变化及作用

目的　观察风湿性心脏病(风心病)合并肺动脉高压病人瓣膜置换术前后血浆肾上腺髓质素(AM)、内皮素-1（ET-1）、一氧化氮(NO)及肺血流动力学的变化。方法　37例风心病病人手术前后采用放射免疫法测定血浆AM、ET-1浓度,采用测定血浆亚硝酸盐/硝酸盐含量来反映NO水平,采用Swan-Ganz浮导管测定肺血流动力学指标。结果　严重肺动脉高压组病人术前血浆AM、ET-1水平明显高于正常肺动脉压组(P＜0.05);术后1周各组血浆AM水平都有不同程度的下降,而严重肺动脉高压组血浆ET-1水平无明显下降;术后严重肺动脉高压、肺动脉高压组血浆NO水平有一个降低及再恢复的过程;术前血浆AM/ET-1比值水平与肺血管阻力呈负相关(r=－0.503,P＜0.01),术后48h血浆AM/ET-1比值与平均肺动脉压、肺血管阻力呈负相关（r=－0.524、－0.551,P＜0.05）。结论　AM在风心病肺动脉高压的形成和术后缓解过程中发挥了拮抗ET-1的作用,血浆AM/ET-1的比值与术后肺动脉高压的改善有关。     

风湿性二尖瓣病变合并重度肺高压370例外科治疗

目的分析风湿性二尖瓣病变合并重度肺动脉高压患者临床特点、围手术期处理方法及手术疗效。方法 370例风湿性二尖瓣病变合并重度肺动脉高压患者,体外循环下采用瓣膜置换手术治疗。结果术后并发低心排输出量综合征10例,急性呼吸衰竭12例,二次插管6例,顽固性右心衰竭3例,二次手术止血6例,迟发性心包填塞2例,术后早期死亡18例(4.86%)。结论肺动脉高压是换瓣手术的高危因素,掌握手术适应证,注意围术期各环节处理,术中加强心肌保护,纠正病变,术后严密监护,可提高手术成功率。     

氯胺酮、安氟醚麻醉对子宫切除术患者血浆心钠素、肾素、血管紧张素和醛固酮的影响

本文研究了氯胺酮、安氟醚麻醉对子宫肌瘤切除术患者血浆心钠素(ANP)、肾素(PRA)、血管紧张素(AⅡ)和醛固酮(AL)水平的影响。通过15例子宫肌瘤切除术患者的临床观察,结果表明,子宫肌瘤手术患者氯胺酮、安氟醚麻醉后10min、30min、1h和术毕ANP显著高于麻醉前(P<0.05);PRA与麻醉前比较有升高趋势;AⅡ在麻醉后30min至术毕显著低于麻醉前(P<0.05);血浆AL自麻醉后10min开始升高,至麻醉后1h和术毕非常显著升高(P<0.01)。本文还讨论了它们之间的相互关系。     

含氧血持续肺动脉灌注对体外循环后细胞因子水平的影响

目的探讨体外循环(cardiopulmonarybypass,CPB)期间含氧血持续肺动脉灌注对CPB术后细胞因子水平的影响。方法30例行二尖瓣置换术病人随机分成肺灌注组(15例)与对照组(15例)。肺灌注组病人CPB术中采用含氧血肺动脉持续灌注,对照组常规行二尖瓣置换术,未行肺动脉灌注。分别于术前、术后0h、6h抽取病人静脉血,采用双抗体夹心ABC-ELISA法测TNF-α、IL-8血浆浓度。结果同组术后较术前均明显升高(P<0.05);与对照组比较,肺灌注组术后0h、术后6hTNF-α与IL-8血浆浓度显著降低(P<0.05)。结论CPB心脏手术可引起术后细胞因子TNF-α、IL-8水平的升高,CPB术中含氧血持续肺动脉灌注可降低术后TNF-α、IL-8水平。     

成人原发性肾病综合征血容量与肾素,醛固酮,心钠素的关系

探讨成人原发性肾病综合征(NS)血容量与肾素、醛固酮及心钠素的关系。方法 应用~(113)mInCl标记转铁蛋白稀释法测定血容量,放免法测定血浆激素水平。对水肿期NS28例、正常26例及其中NS缓解期随访18例进行检测。结果 (1)水肿期NS血容量与正常组无差别,血浆肾素活性(PRA)、血管紧张素Ⅱ(ATⅡ)、醛固酮(Ald)、心钠素(ANP)水平均较正常组高,白蛋白、各激素水平与血容量无显著相关;(2)缓解期与水肿期比较,总的血容量无差异,Ald、ANP显著降低,PRA、ATⅡ则无明显差异;(3)Ald与24小时尿排钠(UNaV)显著负相关。结论 Ald和ANP是NS钠排泄的主要调节因子。     

肝移植手术中心血管活性物质对血流动力学和肾功能的影响

目的 探讨血浆肾上腺髓质素(ADM)、心房利钠肽(ANP)、内皮素(盯)、血栓素 A2(TXA2)和前列环素(PGI2)对肝移植术中血流动力学及肾功能的影响.方法 肝移植手术患者18例,测定麻醉诱导后(T0)、无肝期5 min(T1)和30 min(T2)、新肝期5 min(T3)和60 min(T4)及关腹时(T5)血浆ADM、ANP、ET、TXA2及PCI2的浓度.记录HR、BP、平均肺动脉压(MPAP)、肺动脉楔压(PAWP)、CVP及肾功能指标的变化.结果 与T0比较,ADM在T4及T5时明显升高(P<0.01);ANP从T1～T5进行性下降(P<0.05或P<0.01).T3时ET含量最低(P<0.05).T0～T5时TXA2和PGI2持续高于正常值,T4时PGI2显著下降(P<0.05).与T0较,T1和T3时SBP、DBP显著下降(P<0.01);HR在T1～T4时增快(P<0.01).T1、T2时CVP、PAWP及MPAP明显下降(P<0.01).无肝期前后血清尿素氮(BUN)和肌酐(Cr)有增高趋势,肌酐清除率(CCr)有下降趋势.与无肝前期比较.无肝期尿量减少(P<0.05),术中尿红细胞、隐血及蛋白增加.结论 心血管活性物质与血流动力学显著相关,肝移植术中血浆ADM、ANP、ET、TXA2和PGI2的变化与血流动力学波动及肾小球滤过和屏障功能下降有关.     

国产GK型双叶式人工心脏瓣膜的临床应用

目的观察和评价国产GK型双叶式人工心脏瓣膜(GK双叶瓣)植入人体后的早期临床疗效和近期随访结果。方法对61例心脏瓣膜病变患者行人工心脏瓣膜置换术,其中二尖瓣置换术(M VR)34例,主动脉瓣置换术(AVR)16例,二尖瓣和主动脉瓣双瓣膜置换术(M VR+AVR)11例。共植入GK双叶瓣72枚,其中二尖瓣45枚,主动脉瓣27枚;术后监测血液相容性和血流动力学指标,并定期随访和检查是否有与瓣膜相关的并发症发生。结果全组无手术死亡(术后30d内);随访61例,随访1年至2年6个月,远期因外伤死亡1例;其余60例患者术后心功能均从Ⅲ~Ⅳ级转为Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,血流动力学性能及生物相容性良好,生活质量改善。结论GK双叶瓣早期临床应用获得了满意的效果,其近期随访未发现与瓣膜相关的并发症,中、远期结果有待进一步随访观察。     

鲁登巴赫综合征合并多瓣膜联合病变外科治疗一例

<正>临床资料患者,女,50岁,因"活动后气促、乏力20余年,加重伴下肢水肿1年"入院。超声心动图示房间隔缺损(继发孔-中央型),左向右分流为主双向分流,多瓣膜联合病变:二尖瓣重度狭窄,三尖瓣重度反流伴中度狭窄,主动脉瓣中度狭窄伴轻度反流,中-重度肺动脉瓣反流、中-重度肺动脉高压,双心房、右心室显著增大(图1);房颤心律;肺动脉收缩压60 mm Hg,肺血管阻力升高,Wood指数3.1,Qp/Qs=1.7:1。围术期口服贝前列素、地高辛、利尿     

风湿性心脏病患者心瓣膜置换术前后血浆肾上腺髓质素及肺血流动力学变化

目的 观察风湿性心脏病患者心瓣膜换术前、后血浆肾上腺髓质素（ＡＭ）及肺血流动嗅觉的变化，探讨ＡＭ在风湿性心脏病肺动脉高压中的作用。方法 采用放射免疫法测定３７例风湿性患者瓣膜置换术前。后血浆ＡＭ的浓度，Ｓｗａｎ－Ｇａｎｚ漂浮导管测定肺血流动力学指标。结果 风湿性心脏病患者术前血浆ＡＭ水平明显高于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５），ＡＭ水平与平均肺动脉压、肺动脉楔压、肺血管阻力呈正相关（ｒ＝０．７３６，０．５９     

Perioperative changes in atrial natriuretic peptide plasma levels associated with mitral and aortic valve replacement

OBJECTIVE: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) plasma levels are increased in patients with valvular heart disease. The present study investigates possible changes after mitral or aortic valve replacement (MVR, AVR). METHODS: In this prospective study, ANP plasma levels were measured in 11 patients undergoing MVR for mitral stenosis, in 11 patients undergoing AVR for aortic valve stenosis, and in 6 patients without heart disease undergoing thoracotomy for lung resection (control group). Blood samples were collected preoperatively (1 day before), during, and 8 days after the operation by serial blood sampling and were determined by radioimmunoassay method. ANP values were correlated with the duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), the aortic cross-clamping time, and the left atrial filling pressures. RESULTS: ANP plasma levels were increased in all patients with valvular heart disease preoperatively and did not change during anesthesia or CPB; nor were they correlated with CPB duration or atrial filling pressures. The left atriotomy did not alter ANP plasma levels. The intracardiac surgical manipulations as well as CPB did not influence the ANP secretion intraoperatively and during the first postoperative week. Patients who underwent lung resection showed no change of ANP plasma levels perioperatively. CONCLUSION: ANP levels are not altered during and 1 week after valve replacement and, therefore, do not reflect hemodynamic changes perioperatively.     

风湿性心脏瓣膜病围术期电解质变化的研究

目的对心肌细胞内、外钾、镁离子进行研究,旨在掌握电解质与心肌保护的关系及其变化规律,调整电解质的平衡,减少心肌损伤和心律失常。方法选择２７例风湿性心脏病（ｒｈｅｕｍａｔｉｃｈｅａｒｔｄｉｓｅａｓｅ,ＲＨＤ）患者和８例先天性心脏病（ｃｏｎｇｅｎｉｔａｌｈｅａｒｔｄｉｓｅａｓｅ,ＣＨＤ）患者分为ＲＨＤ组和ＣＨＤ组,在围术期测定血液、心肌细胞内和尿中钾、镁离子的含量以及血浆醛固酮水平。结果ＲＨＤ组心肌钾、镁含量术前低于ＣＨＤ组,尿排钾、镁的高峰在术后２４小时内。醛固酮水平ＲＨＤ组中二尖瓣病变患者术前就高于正常,术后２４小时达高峰。结论维持围术期钾、镁离子的平衡,可明显减少心律失常和心肌损伤的发生;现行的术前补钾量和时间不足,在加强补钾的同时,应配合补充镁;术后２４小时内,也应补充钾和镁制剂     

Triple valve repair for rheumatic heart disease

The onset of the clinical expression of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is variable. Exercise or other states that necessitate increased cardiac output often precipitate symptoms. Mitral stenosis (MS) is present in 25% of patients with RHD, and 40% of patients have concomitant MS and mitral regurgitation. About two third of patients with MS have concurrent aortic insufficiency. Pulmonary and tricuspid insufficiency may occur from rheumatic involvement of these valves, or secondary to dilatation of valve annuli from pulmonary hypertension secondary to mitral and/or aortic valve disease. Pregnancy is associated with many hemodynamic changes including expanded intravascular volume, tachycardia, increased intracardiac dimensions, and valvular regurgitation. We report a case of a young female who developed flash pulmonary edema during parturition and was found to have abnormal rheumatic involvement of her aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valves. Successful triple valve repair was performed in a single operation. A review of rheumatic valvular abnormalities, and literature supporting multivalvular repair for rheumatic heart disease is provided.     

What to expect after tricuspid valve replacement? Long-term results.

OBJECTIVE: Current knowledge in long-term results of tricuspid valve replacement is limited. Present study reviews our experience from a consecutive series. METHODS: Forty-two patients (16 male, 26 female; mean age: 33+/-15) underwent tricuspid valve replacement between March 1987 and December 2004. The etiology was rheumatic in 64%, Ebstein's anomaly in 31%, and endocarditis in 5%. Nineteen patients were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III functional capacity (45%), and 13 in class IV (31%). Twenty patients (48%) underwent isolated tricuspid valve replacement. The remaining underwent combined (mitral and/or aortic) valve replacements. Tricuspid replacement device was mechanical in 31% and bioimplant in 69%. RESULTS: Hospital mortality was 26%. Rheumatic etiology, reoperation and elevated pulmonary artery pressure were associated with higher early mortality. The patients with decreased functional capacity (NYHA Class III/IV), congestive symptoms and rheumatic origin were more prone to low cardiac output development. The Kaplan-Meier survivals were 37% at 10 years and 30% at 15 years. The 10-year event-free survival was 31%. Elevated pulmonary artery pressure and rheumatic etiology unfavorably affected the long-term results. The average functional capacity in survivors improved significantly after operation. CONCLUSIONS: Any tricuspid disease not amenable to repair thus necessitating replacement is an unfortunate situation since both the short and long-term results of valve replacement are suboptimal in regard to those of left-sided valve replacements, probably due to different structural and geometrical characteristics of right ventricle and the low-pressure venous system hemodynamics. Etiology, clinical presentation and pulmonary vascular hemodynamics are major determinants of the outcome.     

Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function after Edge-to-Edge Mitral Valve Plasty

Abstract   Background: Edge-to-edge mitral valve plasty technique has been widely used to treat bileaflet prolapse. This procedure anchors the correspondence leaflets to create a double-orifice mitral valve. The original mitral valve anatomy is changed, and the opening of mitral valve is restricted. Little is known whether this procedure affects the left ventricular diastolic function. Methods: Thirty patients with mitral regurgitation were included in this study. Fifteen with posterior leaflet prolapse received quadrangular resection (group 1), 15 with anterior or bileaflet prolapse underwent edge-to-edge procedure (group 2). Acute hemodynamics was monitored with a Swan-Ganz catheter (Edwards Lifesciences LLC, Irvine, CA, USA). Left ventricular diastolic function was also evaluated with echocardiography in 28 patients with sinus rhythm. The ratio of peak E velocity and A velocity (E/A), the ratio of early diastolic peak flow velocity to early diastolic mitral annular movement velocity (E/Em), and the ratio of early diastolic mitral annular velocity to late diastolic mitral annular velocity (Em/Am) were measured before operation and one week after operation. Results: Mitral valve area and mitral regurgitate grade decreased significantly after operation. There was no significant change in pulmonary artery wedge pressure between two groups and in each group before and after operation. Echocardiography evaluation showed there was no significant difference in E/A, E/Em, and Em/Am before and after operation between two groups and in each group. Conclusion: Edge-to-edge mitral valve plasty procedure has no significant impairment on left ventricular diastolic function. A double-orifice mitral valve has similar hemodynamic behavior with a physiological valve. (J Card Surg 2010;25:5-8)     

Granulocyte elastase release and pulmonary hemodynamics in patients with mitral valvular disease

In patients with atrial septal defect in whom pulmonary hypertension could develop as a consequence of left-to-right shunt, the extent of neutrophil-mediated lung injury induced by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is related to the degree of increase in the preoperative pulmonary artery pressure. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between levels of granulocyte elastase (GEL) after CPB and preoperative pulmonary hemodynamics or changes in pulmonary function after the operation in patients with mitral valve disease, in whom pulmonary hypertension could develop as a result of pulmonary venous congestion. The plasma levels of GEL were measured before and after CPB in patients who underwent mitral valve replacement. Respiratory index (RI) was evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively. Preoperative pulmonary hemodynamics were determined within one month of the operation. Granulocyte elastase level rose significantly after CPB from baseline (134.3 +/- 44.6 mg/L versus 2042.1 +/- 1215.0 mg/L; p <0.001). Peak level of GEL was significantly correlated with preoperative systolic pulmonary artery pressure (r = 0.71; p = 0.020), mean pulmonary artery pressure (r = 0.64; p = 0.046), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (r = 0.68; p = 0.032), and pulmonary-to-systemic arterial pressure ratio (r = 0.64; p = 0.045), but not with the hemodynamic variables for pulmonary blood flow or pulmonary resistance. Moreover, the value of (Postoperative RI - Preoperative RI)/Preoperative RI was positively correlated with the peak level of GEL (r = 0.76; p = 0.011). In conclusion, in patients with mitral valvular disease, as in those with atrial septal defect, the increase in GEL level after CPB is proportional to the increase in preoperative pulmonary artery pressure, which may cause the accordant pulmonary vascular damage.     

Reconstruction of the mitral valve

Isolated mitral valve reconstruction was performed in 100 consecutive patients for either mitral regurgitation or combined mitral valve disease. Early mortality was 8% for the total series but has decreased to 2% since 1965. Eight late deaths occurred between 2 and 99 months after operation.Preoperatively all but 2 patients were in Functional Class III or IV according to the New York Heart Association classification. One to two years after operation 72 patients were ameliorated by one to three functional classes and 7 were unchanged. Four to nine years postoperatively 28 were still improved by one to three functional classes while 3 were the same as preoperatively, and 5 patients had died during this late follow-up period.Objective assessment of postoperative mitral valve function by apnea curves and dye-dilution curves yielded good long-term results. Postoperative cardiac catheterization studies demonstrated a marked decrease in pulmonary artery and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures. Six patients had to be reoperated upon because of either progressing rheumatic disease or unsatisfactory repair. Analysis of actuarial survival curves demonstrates more favorable results with mitral valve reconstruction than with mitral valve replacement in comparable series, primarily because of the low embolus rate after reconstruction.     

Ross procedure in rheumatic aortic valve disease.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the results of aortic valve replacement with the pulmonary autograft in patients with rheumatic heart disease. METHODS: From October 1993 through September 2003, 81 rheumatic patients with aortic valve disease, mean age 29.5+/-11.9 years (11-56 years) underwent, the Ross procedure with root replacement technique. Forty patients were 30 years of age or below (young rheumatics). Associated procedures included mitral valve repair (n=19), open mitral commissurotomy (n=15), tricuspid valve repair (n=2), and homograft mitral valve replacement (n=2). RESULTS: Early mortality was 7.4% (six patients). Mean follow-up was 92.3+/-40.9 months (7-132 months, median 109 months). Sixty of the 73 patients whose follow-up was available (82%) had no significant aortic regurgitation. Re-operation was required in seven (8.4%) patients for autograft dysfunction with failed mitral valve repair (n=3), autograft dysfunction alone (n=2) and failed mitral valve repair alone (n=2). No re-operations were required for the pulmonary homograft. There were six (7.5%) late deaths. Actuarial survival and re-operation-free survival at 109 months were 84.5+/-4.1% and 90.5+/-3.7%, respectively. Freedom from significant aortic stenosis or regurgitation was 78.4+/-5.2% and event-free survival was 64.6+/-5.8%. When compared to rheumatics above 30 years of age, the relative risk of autograft dysfunction was high in the young rheumatics. CONCLUSION: The Ross procedure is not suitable for young patients with rheumatic heart disease. However, it provides acceptable mid-term results in carefully selected older (>30 years) patients with isolated rheumatic aortic valve disease.     

老年风湿性二尖瓣病变行二尖瓣修复术与生物瓣膜置换术中期效果比较

目的比较60岁以上老年患者风湿性二尖瓣修复(MVP)与生物瓣膜置换(MVR)的中期效果。方法选取2014年1月至2016年1月北京安贞医院瓣膜外科诊疗中心行风湿性二尖瓣修复或生物瓣置换手术的60岁以上老年风湿性二尖瓣病变患者,包括同期行三尖瓣修复术及房颤射频消融术患者;排除合并主动脉瓣手术、冠状动脉旁路移植手术、二次手术患者,最终纳入患者82例。根据二尖瓣手术方式分为二尖瓣修复组(MVP组,25例)和生物瓣置换组(MVR组,57例)。采用Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析并绘制曲线,通过Log Rank方法比较两组患者5年生存率的差异。结果围手术期全组患者平均年龄(66.37±4.41)岁。54.9%的患者心功能(NYHA分级)Ⅲ级。两组患者在体外循环时间(P=0.99),主动脉阻断时间(P=0.88),术后住院时间(P=0.76)差异均无统计学意义。MVR组3例患者住院期间死亡,病死率5.3%;MVP组无住院期死亡(P=0.24)。随访5年,最长随访63个月,平均随访47.03个月。MVR组6例死亡,其中4例死于心脑血管不良事件,2例死于非心脑血管不良事件。MVP组无死亡。两组均无再手术病例。结论风湿性二尖瓣病变的老年患者采用二尖瓣修复手术治疗能够获得较好的中期效果。