足内侧穿支皮瓣设计的解剖基础

目的    为足内侧穿支皮瓣的临床应用提供解剖基础。  方法　对8侧乳胶灌注的成人下肢标本足内侧区进行显微解剖,观测各穿支血管的位置、数目、外径、蒂长及吻合等情况。  结果　足内侧区皮肤的血供有：足底内侧动脉、内踝前动脉、跗内侧动脉和母趾胫侧动脉。足底内侧动脉浅支穿母展肌在舟骨粗隆附近浅出,外径（1.08±0.20）mm;深支从母展肌和趾短屈肌的间隙内向足底内侧平均发出5.3支穿支,平均外径（0.63±0.25）mm,蒂长（0.93±0.31）cm;内侧深支的内侧支由舟骨粗隆前（1.92±0.61）cm处从母展肌上缘浅出至足内侧。母趾胫侧动脉从第一跖趾关节近侧（2.03±0.56）cm处穿出至足内侧。足底内侧动脉浅支、内侧深支的内侧支与内踝前动脉、跗内侧动脉吻合形成展肌上缘动脉弓,动脉弓的远端与母趾胫侧动脉相吻合。  结论　足内侧穿支皮瓣可设计以不同的穿支为蒂进行带蒂转移,修复前足、踝部及足跟周围软组织缺损,也可设计游离皮瓣修复手指掌侧软组织缺损。     

三维可视化重建 展肌上缘动脉弓为蒂的可移植岛状皮瓣

背景：目前以 展肌上缘动脉弓为蒂的岛状皮瓣设计依赖于临床医生的抽象思维,难以定量分析和交流学习,使其在临床上的推广使用受限。 目的：对 展肌上缘动脉弓为蒂的岛状皮瓣进行三维可视化重建,建立该皮瓣动脉的可视化模型。 方法：选取新鲜成人标本1具,经胫前动脉与胫后动脉行明胶-氧化铅混悬液灌注后,足部64排CT扫描,并通过mimics10.0软件重建内踝前动脉、跗内侧动脉、足底内侧动脉浅支及其吻合支,观察 展肌上缘动脉弓的形成、走形与分布情况。根据解剖结构的特点,对皮肤及其血管进行重建,获得立体形态的动脉皮瓣结构。 结果与结论：三维重建的各部位层次分明, 展肌上缘动脉弓显示良好、实体感强、皮肤和动脉的相互关系一目了然,在三维重建的图像中清楚的观察各解剖结构的形态,特别是 展肌上缘动脉弓的形成及其体表投影得到了很好的显示。结果表明 展肌上缘动脉弓为蒂的岛状皮瓣三维重建对基础研究、临床试验及手术规划具有重要价值,为临床个性化手术方式的选择提供直观的参考,从而提高手术成功率。     

足内缘动脉弓为蒂的足内侧岛状皮瓣应用解剖

目的　为足内侧岛状皮瓣修复足底外侧皮肤缺损提供解剖学依据。   方法　35侧成年尸体足标本,经动脉灌注红色乳胶,在手术显微镜下(×10)解剖观测母展肌上缘动脉弓与足底内侧动脉深支内侧支吻合的位置、外径及长度。  结果  　母展肌上缘动脉弓与足底内侧动脉深支内侧支在内侧楔骨内侧有一较恒定的吻合,并把这一吻合支暂命名为足内缘动脉弓。形成足内缘动脉弓占82.8%（29侧）,吻合处外径为(0.65±0.21)mm,长度为（2.63±0.71）mm;未发现吻合动脉弓占17.2%（6侧）。  结论　以足内缘动脉弓为蒂的足内侧岛状皮瓣可以修复足底外侧皮肤缺损。     

以内踝前血管为蒂胫骨远端内侧骨膜瓣移位术的应用解剖

目的：为内踝前血管胫骨远端内侧骨膜瓣移位术提供解剖学依据。方法：30侧经动脉灌注红乳胶成年下肢标本，观测内踝前动脉的来源、走行、分支分布、邻近吻合及胫骨远端内侧面的骨膜血管结果：内踝前动脉起于胫前动脉或足背动脉，紧邻胫骨前肌腱内侧行向前内，在楔骨内缘与足底内侧动脉浅支．或跗内侧动脉后行支形成吻合。动脉滞途发出3～6支外径为03～1．0mm的内踝骨膜支，分布内踝区骨膜，并与其它来源的胫骨远端内侧而骨膜动脉相吻合。结论：以内踝前血管为蒂的胫骨远端内侧骨膜瓣，顺行移位可修复胫骨远端骨不连，顺行或逆行移位可用于修复距骨颈骨折和距骨体缺血性坏死。     

足底的血管构筑与跖弓皮瓣、肌皮瓣对足跟缺损的修复

目的：用跖弓皮瓣、肌皮瓣足跟缺损、提供足底三套血管网分布特点的解剖学依据。方法：在２０例福尔马林、４例红色乳胶灌注的成人尸体标本上、观察足底内、外侧动脉的起始、行径、分支及其吻合情况。结果：足底共有三套血管网供血：１．足底内侧动脉的内、外侧支在嘴展肌深面分支分布,形成足底内侧血管网。２．足底内侧动脉外侧支与足底外侧动脉的分支在足底腱膜与趾短屈肌之间吻合形成足底浅弓。３．足底内侧动脉的内侧支与足底外     

足背内侧动脉网的解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的了解足背内侧动脉网的血供基础,为足背内侧皮瓣的设计提供解剖学依据。方法解剖20侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人足标本,观察足背内侧动脉网的血供来源、分支、分布及吻合情况。结果足背内侧动脉网的血供主要源于以下4个方面:(1)内踝前动脉的足背内侧皮穿支;(2)跗内侧动脉发向足背内侧的皮穿支;(3)足底内侧动脉浅支和足底内侧深支向足背内侧发出的皮穿支;(4)母趾胫侧底动脉沿母展肌上缘发出的皮穿支。结论根据足背内侧动脉网的解剖学特点,可设计足内侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣和足内侧筋膜蒂皮支链皮瓣2种类型的带蒂皮瓣。     

足内侧皮瓣血供的应用解剖学

目的：提供足内侧皮瓣血供来源、类型和临床应用资料。方法：用３０侧成人下肢和１５侧童尸下肢动脉铸型标本作观测。结果：皮瓣的轴心血管是内踝前血管、跗内侧血管及二者的前、后支与趾底内侧血管浅支和足底内侧血管浅支吻合成的血管弓。这些血管的皮支吻合丰富。内踝前动脉、跗内侧动脉和前、后支外径分别为１．５ｍｍ、１．２ｍｍ、０．７ｍｍ和０．８ｍｍ。结论：以上述轴心血管为蒂的足内侧皮瓣，可修复足背、足跟、足前部及踝周围皮肤缺损。临床应用７例，效果良好。     

足内侧逆行皮瓣的解剖及其临床应用

５０侧成人下肢标本，解剖了足内侧区的动脉及吻合情况。足底内侧动脉深支、浅支、内踝前动脉、跗内侧动脉，平均有４．８支、８．１支、６．０支、３．０支外径在０．２～０．８ｍｍ之间的皮支分布足内侧区。上述动脉循第１跖骨内侧至其中段，穿入与跖底动脉或足底深支吻合，出现率分别为５２％、２４％、１６％、８％，吻合支外径０．７±０．２ｍｍ。设计以吻合支为蒂的足内侧逆行皮瓣，可修复趾背、趾底、足背、足底远侧区的皮肤缺损。临床应用１例，效果满意。     

足内侧皮瓣的应用解剖

解剖观测了30侧成人下肢足内侧区皮肤血管.足底内侧动脉深支、浅支、内踝前动脉和跗内侧动脉,分别发4.5(3～8)支、7.4(3～12)支、5.9(2～12)支和2.8(1～6)支,外径在0.2～0.8mm之间的皮支分布足内侧区,动脉间吻合恒定.经选择性动脉注射显示,皮瓣面积约为9×6cm～10×8cm.以上述动脉为蒂的足内侧皮瓣,可转位修复内踝、跟腱、足跟和足底远侧区的软组织缺损,临床应用了12例均获得成功.     

带血管蒂胫骨远端骨膜瓣的临床解剖学研究

目的：为设计带血管蒂胫骨远端骨膜瓣提供解剖学依据。方法：30侧经动脉灌注红乳胶成年下肢标本，观测胫骨远端内侧面、前外侧面骨膜血管的起源、走行、分支分布及与邻近动脉的吻合关系。结果：胫骨远端内侧面骨膜血管来自内踝前动脉的骨膜支3～6支，外径0．3～1．0mm。胫骨远端前外侧面骨膜血管来自外踝前动脉的骨膜支1～3支，外径0．4～0．8mm；腓动脉穿支降支的骨膜支2～4支，外径0.5～1.0mm。内踝前动脉在楔骨内缘与足底内侧动脉浅支、跗内侧动脉吻合；腓动脉穿支降支循外踝前外侧下行与外踝前动脉吻合，并沿腓骨短肌腱的前缘前行，终支与跗外侧动脉、跟外侧动脉相吻合。结论：以内踝前血管为蒂的胫骨远端内侧骨膜瓣和以外踝前血管为蒂的胫骨远端前外侧骨膜瓣，可移位修复距骨颈骨折不连和距骨体缺血性坏死。     

足背外侧动脉链岛状皮瓣的应用解剖

目的　探讨足背外侧动脉链的组成,为施行足背外侧动脉链岛状皮瓣手术提供解剖依据。 方法　用48侧成尸足,解剖观测外踝后动脉跟外侧支、外踝前动脉降支、跗外侧动脉与第四跖背动脉的外径、走行、吻合和分布范围。 结果　外踝后动脉跟外侧支为腓动脉的终末支,外径（1.0±0.3）mm。外踝前动脉降支外径（1.3±0.3）mm,沿外踝前缘向下走行,在外踝尖的水平分为前、后支,后支与跟外侧支吻合,占97.9%,吻合处的外径（0.8±0.3）mm;前支与跗外侧动脉吻合,占91.6%,吻合处外径（0.6±0.2）mm;跗外侧动脉发出分支与弓形动脉或第4跖背动脉吻合,占95.8%,吻合处的外径（0.6±0.2）mm。足背外侧皮神经与足背中间皮神经司足背外侧皮肤的感觉。 结论　上述4条动脉吻合形成足背外侧动脉链,扩大了足背外侧皮瓣的切取面积,增加了临床应用的灵活性。     

内踝区动脉网的显微解剖与隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣的设计

目的：为隐神经营养血管远端蒂皮瓣设计提出解剖学依据。方法：30侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成年下肢标本，解剖观测内踝区动脉来源、分支、分布及吻合。结果：内踝区动脉有9个来源，构成3条纵向的血管网：(1)内踝前动脉和踝上支的前纵向血管网；(2)骨皮穿支的中纵向血管网；(3)胫后动脉肌间隙支和踝管动脉穿支的后纵向血管网。形成3个层面的血管网：(1)骨膜血管网；(2)深筋膜血管网；(3)皮神经浅静脉血管网。内踝区骨膜、筋膜、大隐静脉、隐神经和皮肤的营养血管同源。结论：内踝区血供来源为多源性，有明显的方向性，吻合十分丰富，可以设计3种包含浅深筋膜、皮神经、浅静脉及其营养血管的小腿内侧远端蒂皮瓣：(1)以胫后动脉肌间隙支为蒂，旋转轴点在内踝最凸出点上3cm；(2)以内踝前动脉筋膜穿支为蒂；(3)以踝管区动脉穿支为蒂，旋转轴点在内踝最凸出点平面。     

The medial malleolar network a constant vascular base of the distally based saphenous neurocutaneous island flap

Based on 30 fresh cadaver dissections a detailed anatomic study of the medial malleolar network is presented with particular attention to the anastomoses between the latter and the vascular axis that follows the saphenous nerve. The medial malleolar network is formed by the anterior medial malleolar artery, branches from the medial tarsal arteries, the posterior medial malleolar artery and branches from the medial plantar artery. A distinct anterior medial malleolar artery and posterior medial malleolar artery could be identified in 80 and 20%, respectively, as well as constant additional small branches arising from the anterior tibial or posterior tibial artery. A constant anastomosis was found between the arcade formed by the medial tarsal arteries and the medial plantar a. in 60%, and the medial branch of the medial plantar artery in 40%, respectively. This anastomosis always gave rise to branches to the medial malleolar network. In the perimalleolar area and with regard to the great saphenous v. a larger anterior and a smaller posterior branch of the saphenous nerve was found in 100 and 90%, respectively. In all dissections, for both branches of the saphenous nerve two to four small, but distinct anastomoses between the medial malleolar network and the perineural vascular axis were identified. These constant anastomoses represent a new and reliable vascular base for the distally-based saphenous neurocutaneous island flap. Thus, the pivotal point of the flap can be chosen in the area of the medial malleolus without respecting the most distal septocutaneous anastomosis between the perineural vascular axis and the posterior tibial artery. Additionally, an illustrative clinical case is presented.     

On the a. malaris of the goat (Capra hircus)

Detailed observations were made of the a. malaris in 25 adult goats by means of the acryl plastic injection method and the findings obtained were evaluated in comparison with those for other mammals. The malar artery arose from the superior wall of the infraorbital artery, lateral to the infraorbital nerve and superomedial to the maxillary tuber, independently or rarely in common with the superior alveolar artery. It first passed anterolaterally in the sulcus malaris on the superior surface of the lacrimal bulla and gave rise to the third palpebral branch independently or rarely in common with the inferior oblique muscular branch beneath the obliquus inferior muscle, and also the main and accessory inferior oblique and the maxillary sinus branches. The third palpebral branch gave off the periosteal, the conjunctive, the supero- and inferolateral branches. After the malar artery gave off the zygomatic branch on the orbital surface of the zygomatic bone, it passed anterosuperiorly up to the incisura malaris at the medial end of the infraorbital margin of the lacrimal bone and gave off the medial superior and inferior palpebral arteries or a common trunk between them. It continued to pass forwards as the nasal radical branch after giving off the infraorbital marginal branch and anastomosed with the nasal dorsal branch of the superficial temporal artery. The medial inferior palpebral artery formed the inferior palpebral arterial arch by anastomosing with the lateral inferior palpebral artery of the superficial temporal at the lateral canthus. The inferior palpebral marginal, the ocular orbicular muscular and the conjunctive branches diverged from the above arterial arch. The medial superior palpebral artery gave off the lacrimal canalicular and the nasolacrimal canal branches and anastomosed with the lateral superior palpebral artery or the frontal branch of the superficial temporal at the medial canthus. The characteristic features of the malar artery in the goat were thus the third palpebral branch occasionally diverging from the external ophthalmic artery of the maxillary artery, a main and several accessory inferior oblique muscular, the maxillary sinus branches and the zygomatic branches.     

带血管蒂的足内侧复合组织瓣局部转位术的应用解剖

目的:为一期修复踝足部的复合组织缺损提供一种足内侧复合组织瓣。方法:利用40侧动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人足标本,解剖观察足内侧区动脉来源、口径、走行、分支及分布情况;3侧新鲜足标本观测复合瓣的大小及摹拟转位手术。结果:内踝前动脉、跗内侧动脉及足底内饲动脉深、浅支在走行中分别发出若干皮支、肌支和骨膜支供血足底内侧区诸结构,且相互问形成广泛、恒定的吻合,连同其相伴的静脉和神经共同形成带血管蒂的足内侧复合组织瓣。结论:带血管蒂的足内侧复合组织瓣可转位一期修复踝足部的复合组织缺损,该瓣血管多元化,转位灵活,不牺牲主要血管,手术简便安全,可一期同时修复多种组织缺损。