Is extensive screening for cancer in idiopathic venous thromboembolism warranted?

Summary. Background: Patients with a first episode of idiopathic venous thromboembolism (IVTE) have an estimated 10% incidence of cancer within 12 months after diagnosis. However, the utility of screening for cancer in this population is controversial. Methods: In this prospective concurrently controlled cohort study, limited and extensive cancer screening strategies were compared. All 630 patients underwent baseline screening consisting of history, physical examination, basic laboratory tests and chest X‐ray. In the extensive screening group abdominal and chest CT scan and mammography were added. Outcomes were incidence and curability of cancer, and cancer‐related and overall mortality. Results: In 12 of the 342 (3.5%) patients in the extensive screening group malignancy was diagnosed at baseline compared with 2.4% (seven of 288 patients) in the limited screening group. Extensive screening detected six additional cancers (2.0%; 95% CI, 0.74–4.3), of which three were potentially curable. During a median 2.5 years of follow‐up, cancer was diagnosed in 3.7% and 5.0% in the extensive and limited screening groups, respectively. In the extensive screening group 26 patients (7.6%) died compared with 24 (8.3%) in the limited screening group; adjusted hazard ratio 1.22 (95% CI, 0.69–2.22). Of these deaths 17 (5.0%) in the extensive screening group and 8 (2.8%) in the limited screening group were cancer related; adjusted hazard ratio 1.79 (95% CI, 0.74–4.35). Conclusions: The low yield of extensive screening and lack of survival benefit do not support routine screening for cancer with abdominal and chest CT scan and mammography in patients with a first episode of IVTE.     

Sonography as the primary screening method in evaluating blunt abdominal trauma

PURPOSE: The radiological evaluation of patients with blunt abdominal trauma can be done with either ultrasound (US) or computed tomography (CT) with strategies varying considerably among institutions. We evaluated the efficacy of our current strategy in which US is used at our hospital as the primary screening tool for patients with blunt abdominal trauma. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed all patients admitted to our hospital with possible blunt abdominal trauma who underwent abdominal US, abdominal CT and/or a laparotomy during the initial trauma assessment from 1998 until 2002 (n = 1149). RESULTS: Nine-hundred sixty-one of the 1149 patients had a negative US, of which 922 were true negative, resulting in a negative predictive value of 96%. A CT of the abdomen was performed in 7%. In 1.7% there was delayed diagnosis with no significant additional morbidity. Fourteen of the 103 laparotomies (14%) were non-therapeutic; in 5 of these cases the patients underwent non-therapeutic laparotomy despite the performance of a CT. Seven were emergency operations. CONCLUSIONS: In our practice, the use of US for the evaluation of acute blunt abdominal trauma is adequate, with a high negative predictive value, a small number of delayed diagnoses, and an acceptable rate of non-therapeutic laparotomies.     

Serum prostate-specific antigen as a predictor of staging abdominal/pelvic computed tomography in newly diagnosed prostate cancer

Background: The standard staging evaluation for prostate cancer includes digital rectal examination, measurement of serum tumor markers, and radionuclide bone scan. In many institutions, abdominal/pelvic computed tomography (CT) scan or nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is performed. We retrospectively reviewed 425 cases of newly diagnosed, untreated adenocarcinoma of the prostate to evaluate the ability of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to predict results of staging abdominal pelvic CT. Methods: The medical records of 425 newly diagnosed, untreated prostate cancer patients were reviewed. The following information was collected on a standard data form: age, clinical stage based on digital rectal exam, method of diagnosis, histological grade, serum PSA level, and results of abdominal pelvic CT including adenopathy and abnormalities of the upper urinary tract. The results of this review were tabulated and analyzed with regard to the ability of serum PSA level to predict positive results of abdominal pelvic CT. Results: The mean PSA level of the study group was 22.1 ng/ml. Fourteen patients (3.6%) presented with a positive abdominal/pelvic CT (12 with adenopathy, one with a renal cell tumor, and one with an adrenal metastasis). Eleven of these (79%) had serum PSA levels of 30.0 ng/ml or greater, ranging from 30.0 to 234 ng/ml. No patient with a positive study presented with a normal serum PSA level. Two patients with a positive study had a serum PSA level between 4.1 and 10.0 ng/ml (0.6%), and one had a PSA level between 10.1 and 20 ng/ml (0.3%). Conclusion: We conclude that in asymptomatic patients with newly diagnosed, untreated prostate cancer and serum PSA levels of less than 20 ng/ml the likelihood of positive findings on abdominal/pelvic CT is extremely low (<1.0%). Abdominal/pelvic CT does not appear necessary in this setting. With 200,000 cases of newly diagnosed prostate cancer each year in the United States, elimination of staging abdominal/pelvic CT in these patients could reduce medical expenditures for prostate cancer management by $20–50 million per year. Received: 1 May 1995/Accepted after revision: 31 May 1995     

Necessity of Axillary Scanning After Negative Finding on Both Mammography and Subsequent Breast Ultrasound

The purpose of our study was to assess the cancer detection rate and positive predictive value (PPV) for incidentally detected abnormal axillary lymph nodes with negative mammography and subsequent breast ultrasound (US). We included 7039 screened patients (mean age, 52 y) from January 2012 to March 2015 with negative mammography and subsequent breast US results. In two patients with positive lymph nodes, neither were from breast malignancy. The calculated cancer detection rate, PPV for biopsy and axillary biopsy rate was 0.3 per 1000 axillary US, 14.3% and 0.2%. Cancer rates for patients with a family or personal operation history, with cancer history and with no family/operation/cancer history were 0%, 0.1% and 0.2%, respectively. Our results indicate that the cancer detection rate and PPV for US were too low to recommend routine axillary scanning including screening breast US in patients with negative mammography and subsequent breast US, especially with no history of any cancers.     

痰液、纤支镜刷片与肺穿细胞学在肺肿瘤诊断中的价值

目的 探讨痰液、纤支镜刷片与肺穿刺细胞学三者联合检测对肺肿瘤诊断的价值。方法取晨痰或新鲜痰液制作涂片;纤支镜在病变部位刷片;CT引导下肺部病变部位穿刺分别作细胞学检查。结果痰细胞学检查、纤支镜刷片细胞学检查以及肺穿刺细胞学检查的阳性率分别为11．7％、58．8％、70．7％;敏感性分别为32．1％、72．1％、85．9％;特异性分别为99．3％、98．5％、100％;分型符合率分别为93．6％、80．4％、86．9％。三项细胞学互补检查其敏感性为86．1％,均高于痰细胞学检查、纤支镜刷片细胞学检查及肺穿刺细胞学检查。结论痰细胞学的阳性率及敏感性虽然较低,但可以弥补纤支镜取材的不足,还可作为纤支镜刷片阴性和不能耐受纤支镜刷片的肺癌患者的补充检查手段;纤支镜刷片细胞学具有较高的敏感性,特别是对中央型肺癌诊断率较高;CT引导刚市穿刺可弥补纤支镜检查的不足,适用于各部位的肺癌诊断,特别适用于周围型肺癌的诊断。各种取材方法的阳性率、敏感性虽高低不等,但联合多种取材方法行细胞学检查可显著提高肺肿瘤的确诊率。     

Detection of early lung cancer: results of radiologic and cytologic screening in the Miyagi program

Eighty-eight lung cancers including 82 primary and 6 metastatic tumors were detected by chest X-ray examination of a total of 363,320 participants in Miyagi Prefecture in Japan during 3 years period from 1982 to 1984. Sputum cytology was performed in the high-risk group (above 50 years of age with cigarette index above 600) of the total participants during the same period. This detected 67 patients with malignant tumors including 5 with cancer of the upper respiratory tract and 62 with primary lung cancer. Fifty-one of 67 cancers (82.3%) detected by sputum cytology were radiographically occult lung cancers. The annual ratio of the detection of lung cancer was 45/100,000 in the first year, however, it decreased to 38/100,000 in the second year and to 15/100,000 in the third year. Cancer resection was performed in 63.6%, 76.1% and 80.0% of the patients, in the first, the second and the third year, respectively. On the average, 57% of the patients who underwent cancer resection demonstrated early lung cancer. Especially, 45 of 51 patients with lung cancer detected by sputum cytology underwent tumor resection, of which 40 (89%) bore early lung cancer.     

Relative diagnostic utility of radiologist-recommended abdominal ultrasound following emergency department abdominal and pelvic computed tomography

Purpose

To retrospectively assess the relative diagnostic utility of radiologist-recommended ultrasound (US) following emergency department (ED) abdominal and pelvic computed tomography (CT) in patients with non-traumatic abdominal and/or pelvic pain.

Methods

Blinded to clinical outcomes, two radiology residents and an attending radiologist reviewed radiology reports and relevant medical records for all adult patients from EDs at two academic medical centers from one institution over a 3-year time period, who underwent abdominal/pelvic US within 72 h of an initial IV contrast-enhanced abdominal and pelvic CT for non-traumatic abdominal and/or pelvic pain. Incremental diagnostic utility of subsequent US was deemed present when (1) US findings were discordant with those at CT, or (2) findings were concordant, but US yielded additional relevant diagnostic information. Diagnostic utility was stratified by whether examinations were radiologist-recommended or independently ordered by treating physicians.

Results

319 encounters satisfied the inclusion criteria, including 194 female patients (18–98 years of age, mean of 59.8 years) and 125 male patients (20–90 years of age, mean of 63.2 years). 7 (2.2%) subsequent US examinations were discordant with the initial CT, 100 (31.3%) were concordant but provided relevant additional information, and 212 (66.5%) were concordant without providing additional information, for an overall diagnostic utility of 33.5%. Of subsequent radiologist-recommended US examinations, 70.0% (63/90) yielded incremental diagnostic utility vs. 19.2% (44/229) ordered independently by treating physicians (OR 3.65; 95% CI 2.31–5.75). For those encounters in which US provided incremental diagnostic utility, the most commonly assessed anatomical areas were the biliary system and the female adnexal region.

Conclusion

In ED patients with non-traumatic abdominal and/or pelvic pain undergoing abdominal and pelvic CT, follow-up US examinations recommended by radiologists are more likely to provide incremental diagnostic utility than those independently ordered by their treating physicians. In order to optimize the value of advanced imaging, radiologists should assume greater roles in team-based utilization management.

     

Lung cancer screening: promise and pitfalls

OBJECTIVES: To provide an overview of the status of lung cancer screening. DATA SOURCES: Published articles, book chapters, websites, and research studies. CONCLUSION: Screening with chest x-ray and sputum cytology has not been shown to be effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. Although screening with helical CT is currently under investigation in randomized clinical trials, observational studies have not shown evidence that it can detect lung cancer that is curable. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: As health care educators and caregivers, nurses should be informed of the status and current controversies associated with lung cancer screening.     

Current state and effectiveness of abdominal ultrasonography in complete medical screening

Purpose The current state and effectiveness of abdominal ultrasonography (US) were investigated by reviewing statistical data for US of the kidney as part of complete medical screenings conducted at our institution between April 1994 and March 2004. Methods Among 4339 individuals with US findings, computed tomography (CT) was performed on 129 individuals at our institution. Among these individuals, US findings and CT diagnoses were compared and analyzed. Results US findings indicated renal tumors in 73 of the 129 subjects, and the breakdown of CT diagnoses for these 73 individuals was as follows: no lesion, n = 45 (61.6%); simple renal cyst, n = 13 (17.8%); complicated renal cyst, n = 5 (6.8%); suspected malignant tumor, n = 5 (6.8%); renal angiomyolipoma, n = 2 (2.7%); pelvic dilatation, n = 1 (1.4%); granuloma, n = 1 (1.4%); teratoma, n = 1 (1.4%). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on 4 of the 5 subjects with suspected malignant tumor, and surgery was performed in all 4 cases with suspected kidney cancer. Kidney cancer was histopathologically confirmed in 2 patients, resulting in a detection rate of 0.046% for kidney cancer by US as part of a complete medical screening. In the 2 patients with kidney cancer, differentiating cystic renal cell cancer from a renal cyst was not possible based on US findings alone in 1 patient, and no thorough examinations were performed in the 3 years leading up to surgery. Conclusions These results suggest that additional US and thorough examinations are necessary if a lesion cannot be confirmed as a simple renal cyst on initial US. Furthermore, to improve the skill levels of healthcare professionals who perform and interpret US, a feedback system should be established where data related to complete medical screenings are available to the personnel involved.     

Pancreatic biopsy under visual control in conjunction with laparoscopy for diagnosis of pancreatic cancer

Two cases of histologically confirmed pancreatic cancer are reported. Histological diagnosis was obtained after pancreatic biopsy was carried out under visual control in conjunction with laparoscopy using pancreatic biopsy forceps designed by us. In Case 1, localized swelling of the pancreas was observed on abdominal ultrasonography (US) and computer tomography (CT) scan, and interruption of the main pancreatic duct was demonstrated by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). In Case 2, a pancreatic tumor was detected by abdominal US and CT scan, but ERCP findings were only those of chronic pancreatitis.     

Comparison of breast mammography,sonography and physical examination for screening women at high risk of breast cancer in taiwan

Recommended surveillance for screening breast cancer, which includes regular mammography and clinical breast examination, has long been established in Western countries. This strategy may be too costly and unnecessary for countries with low incidences of breast cancer. The purpose of the present study is to compare breast mammography, sonography and physical examination in screening female relatives of breast cancer index cases from the hospital, and their relative efficiency. A total of 935 women over 35 years old, who were relatives of breast cancer patients, were invited to an annual screening by means of a combination of mammography, sonography and physical examination on a single day. A biopsy was performed when any of the three investigations indicated a possibility of malignancy. A total of 21 breast cancers, including sixteen invasive cancers and 5 noninvasive cancers, were detected among the 935 high-risk women. Of the cancers, 18, including 16 invasive cancers and 3 noninvasive cancers, were detected by sonography. In contrast, only 11 invasive cancers were detected by mammography, and 7 by physical examination. There were only 14 cancers detected by a combination of mammography and physical examination. The 7 (33.3%) additional cancers were detected when sonography was added. The sensitivity of sonography was 90.4%, which was higher than mammography (52.4%) and physical examination (33.3%), or even a combination of these two modalities (66.7%). This indicates that sonography is a more accurate screening tool for breast cancer in the high-risk group. Although breast sonography has not yet been recommended as a routine screening tool for breast cancer in Western countries, it may be superior to mammography and physical examination for the screening of Taiwanese high-risk female relatives of breast cancer index cases. If it should also be considered as a routine adjunct screening modality for Taiwanese women with lower rates of breast cancer will need further study.     

皮下软组织肌肉间隙淋巴瘤样肉芽肿病1例PET-CT特点及临床表现病例分析

本研究通过皮下软组织肌肉间隙淋巴瘤样肉芽肿病（1ymphomatoidgranulomatosis,LYG）的病例分析探讨LYG的病理、MICM（骨髓形态、免疫分型、分子生物学、细胞遗传学）、PET／CT和临床特点及治疗经验。应用病理免疫组织化学方法观察了LYG的病理改变,骨髓细胞涂片法观察骨髓细胞形态改变,流式细胞术检测免疫分型,多重巢式PCR检测异常基因表达和突变,实时荧光定量PCR（FQ—PCR）检测血清EBV—DNA含量,18氟-脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射断层显像／计算机断层成像（18F—FDGPET／CT）术明确临床分期。结果表明,患者发病时右大腿内侧有肿物和右颌下淋巴结肿大,但PET／CT检查发现患者全身多处软组织内有异常软组织影伴高代谢改变,且累及肺、甲状腺、淋巴结和胃;右大腿内侧肿物活检证实为淋巴瘤样肉芽肿病Ⅱ级,但骨髓细胞涂片显示无异常肿瘤细胞浸润;白血病免疫分型为NK细胞比例增高伴表型异常;染色体核型为46,XY[24];多重巢式PCR未检出异常基因表达和突变;FQ—PCR检测显示EBV—DNA〈10^2 copies／ml;2个周期R—CHOP方案（利妥昔单抗0．7gd0、环磷酰胺1．4gd1、表柔比星90mgd1、长春地辛4mgd1、泼尼松90mgd1—5）化疗后,PET—CT显示原双腿皮下软组织肌肉间隙高代谢结节样影基本消失,但左侧胭窝区域软组织内仍可见部分高代谢病灶,影像评估为PR。结论：淋巴瘤样肉芽肿病是一种罕见疾病,发病率极低;皮下软组织肌肉间隙淋巴瘤样肉芽肿病在国内外文献均未见报道：该病发病机制未明确,无标准治疗;PET／CT能发现临床体检不能发现的病变,能够再进行更准确的分期;PET／CT检查对淋巴瘤样肉芽肿病的辅助诊断、分期、疗效评价方面有重要价值。     

Comparison of Clinical and Pathologic Characteristics of Ductal Carcinoma in Situ Detected on Mammography versus Ultrasound Only in Asymptomatic Patients

The main purpose of this study was to retropectively compare the clinical and pathologic characteristics of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) detected on mammography and ultrasound (US) in asymptomatic patients. From February 2014 to September 2016, 236 asymptomatic patients with primary pure DCIS and dense breasts were included. The patients were classified into two groups. The mammography group (n?=?165) included patients with DCIS detected on mammography, and the US group (n?=?71) included patients with DCIS detected on US only. Clinicopathologic characteristics were compared between the two groups. Subgroup analyses were performed with a cutoff age of 50 y and a cutoff tumor size of 20 mm. In 236 patients, younger age, smaller tumor size, low nuclear grade, no comedo necrosis and progesterone receptor positivity were observed more in the US group (p < 0.05). HER2 and Ki67 positivity was observed more frequently in the mammography group (p < 0.05). Similar results were obtained in 168 patients with DCIS <20 mm and in patients ≥50 y. In patients <50 y, smaller tumor size, low nuclear grade and no comedo necrosis were observed significantly more often in the US group. DCIS in the US group significantly more often manifested low nuclear grade, no comedo necrosis and hormone receptor positivity, whereas HER2 and Ki67 positivity was observed significantly more often in the mammography group.     

Applications of magnetic resonance imaging to gynecology

The advent of MRI has improved the ability of the diagnostic radiologist to provide useful clinical information to the practicing gynecologist. Although US remains the screening procedure of choice for evaluation of the uterus and adnexa because of its relative safety and low cost, MRI is now considered the next imaging step. In a woman with pelvic pain, MRI can accurately identify adenomyosis, enumerate and localize uterine fibroids, and provide more accurate identification of endometriosis and cystic teratomas of the ovary than US. Although MRI should not be used as a screening procedure for diagnosing endometrial or cervical carcinoma, it can aid in patient management by determining the extent of myometrial or cervical invasion by endometrial carcinoma and can be used to calculate tumor volume in patients with cervical carcinoma. Early studies suggest that MRI may be helpful in distinguishing between long-term radiation fibrosis and tumor recurrence in such patients. MRI findings may be highly indicative of the presence of ovarian malignancy, but the procedure adds little to CT or US findings. Nevertheless, MRI is superior in the localization of pelvic masses and is often indicated in clarifying the origin of a mass as uterine or ovarian.     

胰腺癌早期诊断55例临床分析

目的:探讨早期胰腺癌的临床特征和诊断方法。方法:回顾性分析2003年至2006年本院收治的55例胰腺癌患者临床资料。结果:首发症状以腹痛、黄疸、上腹不适最常见;入院时主要症状体征是腹痛、体重减轻、食欲减退、上腹压痛、黄疸、腹部肿块和肝肿大。胰腺癌CA199、CA125、CEA、US、CT、MRI和ERCP检查的阳性率分别为75%、59.1%、27.3%、79.1%、83.3%、97.1%、77.8%。结论:恰当的联合应用血清肿瘤标志物和影像学检查,对胰腺癌的早期诊断可能有帮助。     

类风湿关节炎患者血清肿瘤标志物检测的临床意义

目的:观察类风湿关节炎患者血清肿瘤标志物的含量变化及其阳性率,分析肿瘤标志物与RA疾病活动度的关系及肿瘤发生情况。方法:选择2005年1月~2011年12月确诊为类风湿关节炎同时行肿瘤标志物检测的60例住院患者作为RA组,以年龄性别相匹配的健康体检者56例作为对照组。收集类风湿关节炎的疾病活动分数(DAS28)、血沉(ESR)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、类风湿因子(RF)等资料;肿瘤标志物升高患者均进行胸片、胸部高分辨CT、盆腹部超声或CT、胃镜、肠镜等相关检查明确肿瘤情况,并随访2年以上观察后续肿瘤发生情况。结果:与对照组相比,RA组除CA153外,血清CEA、CA125、CA199数值水平及阳性率均偏高,差异有统计学意义,P0.05;但RA组肿瘤标志物升高与疾病活动分数、血沉或C-反应蛋白无相关性,肿瘤标志物升高的患者未发现肿瘤共存依据。结论:类风湿关节炎患者血清CEA、CA125、CA199升高,但并不提示相关肿瘤共存,以后患肿瘤风险是否增加仍需继续随访。     

Pretherapeutic laparoscopic staging in advanced gastric carcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Direct visualization of the abdominal cavity by laparoscopy prior to multimodal treatment may be capable of improving the diagnostic precision of gastric cancer staging. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether diagnostic laparoscopy can influence treatment strategies in gastric cancer staged T3 and T4 by preoperative diagnostic tests. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Extended diagnostic laparoscopy (EDL) was carried out in 111 patients with advanced gastric cancer staged T3 or T4 by computed tomography (CT) and endoluminal ultrasound (EUS). On Lauren's classification of gastric cancer, 46% of the lesions were of the intestinal type and 54% of the nonintestinal type. EDL was carried out with the patients under general anesthesia, and included visual inspection of the abdomen, with surgical exploration of initially inaccessible regions, laparoscopic ultrasound examination, peritoneal lavage, and biopsies. The information provided by laparoscopy was classified as 1) no additional information, 2) important additional findings independent of the tumor stage, 3) downgrading of the tumor to a more favorable stage, and 4) upgrading of the tumor to a less favorable stage. The results of EDL were then compared with those obtained by sonography, CT and EUS in combination. RESULTS: EDL was performed successfully in 107 patients. In 56 of the 111 patients (50.5%), no additional findings were obtained. In 5.4% of cases, additional unforeseen information was found, not connected with the tumor but altering the management. EDL altered the preoperative diagnosis in 51 of the 111 patients (46.0%), leading to changes in management in 45 of them (40.5%). EUS provided additional information in eight cases (7.2% of the whole group, or 15.7% of those in whom the diagnosis had to be changed). Four metastases were detected using EDL. It was possible to rule out peritoneal spread in four patients, but it was newly detected in 26. CONCLUSIONS: Additional information by EDL about the tumor stage in gastric cancer led to a modification of the therapeutic strategy in 40% of patients, in spite of earlier comprehensive diagnostic work-up using modern imaging procedures. EDL should therefore be mandatory if neoadjuvant treatment is planned, in order to avoid either undertreatment or overtreatment of this type of tumor.     

Preoperative assessment of local tumor extent in advanced rectal cancer: CT or high-resolution MRI?

Background: We compared high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with computed tomography (CT) in the assessment of tumor infiltration in surrounding structures for locally advanced primary and recurrent rectal cancer. Methods: Twenty-six patients with operable, locally advanced rectal cancer (15 recurrent and 11 primary) were evaluated with conventional pelvic CT and 1.5-T high-resolution MRI with a quadrature phased-array coil. The images were scored for invasion of nine neighboring pelvic structures, and the results were compared with surgical and histologic findings. Results: A total of 234 structures in 26 patients was evaluated for tumor invasion. For MRI the, sensitivity was 97% and the specificity 98%; for CT, the sensitivity was 70% and the specificity was 85%. The difference in performance was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The failure most frequently made on CT was the false-positive prediction of pelvic floor and piriform muscle invasion (14), whereas MRI showed only four false-positive predictions. MRI correctly predicted all four cases of sacral bone invasion, three of which were missed by CT. MRI was accurate in 20 patients (80%) and CT in only five patients (19%). Conclusion: High-resolution MRI using a quadrature phased-array coil is highly accurate and superior to CT in predicting tumor infiltration in surrounding structures for locally advanced primary or recurrent rectal cancer and is recommended in the preoperative work-up of these tumors. Received: 21 September 1999/Revision accepted: 26 January 2000     

转移性胃癌的CT表现

目的：回顾分析４例转移性胃癌患者的ＣＴ资料,讨论转移性胃癌的诊断和鉴别诊断问题,旨在提高ＣＴ对转移性胃癌的认识。方法：回顾分析１９８４～１９９９年间,４例经手术和病理证实的转移性胃癌患者的临床、ＧＩ和ＣＴ资料。结果：原发癌中,小肠腺癌１例,结肠癌１例,肝癌２例,其中,肝细胞肝癌和胆管细胞型肝癌各１例,胃的转移瘤位于胃体１例,胃窦１例,胃窦及胃体部２例,孤立型肿块１例,弥温浸润型３例,结论：转移性胃癌是非常少见的消化道肿瘤,提高ＣＴ对该肿瘤的认识,提供临床更多的信息,对病人术前治疗计划的制定和预后的判断,预防意外的消化道穿孔和出血的发生有重要的参考价值。     

Sputum cytology in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer.

To evaluate the contribution of sputum cytology to the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer, 918 cases of lung cancer were reviewed. Of 105 patients with positive sputum cytology, 93 had other invasive procedures to establish the cell type or stage or to attempt to cure the disease. In 12 patients the presence of positive sputum prevented further invasive evaluation. Thus, the real benefit of sputum cytology was reduced to 12 patients, or little over 1% of the total number of lung cancer patients. It is concluded that sputum cytology is not an effective diagnostic approach to suspected lung cancer. It rarely precluded invasive proceudres because it failed to contribute to the staging of the disease. Therefore, it should be used in only those patients in whom the yield of positive sputum would direct therapy other than surgery.