听小骨煮沸制取法

听小骨的制取,传统的方法是从外耳道切开鼓膜或打开中耳鼓室盖取出,但前者镫骨往往不易同时取出,而后者破坏了颅底骨的完整性,且因掌握不当容易破坏听小骨。我们在处理废尸体或头部游离标本煮骨时,同时注意到制取听小骨完整无缺。此法简便易行,现介绍如下:1.标本下锅前将外耳道塞入适量棉花,以防止煮骨过程中听小骨掉出;2.将标本煮至软组织离骨后,从锅中取出颅骨浸入水内,洗刷干净;3.用眼科镊除去外耳道棉花和软组织;4.将弯尖头探针     

胎儿骨骼标本制作方法

胎儿各骨由于没有完全骨化,制作全身骨骼标本比较困难.我们根据“应用蛋白酶制作骨标本的的方法”一文原理(解剖学杂志1989年第1期),使用缩丁醛固定成型,效果较好.蛋白酶为黄褐色粉末溶于水,使用浓度为0.3～0.5%.缩丁醛为一种白色粉末,用无水酒精稀释成粘稠状即可使用.方法(1)标本前处理:新鲜标本经剥皮和去肉后即可制作.取材以八个月以上胎儿或新生儿为宜,胎龄过小不易制成.(2)将标本浸入蛋白酶水溶液中,置入37～40℃恒温箱内,经过12～24小时软组织基本消化脱落.(3)由蛋白酶水溶液中取出标本,用自来水反复清洗去除蛋白酶在分解中产生的臭味.(4)清除残留的软组织,入1～2%过氧化氢中漂白一天,取出水洗后于通风处干燥.(5)用苯甲醇(2:1)混合液脱脂3～5日.(6)标本脱脂后入缩丁醛粘稠液中片刻取出,悬挂滴去残液整形干燥即成.注意事项 标本浸入蛋白酶水溶液内要随时观察标本变化,浸酶时间不能过长,掌握在肌肉、血管和神经及筋膜等软组织被消化,而关节韧带存留为宜.否则浸酶时间过长,各骨分离标本难以制成.用此方法制作的胎儿骨骼能保持各骨正常位置,没有骨化的部分清晰可见.     

浅谈骨磨片制作技术的改进

对于骨组织结构的了解一般是通过对骨磨片或骨切片的观察来认识的。在组织学教学中骨磨片是一个比较重要的标本,然而由于标本制作过程复杂且技术性要求较高,要制作较高质量的骨磨片并不很容易。作者通过一段时间对骨磨片制作技术的摸索,利用一些技术手段使骨磨片制作过程趋于简便,标本的质量也相对有所提高。1 骨的选择与骨片 所选用的骨为陈旧性长骨骨干,表面光滑、无细小裂缝,且略带一些油性。用纱布包绕     

显示中耳和内耳细微结构的标准化标本制作方法

目的 探索显示中耳和内耳细微结构直视标本的标准化制作方法。 方法 使用人颞骨材料,在颅内和颅底面画出标准锯路的标志线,选择细齿窄条钢弓锯,沿标志线锯开颞骨显示中耳结构。再用手握式玉石磨钻分别研磨显示内耳结构。最后完成对鼓膜、听小骨、面神经、鼓索神经和颈内动脉等结构的仿真复原,并用合页连结锯开的两半颞骨。 结果 在锯开的颞骨内可清晰显示中耳鼓室的6个壁,以及锥状隆起、咽鼓管、前庭窗和蜗窗等细微结构。磨制后的内耳可见3个打开的骨半规管和耳蜗的剖面。复原后的听骨链、面神经、鼓索神经、颈内动脉和鼓膜等结构,均以三维方式显示原有结构的特征和位置关系。由合页连结的颞骨标本,既可打开观察内部结构,也可合拢显示整体形态。 结论 采用锯开和研磨技术制作耳标本可以取得满意的结果,标准化的锯路标志和标准的定位研磨是成功制作的关键。     

骨磨片制作技术的探讨

对骨磨片镀银染色技术的摸索,针对在此过程中出现的问题,采取相对措施,使标本制作趋于简便,质量也相对有所提高.     

介绍一种制作透明胎儿骨化点标本的简易方法

在解剖学教学中 ,常常要讲到骨的发生 ,尤其在影像专业教学中甚为重要。笔者参考一些资料 ,改进了一些方法 ,制作出了 5具透明胎儿骨化点标本 ,获得了成功。现将制作的方法介绍如下 :1　选材要制作一件漂亮而透明的胎儿骨化点标本 ,最好是挑选流产死去不久、皮下无瘀瘢的新鲜胎儿标本 ,胎龄在 3～ 5个月左右。另外 ,陈旧而固定好的胎儿也行。2　方法2 .1　固定　将收集来的胎儿标本 ,放在 10 %的甲醛溶液中浸泡半月左右 ,不定时的观察标本的颜色 ,以彻底固定好为止。2 .2　漂白　首先 ,去掉胎儿组织中的色素和沉积于胎儿表面的污物 ,以便使…     

听小骨包埋标本的制作方法

听小骨小而脆,极易损坏和丢失。为便于教学应用,制作成听小骨包埋标本,有利于观察和保存。现将包埋方法简介如下:1.将取材于尸体的听小骨除去软组织,再经脱脂、漂白后凉干备用。2.取0.6×3×3cm的有机玻璃两块,在一块有机玻璃的对合面上,按听小骨的排放位置用小刀刻三个小窝,窝的大小及深度以能容纳听小骨即可。3.将两块有机玻璃的对合面用氯仿浸泡十五分钟左右,然后把听小骨放在所刻的小窝内,再在有机玻璃的对合面滴以适量的氯仿,并把     

利用局解后的新鲜骨制作骨架的方法

由于陈旧材料制作的骨架，容易破损，而随着学生数的增加骨骼标本的需要量及破损量也越来越多。每年我院的局部解剖学教学均需尸体30具左右，利用局解后的新鲜骨制作骨骼标本，既节约了原材料又避免了标本由于用陈旧材料制作而容易破损的弊病。现将利用局解后的新鲜骨制作骨架的方法介绍如下。     

三叉神经标本的制作技术和体会

现在教学过程中 ,标本的损坏率较高 ,尤其是三叉神经结构小、分支多 ,制作难度大 ,成功率低。为了提高该标本制作的质量和成功率 ,现就三叉神经的制作经验介绍如下。1　取材取一成人完整头颅 ,将脑取出 ,在眉弓和枕外隆凸作一连线 ,沿线把颅盖去掉 ,再将颅做正中矢状切面 ,最后剥除头面部的浅层结构 ,放入 10 %左右的盐酸溶液中浸泡以备用。2　方法①在标本的外侧面从眼裂到耳郭前 ,做一“U”型切口 ,用咬骨钳或骨剪将额骨及颧弓去掉直至下颌骨下缘 ;②先用刀把咬肌去掉 ,暴露下颌骨 ,再用咬骨钳、牙科钻等器械将下颌骨凿开 (小心不要将下…     

介绍一种用于包埋的听小骨染色方法

<正> 听小骨体积小,多采用有机玻璃单体包埋听小骨,我们在此基础上,将听小骨染色后再包埋,使标本更为美观,易于区别与示教,也提高了学生的学习兴趣.具体制作方法如下:1 听小骨的准备将固定过的听小骨经梯度脱水,风干备用.2 染料的选定及配制标本染色多采用油画颜料,但此方法并不适用于听小骨的染色,因油画颜料相对比较粘稠,失真较严重,并且在有机玻璃单体中会皱缩,影响标本外观.若采用组织胚胎学的染色方法,虽然效果满意,但制作过程繁琐,染色材料配制麻烦.我们经过试验以后,发现用普通墨水染色效果较好,基本上不失真,且操作简便.因听小骨体积小,故染色以浅色为宜,以免染色过深造成标本缩小的错觉.我们的经验是少用蓝黑及黑色墨水,选用纯蓝及曙红墨水.从纯蓝及曙红墨水中各取等量墨水混合,稍为摇晃一下,即可得紫红色墨水,此时紫红色墨水对染色来说还相对浓一些,可加入适量蒸馏水充分混合,用毛笔醮墨水在白纸上试到颜色满意为止.纯蓝及曙红墨水也可加入适量蒸馏水稀释.但3种颜色又需保持一定的对比效果,紫红墨水若过度稀释,则会变成近似粉红色,与曙红对比     

Photoperiodicity and the function of the hypophysis and the adrenal cortex

Summary The ACTH content of the hypophysis of rats rises from a minimum in the morning to a maximum in the evening hours. These fluctuations are associated with the diurnal rhythm of light and darkness, and are abolished under conditions of continual light or darkness for 30 days. Rhythmic fluctuations of the ascorbic acid content of the adrenals are also found, with maximum values in the evening, and these are likewise abolished by maintenance under conditions of constant illumination.Presented by Active Member AMN SSSR V. V. Parin     

Characteristics of the topographic interrelation of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum and pathology of the organs of the pancreatoduodenal area

Seventy pancreatoduodenal complexes of 55 patients with chronic pancreatitis and tumours of this zone and 15 patients died from other diseases are studies histotopographically . The pieces of the pancreatic head tissue in the medial wall of the duodenum were found in 12 cases of the first group and in 4 control cases. The pancreatic tissue consisted either of all elements of this organ or cystically dilated ducts and seemed to infiltrate different layers of the duodenum wall. Three variants of the pancreatic head structure are suggested on the basis of anatomo-topographical interrelationships of the pancreatic head and duodenum. In 12 out of 14 cases chronic pancreatitis and carcinoma of organs of this zone were combined with the variants of the pancreatic head structure, in 2 cases there was a true heterotopy . Pathogenetic significance of these variants for the development of chronic pancreatitis is discussed.     

Organization and distribution of the upper and lower esophageal motoneurons in the medulla and the spinal cord of the rat

The upper cervical esophagus is exerted on swallowing and peristalsis by somatic and visceral motoneurons, whereas the lower esophagus is exerted on only peristalsis by visceral motoneurons. We examined the origin of the esophageal motoneurons and whether there were any differences between the distributions of the upper and the lower esophageal motoneurons in the medulla and the spinal cord using cholera toxin subunit b (CTb) as the retrograde tracer. Following injection of CTb into the cervical esophagus resulted in heavy labeling of the neurons in the nucleus ambiguus including the compact (AmC), semicompact (AmS) and loose (AmL) formations, and the medial column of lamina IX at the C1-C5 levels of the cervical spinal cord corresponding to the spinal accessory nucleus. A few labeled neurons were found in the inferior salivatory nucleus, the rostral division of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX), the accessory facial nucleus and the lateral column of lamina IX at the C2 and C3 levels. All these labeled neurons showed ChAT immunoreactivity. When CTb was injected into the cut end of the unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve, many labeled neurons were found in the ipsilateral AmC, the AmL, and the bilateral medial column at the C1 and C2 levels. Following injection of CTb into the subdiaphragmatic esophagus resulted in heavy labeling of the neurons only in the AmC and the DMX. When CTb was injected into the sternomastoid muscle, many labeled neurons were found in the medullary reticular formation, the facial nucleus, the medial column at the C1-C3, C5 and C6 levels, and the lateral column at the C2, C3, C5 and C6 levels. Injections of a Fluoro-Gold into the cervical esophagus and a CTb into the sternomastoid muscle or the subdiaphragmatic esophagus in the same animal showed many double labeled neurons in the medial column of the accessory nucleus at the C1 and C2 levels, but no double labeled neurons in the AmC. These results indicated that the upper cervical esophagus is innervated by the visceral medullary vagal motoneurons as well as the somatic spinal accessory motoneurons. The lower esophagus is innervated only by the visceral medullary vagal motoneurons.     

指背腱膜滑动与近侧指间关节屈曲关系及临床意义

目的:探讨指背腱膜滑动距离与近侧指间关节(PIP)屈曲关系,为临床修复提供解剖学基础。方法:男性成人新鲜尸体标本10侧30指(示、中、环指各10指),切除手指皮肤,不破坏腱鞘、屈肌支持带、伸肌支持带、内在肌及外在肌,使肌腱保持正常的生理状态,分别测量各指中央束(CS)、侧束(LB)在PIP屈曲45°和90°时的滑动距离。结果:当PIP屈曲45°时,CS滑动距离为(2.7±0.4)mm,LB滑动距离为(2.8±0.6)mm;当PIP屈曲90°时,CS滑动距离为(4.3±0.7)mm,LB滑动距离为(4.8±0.6)mm。结论:指背腱膜滑动距离减少,严重影响手指的屈曲功能。对于指背腱膜的新鲜性损伤应予以精确修复;对于陈旧性损伤的修复应确保指背腱膜的正常滑动范围。