三维超声彩色能量多普勒血管成像对Budd-Chiari综合征第三肝门引流状况的评价

目的：评价三维超声彩色能量多普勒血管成像（3D—CPA）在Budd-Chiari综合征（BCS）患者第三肝门血管引流状况中的临床应用价值。方法：对60例BCS患者主肝静脉和第三肝门引流血管（包括右后下肝静脉及尾叶静脉）进行彩色能量多普勒血管三维重建，评价主肝静脉阻塞后肝内交通静脉及第三肝门血管的引流状况。结果：本组60例BCS患者共计180支主肝静脉中，病变主肝静脉139支，正常通畅主肝静脉41支。除43支完全闭塞的主肝静脉无血流信号外，3D—CPA清晰显示了，其余96支未完全闭塞的主肝静脉，通过数量不等、内径不同的肝内交通支汇入右后下肝静脉和／或尾叶静脉，然后经第三肝门引流入下腔静脉。交通支内径3-10mm。梗阻主肝静脉通过交通支经43支右后下肝静脉和71支尾叶静脉引流入下腔静脉。第二、三肝门的立体空间解剖关系显示明确。对肝静脉的闭塞部位显示血流信号消失，肝内交通支桥接于阻塞肝静脉与右后下肝静脉和／或尾叶静脉之间。结论：3D—CPA在BCS第三肝门的应用更直观显示了阻塞后肝静脉的血液引流状况，对临床制定治疗方案提供了更为丰富的信息。     

磁共振LAVA技术在Budd-Chiari综合征诊断及其分型中的价值

目的：探讨磁共振LAVA技术对Budd-Chiari综合征显示及其分型价值。方法：25例Budd-Chiari综合征患者行MRI检查,均采用肝脏加速容积采集序列（LAVA）,分析图像质量及显示肝静脉、下腔静脉和侧支循环。结果：14例下腔静脉型,其中12例下腔静脉闭塞或狭窄,2例下腔静脉腔内阻塞性隔膜;肝静脉型7例,混合型4例。副肝静脉增粗18例,肝内侧支循环22例,肝外侧支血管形成21例。结论：磁共振LAVA技术能清楚显示下腔静脉、肝静脉的正常解剖和各种病变,对Budd-Chiari综合征病变的程度、部分、侧支血管分布及分型具有较高的诊断价值。     

彩色多普勒血流显像加下肢静脉声学造影诊断布加氏综合征

布加氏综合征(Budd—chiari)是由于肝静脉或肝段下腔静脉梗阻导致肝静脉流出道受阻引起的综合征。诊断主要依靠X线造影.缺乏简便、有效的检查办法,栓出率较低。彩色多普勒与下肢静脉声学造影两者结合不但能显示出阻塞后肝静脉、下腔静脉血流颜色、速度、方向改变,还能根据微气泡出现的数量和消失部位,直观而准确地判断出阻塞部位。我院近一年余诊断了9例.4例经手术证实.5例与下腔静脉X线造影结果相符。报道如下。     

布加综合征的3D-CEMRA表现及诊断价值

目的：分析布加综合征（BCS）的三维对比剂增强MR血管成像（3D-CE-MRA）表现特征,探讨MRI对BCS的诊断价值.材料与方法：对39例BCS采用3.0T MR扫描仪进行常规MRI平扫及3D-CEMRA检查.观察肝静脉（HV）、下腔静脉（IVC）和门静脉（PV）的开放性,观察有无肝内外侧支循环、门静脉-体静脉间曲张静脉和肝实质病变.其中,17例行超声检查,10例行DSA检查,12例行CT检查.结果：39例BCS中,IVC阻塞型（Ⅰ型）6例,HV阻塞型（Ⅱ型）5例,混合性阻塞型（Ⅲ型）28例;39支IVC中,MRI清晰显示34支IVC阻塞（膜性阻塞15例,节段性阻塞19例）;117支HV中,MRI显示62支HV阻塞（肝右静脉24支,肝中静脉17支,肝左静脉21支）.MRI直接征象表现为HV和/或IVC狭窄、闭塞;间接征象表现为HV和/或IVC阻塞远端血管扩张,肝大、尾叶肿大、脾大,肝内侧枝血管,副HV,肝外侧枝血管,肝硬化,肝癌和肝脏其他占位特别是第二肝门周围占位,腹水,IVC和HV血栓形成.结论：MRI能直接显示HV和/或IVC阻塞的部位、程度及侧枝循环情况,MRI可作为诊断BCS的一种优选的非侵袭性的影像学检查方法.     

布-加综合征肝脏病理学与肝静脉和下腔静脉阻塞类型的相关性研究

目的:探讨布-加综合征肝脏病理学改变与肝静脉、下腔静脉病变的关系。方法:27例布-加综合征患者术前行彩超检查,术中常规行下腔静脉造影和选择性肝静脉造影或经皮肝穿刺肝静脉造影了解肝静脉、下腔静脉阻塞情况;影像引导下经皮肝穿刺组织活检了解肝脏病理学变化。根据病变累及血管分为肝静脉型、下腔静脉型、肝静脉和下腔静脉混合型;根据血管阻塞程度将其分为狭窄型和完全闭塞型。将肝脏病理学改变与肝静脉、下腔静脉阻塞情况进行相关性分析。结果:25例穿刺组织达满意组织学诊断要求,其中肝静脉阻塞型11例,下腔静脉阻塞型4例,肝静脉和下腔静脉混合阻塞型10例;狭窄型7例,完全闭塞型18例。肝纤维化程度与血管阻塞程度密切相关;肝血窦扩张和肝细胞变性与血管阻塞程度无关,肝脏病变与阻塞部位无相关性。结论:肝静脉和下腔静脉阻塞对肝脏的损害程度是一致的,血管阻塞程度较阻塞部位对肝脏损害的影响更大。     

经皮肝穿刺肝静脉成形术治疗肝静脉阻塞型Budd-Chiari综合征的临床研究

目的：探讨经皮肝穿刺入路肝静脉腔内成形治疗肝静脉型Budd—Chiari综合征（BCS）的可行性和中远期疗效。方法：1996年9月-2006年10月收治单纯肝静脉阻塞型及肝静脉阻塞伴有下腔静脉阻塞型B-CS患者101例，男52例，女49例；平均年龄31.3岁（15～57岁）。透视下首先行经皮肝穿刺入路肝静脉造影，明确阻塞部位、程度及侧枝循环形成情况，再行阻塞段开通及球囊扩张或支架成形术治疗。结果：肝右静脉球囊扩张66例，支架植入2例；肝左静脉球囊扩张11例；副肝静脉球囊扩张13例，技术成功率91％（92／101）。随访74例，术后6个月、1年和2年的受干预血管的初始再通率分别为83．78％（62／74）、78．38％（58／74）和76．47％（39／51），其辅助再通率分别为94．59%（70／74）、91．89％（68／74）和84．31%（43／51）。围手术期急性肝静脉血栓形成3例，肝穿刺道出血2例，肝包膜下血肿1例，肺栓塞1例，均经保守治疗痊愈，无致死性并发症发生。结论：采用经皮肝穿刺入路肝静脉腔内成形技术治疗膜性或节段性肝静脉型BCS技术简单、安全、有效，其中远期效果令人满意。     

Budd-Chiari综合征肝静脉病变的超声分型诊断

目的：探讨Ｂｕｄｄ－Ｃｈｉａｒｉ综合征（Ｂ－ＣＳ）的肝静脉病变特点。方法：对１２５例Ｂ－ＣＳ患者的肝静脉声像图进行分析,全部病例均经下腔静脉造影、选择性肝静脉造影或经皮肝穿刺肝静脉造影证实并行手术或介入治疗。结果：根据病因及声像图表现将其分为五型,即隔膜阻塞、节段阻塞、长段闭塞、血栓形成及外压性肝静脉阻塞型。结论：超声检查可显示主肝静脉阻塞部位、程度、范围及侧支循环状态,对Ｂ－ＣＳ的诊断、分型及治疗方案的选择具有重要意义,是筛选和诊断肝静脉阻塞型Ｂ－ＣＳ的首选方法。     

Budd-Chiari综合征的常规超声及超声造影特征

目的 探讨Budd-Chiari综合征的超声造影特征及临床价值.方法 回顾性分析32例BCS患者的二维超声、彩色多普勒超声和超声造影检查资料,重点观察下腔静脉、肝静脉血流显影的特点,全部患者经血管造影、介入或手术治疗证实.结果 BCS超声造影特征性表现为:下腔静脉和(或)肝静脉狭窄处局部血流形态变窄,阻塞处局部无增强;肝后段下腔静脉显影延迟或不显影,当狭窄或阻塞经治疗改善或解除后,肝后段下腔静脉显影时间明显缩短;三支肝静脉主支之间狭窄支与正常支显影时间无明显区别;能良好显示血管内血流边缘,有利于显示狭窄段管腔内形及腔内血流束的走行;能较好显示血管支架内血流信息;不存在角度依赖性,可提高低流量、低流速血流信号的检出率;不能提供血流方向的信息.结论 超声造影能良好显示下腔静脉、肝静脉狭窄或阻塞的部位、范围和程度,尤其适用于下腔静脉或肝静脉阻塞与重度狭窄的鉴别,这对手术方式的选择、治疗效果的判断和术后随访具有重要价值.     

B-TFE与3D DCE-MRA联合应用在布加综合征诊断中的价值

目的探讨B-TFE与3D DCE-MRA联合应用在布加综合征（BCS）诊断中的价值。材料与方法搜集经DSA证实的布加综合征患者32例,其中8例为单纯下腔静脉阻塞,2例为单纯肝静脉阻塞,22例为下腔静脉阻塞伴肝静脉阻塞。32例患者均行B-TFE和3D DCE-MRA检查,分析两种方法及联合应用时对BCS及其侧支循环的显示情况。结果 B-TFE正确诊断8例下腔静脉阻塞、18例下腔静脉阻塞伴肝静脉阻塞和2例肝静脉阻塞,总检出率为87.5%（28/32）;3D DCE-MRA正确诊断8例下腔静脉阻塞、19例下腔静脉阻塞伴肝静脉阻塞和1例肝静脉阻塞,总检出率为93.8%（30/32）。B-TFE共显示个193侧支循环,3DDCE-MRA则显示248个侧支循环。两者结合准确诊断全部BCS及其肝内外侧支循环。结论联合应用B-TFE和3DDCE-MRA是诊断BCS的理想方法。I     

电子束CT增强双期扫描和血管重建对Budd-Chiari综合征的评价

目的 分析Budd-Chiari综合征的CT增强双期扫描影像学征象，评价血管三维重建的临床意义。方法 32名患者CT扫描增强动脉期延迟时间为30s，门脉期延迟时间为70s。血管三维重建方式为表面阴影遮盖法(SSD)和多平面重建法(MPR)。所有患者均进行了下腔静脉数字减影血管造影。结果 下腔静脉梗阻：隔膜性5例，闭塞性15例，狭窄性12例。肝静脉完全梗阻10例，不完全梗阻14例。可发现有两种肝外侧支循环形成，其中10例有肝内侧支循环形成。SSD法血管重建可显示血管和侧支循环总体情况，而MPR法可多角度直接显示血管。结论 电子束CT增强双期扫描和血管三维重建可全面评价Budd—Chiari综合征的血管和器官病变状况。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.