HPLC—MS测定十味龙胆花颗粒中的龙胆苦苷和小檗碱

目的：建立一种快速灵敏的同时测定十味龙胆花颗粒中的有效成分龙胆苦苷和小檗碱的HPLC—MS方法。方法：样品用50％甲醇溶液超声提取，采用Zorbax SBC18（4．6mm×250mm，5μm）色谱柱，以含0．2mmol·L^-1醋酸钠的1％醋酸水溶液（A）-甲醇（B）为流动相进行梯度洗脱（0～10min，33％B；19min，60％B；19．01min，80％B），流速0．8mL·min^-1；在ESI正离子模式下，采用选择性离子监测方法（0—14min，m／z 379；14～22min，m／z 336）。结果：龙胆苦苷、小檗碱的线性范围分别为0．030～30．0μg·mL^1（r=0．9992）和0．004～10．0μg·mL^-1（r=0．9990），检出限分别为0．010μg·mL^-1和0．0013μg·mL^-1样品加样回收率为99．2％～103．3％，日内、日间精密度试验的RSD均低于5％。结论：方法快捷、准确，重复性好，可用于药品十味龙胆花颗粒的分析。     

HPLC—ELSD法测定泽泻药材与饮片中2种有效成分的含量

目的：建立测定泽泻药材与饮片中24-乙酰泽泻醇A和23-乙酰泽泻醇B含量的HPLC—ELSD方法。方法：Alltima C18色谱柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm）；流动相：甲醇-水（84：16）；流速：0．5mL·min^-1；蒸发光散射检测器漂移管温度为60℃，雾化气体流速为1．4L·min^-1。结果：24-乙酰泽泻醇A和23-乙酰泽泻醇B的线性范围分别为4．2～105μg·mL^-1（r=0．9980），4．6～115μg·mL^-1（r=0．9991），平均回收率分别为99．9％（RSD小于1．9％），100．7％（RSD小于1．0％）。结论：该方法简便、准确、重复性好，可作为测定泽泻药材与饮片中24-乙酰泽泻醇A和23-乙酰泽泻醇B的有效方法。     

大鼠血浆中白藜芦醇衍生物（BTM-0512）药代动力学研究

建立RP—HPLC法测定大鼠血浆中白藜芦醇衍生物3，5，4′-O-三甲基白藜芦醇（BTM-0512）浓度的方法并进行药代动力学研究，为该化合物的进一步开发提供实验依据。方法：取血浆样品，以乙腈沉淀蛋白，用Hypersil C18柱（5μm，250mm×4．6mm）分离，己烯雌酚为内标，乙腈-水（65：35）为流动相，流速1．0mL·min^-1，检测波长319nm。结果：BTM-0512的线性范围为0．01～10．0μ·mL，r〉0．999；日内、日间精密度RSD小于10．0％；相对回收率在98．2％～101．3％之间，最低检出限为0．005μg·mL^-1，最低定量限为0．01μg·mL^-1。结论：本方法灵敏度高，操作简便、准确，经方法学确证和稳定性评价，可用于大鼠血浆中BTM-0512的测定及药代动力学研究。     

高效液相色谱法测定祖师麻风湿膏中桂皮醛的含量

目的：建立祖师麻风湿膏中桂皮醛含量测定的方法。方法：采用Hypeirsil BDS色谱柱（4．6mm×250mm，5μm），以甲醇-水（65：35）为流动相，流速1．0mL·min^-1，柱温为30℃，检测波长285nm，对硝基苯酚为内标物。结果：桂皮醛浓度在0．4～4μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好，r=0．9998；平均回收率（n=5）为97．5％，RSD为1．0％。结论：本法操作简便，结果准确，可用于祖师麻风湿膏的质量控制。     

RP—HPLC法测定猪血浆中头孢喹肟浓度

目的：建立测定头孢喹肟血药浓度的RP—HPLC法。方法：血浆样品经乙腈沉淀蛋白后取上清进样测定，色谱柱为C18柱（150mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为磷酸盐缓冲液（0．83％磷酸用三乙醇胺调pH为2．8）-乙腈（86：14），流速为1mL·min^-1，检测波长270nm，柱温25℃。结果：头孢喹肟血药浓度在0．05—20μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9994）；最低检测限为0．05μg·mL^-1；方法回收率88．0％～96．8％；日内RSD和日间RSD均小于10％。结论：方法快速简便、灵敏准确，适用于头孢喹肟在动物体内的药物动力学研究。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸苯乙双胍的有关物质

目的：建立高效液相色谱法测定盐酸苯乙双胍的有关物质。方法：采用Phenomenex—ODS—C18色谱柱（250mm×4．60mm，5μm）；以甲醇-5mmol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（含有10mmol·L^-1十二烷基磺酸钠，用磷酸调节pH至3．5±0．05）（72：28）为流动相；流速1．0mL·min^-1；检测波长216nm；柱温：室温。结果：盐酸苯乙双胍的线性范围为3～300μg·mL^-1，r=0．9999，检测限为0．5ng，精密度为0．4％；双氰胺的线性范围为0．05～0．3μg·mL^-1，r=0．9999，检测限为0．15ng，精密度为0．6％。结论：本方法简便可靠，灵敏度高，重现性好，可用于盐酸苯乙双胍的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中羟苯磺酸钙的浓度

目的：建立测定人体内羟苯磺酸钙血浆药物浓度的高效液相色谱法。方法：Diamonsil C18色谱柱（200mm×4．6mm，5μm）；流动相：乙腈-10mmol·L^-1醋酸铵（含0．3％三乙胺，用冰醋酸调节pH为3．5）（7：93），流速为1．0mL·min^-1，柱温为40℃，检测波长305nm。结果：羟苯磺酸钙在0．36～22．78μg·mL^-1（r^2=0．9998）范围线性关系良好，最低定量限为0．36μg·mL^-1，提取回收率大于50％，日内和日间RSD均小于10％。结论：此方法能够简便、高效、快速和灵敏地检测健康志愿者血浆中的羟苯磺酸钙，可用于羟苯磺酸钙药物代谢动力学研究。     

高效液相色谱法测定beagle犬血浆中神衰果素的浓度

目的：建立高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定beagle犬血浆中神衰果素的含量的方法。方法：色谱柱采用Diamon-sil ODS C18柱（4．6mm×150mm，5μm），以乙腈-甲醇-0．02mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钠缓冲液（1：9：90）（磷酸二氢钠缓冲液用磷酸调pH3．0）为流动相，原儿茶醛为内标；流速为1．0mL·min^-1；柱温为30℃；检测波长为270nm。结果：HPLC法测定beagle犬血浆中神衰果素的线性范围为21．3-4260μg·L^-1，r=0．9995.低（42．6μg·L^-1）、中（426μg·L^-1）、高（2130μg·L^-1）3个质量浓度的方法回收率分别为（96．7±13．5）％，（95．6±7．6）％，（99．9±1．4）％，日内、日间RSD均小于15％；分析方法的最低定量限为21．3μg·L^-1。结论：本方法适用于神衰果素血药浓度测定和药动学研究。     

高效液相色谱法测定注射用硫酸头孢匹罗的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定注射用硫酸头孢匹罗的含量。方法采用ODS2色谱柱（5μm，4．6mm×200mm），乙腈-pH3．6磷酸盐缓冲液（称取枸橼酸1．42g、磷酸氢二钠4．36g加水溶解并稀释至1000mL）（12：88）为流动相，流速1．0mL·min^-1，检测波长265nm，外标法计算含量。结果硫酸头孢匹罗在12．5μg·mL^-1～125μg·mL^-1的浓度范围内，线性关系良好，回归方程A=48．00C＋26．15，r=0．9999；系统精密度RSD为0．098％（n=6）。结论本方法操作简便、快捷，方法的精密度、准确度均能很好地满足质量控制的要求。适合于注射用硫酸头孢匹罗的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定氨酚比林注射液的含量及有关物质

目的：采用高效液相色谱法测定氨酚比林注射液的含量及有关物质对氨基酚。方法：采用Liehrospher C18（5μm，4．6mm×250mm）色谱柱，柱温30℃，以甲醇-水-冰醋酸（40：60：0．3）为流动相，流速1．0mL·min^-1，检测波长273nm。结果：在含量测定项下，对乙酰氨基酚在30．08～270．72μg·mL^-1浓度范围内呈良好线性（r=0．9999），平均回收率（n=9）为100．5％；安替比林在37．51-337．57μg·mL^-1浓度范围内呈良好线性（r=0．9999），平均回收率（n=9）为99．7％。对乙酰氨基酚、安替比林与对氨基酚分离度良好。结论：该法快速简便，分离度好，结果准确可靠。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.