酮咯酸氨丁三醇预防小儿扁桃体摘除术全麻苏醒期躁动的临床观察

目的:观察酮咯酸氨丁三醇预防小儿扁桃体摘除术全麻苏醒期躁动的效果。方法:选择小儿扁桃体摘除术患者48例,随机分为治疗组和对照组各24例。治疗组患儿于手术结束前15 min给予静脉注射酮咯酸氨丁三醇注射液0.5 mg/kg,对照组患儿静脉注射等量0.9%NaCl。结果:治疗组与对照组的平均躁动评分,术毕5 min(T1)分别为(1.35±0.68)分和(2.08±0.72)分,拔管时(T2)分别为(1.80±0.73)分和(2.31±0.60)分,拔管后10 min(T3)分别为(0.96±0.45)分和(1.32±0.49)分,拔管后20 min(T4)分别为(0.73±0.42)分和(1.03±0.65)分,治疗组患儿躁动的发生率比对照组低,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患儿的呼吸频率恢复正常时间、睁眼时间、拔管时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:手术结束前15 min给予静脉注射酮咯酸氨丁三醇注射液0.5 mg/kg,可减少小儿扁桃体摘除术全麻苏醒期躁动的发生,且无明显不良反应。     

酮咯酸氨丁三醇预防七氟烷麻醉苏醒期躁动的临床观察

目的:观察酮咯酸氨丁三醇预防七氟烷麻醉苏醒期躁动的临床疗效。方法:选择年龄在45～65岁择期行腹腔镜胆囊手术患者100例,ASA I-II级,随机分为两组,每组50例。实验组手术结束前30min静脉滴注酮咯酸氨丁三醇30mg;对照组手术结束前30min静脉滴0.9%氯化钠1ml。观察两组患者自主呼吸恢复时间、苏醒时问、拔管时间。拔管后15min、30min烦躁程度评分及疼痛评分。结果:两组自主呼吸恢复时间、苏醒时间、拔管时间没有明显统计学差异(P>0.05);对照组疼痛评分及烦躁程度评分明显高于实验组(P<0.01)。结论:酮咯酸氨丁三醇可以预防七氟烷麻醉苏醒期躁动。     

地佐辛与酮咯酸氨丁三醇在颈髓过伸伤的镇痛效果比较

目的 回顾性分析比较地佐辛与酮咯酸氨丁三醇在颈髓过伸伤中不同疼痛程度的患者的镇痛效果,指导合理选择镇痛药物. 方法 回顾性分析2012年12月至2015年12月解放军第98医院80例颈髓过伸伤出现痛觉过敏患者的病历资料,以长海痛尺评分评定患者疼痛程度,长海痛尺评分≥3分为用药指征,随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组给于地佐辛7.5mg肌注,对照组给于酮咯酸氨丁三醇60mg肌注,比较2组对于不同疼痛程度患者用药后疼痛评分情况,3分以下为有效,≥3分为无效镇痛,并观察2组用药后发生的不良反应情况. 结果 从镇痛有效率比较,2组用药30min后,中重度疼痛,观察组有效率100.0%,对照组有效率94.7%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),均为有效镇痛.剧烈以上疼痛,观察组镇痛有效率95.0%,对照组有效率仅为42.9%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),地佐辛镇痛效果优于酮咯酸氨丁三醇.从镇痛前后疼痛评分比较,2组在中重度疼痛镇痛后评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组与对照组剧烈以上疼痛镇痛后评分分别为(1.32±0.99)、(3.40±2.20),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).观察组药品不良反应发生率(20.0%)高于对照组(7.5%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05). 结论 在颈髓过伸伤的镇痛治疗中,中重度疼痛可选择地佐辛或酮咯酸氨丁三醇,剧烈以上疼痛地佐辛镇痛效果明显优于酮咯酸氨丁三醇,但地佐辛不良反应率较高,因此临床用药上建议根据疼痛评分来合理选择镇痛药.     

酮咯酸氨丁三醇在预防鼻窦手术术后疼痛中的应用

目的:探讨酮咯酸氨丁三醇对鼻内镜下鼻窦手术术后早期疼痛的预防效果及安全性。方法:取60例择期行鼻内镜下鼻窦手术成年患者,随机分为酮咯酸组和芬太尼组,均采取全凭静脉麻醉,于雷米芬太尼停止泵入前15min分别静脉予以酮咯酸氨丁三醇30mg或芬太尼50μg,观察术后疼痛及出血情况。结果:两组患者术后疼痛(30min 3.2±1.3vs 3.4±1.5,60min 2.0±1.1vs2.8±2)及出血情况(鼻出血VAS评分6.6±3.1VS 5.1±3.1,痰中带血VAS评分3.1±1.8vs 3.4±1.8,更换敷料VAS评分5.2±3.5vs 4.3±3.4)差异均无统计学意义。结论:手术结束前静脉给予酮咯酸氨丁三醇可以较好的替代麻醉性镇痛药用于预防鼻内镜下鼻窦手术的成年患者术后镇痛而不增加术后出血风险。     

盐酸氢吗啡酮伍用酮咯酸氨丁三醇在老年患者术后经静脉患者自控镇痛中的应用

目的:观察盐酸氢吗啡酮伍用酮咯酸氨丁三醇在老年患者术后经静脉患者自控镇痛(PCIA)中的镇痛效果及不良反应。方法:采用随机数字表法将180例老年胆石症患者分为盐酸氢吗啡酮组(H组)、盐酸氢吗啡酮伍用酮咯酸氨丁三醇组(HT组)和酮咯酸氨丁三醇组(T组),每组60例。镇痛泵配方:H组为6 mg盐酸氢吗啡酮,HT组为3 mg盐酸氢吗啡酮及120 mg酮咯酸氨丁三醇,T组为240 mg酮咯酸氨丁三醇,均以0.9%氯化钠注射液稀释至100 ml。手术结束前15 min,患者均给予负荷量盐酸氢吗啡酮0.2 mg静脉注射,背景输注速度为2.0 ml/h,患者自控镇痛(PCA)剂量为1.0 ml,锁定时间为15 min。记录术后4、8、16、24、36、48 h镇痛(VAS)和镇静(Ramsay)评分及PCAR按压次数,以及恶心、呕吐和皮肤瘙痒发生情况;并分别于术前1 d,术后1、2、7 d采用简易精神状态检查表(MMSE)评估患者认知功能。结果:T组各时间点VAS评分、PCA按压次数均高于H组和HT组(P<0.05);H组各时间点Ramsay评分和术后1、2 d MMSE评分均高于T组和HT组,且恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒发生率更高(P<0.05);各组术后7 d MMSE评分均与术前1 d差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:盐酸氢吗啡酮伍用酮咯酸氨丁三醇在老年患者腹部手术PCIA中能够达到良好的镇痛效果,且不良反应少。     

肛瘘患者术后应用酮咯酸氨丁三醇镇痛对疼痛、生命体征和Ramsay评分的影响

目的 探讨肛瘘患者术后应用酮咯酸氨丁三醇镇痛对疼痛、生命体征和Ramsay评分的影响.方法 选择2015年5月—2016年4月进行择期肛瘘切除术的患者80例,根据镇痛方法分为曲马多组和酮咯酸氨丁三醇组,每组40例.两组均在术毕患者清醒后采用自控镇痛泵,曲马多组泵内应用曲马多,酮咯酸氨丁三醇组泵内应用酮咯酸氨丁三醇.根据视觉模拟疼痛(VAS)评分观察启动自控镇痛泵即刻(T0)、1 h(T1)、4 h(T2)、8 h(T3)、12(T4)、24 h(T5)、36 h(T6)、48 h(T7)疼痛强度、疼痛强度差、疼痛缓解度的变化;观察患者自控镇痛后6、12、24、36 h脉搏氧饱和度、心率和平均动脉压变化及T1～T7时Ramsay评分的变化.结果 两组中和重度疼痛患者T1～T7时VAS评分均低于T0(P<0.05).两组重度疼痛患者T1～T7时VAS评分、疼痛强度差和疼痛缓解度组内比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).T1时,酮咯酸氨丁三醇组重度疼痛患者VAS评分高于曲马多组(P<0.05).两组自控镇痛后36 h心率和平均动脉压均高于6 h(P<0.05).两组T6和T7时Ramsay评分均低于T1～T5(P<0.05),酮咯酸氨丁三醇组T7时Ramsay评分低于曲马多组(P<0.05).结论 肛瘘患者术后应用酮咯酸氨丁三醇,具有良好的镇痛效果,同时对心率、平均动脉压、脉搏氧饱和度无显著影响,有利于患者恢复和配合临床诊疗.     

酮咯酸氨丁三醇联合舒芬太尼用于胆囊切除患者术后静脉自控镇痛的效果观察

目的探讨酮咯酸氨丁三醇联合舒芬太尼用于胆囊切除患者术后静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)的效果。方法 80例胆囊切除患者术后PCIA均使用舒芬太尼,研究组另加酮咯酸氨丁三醇,比较两组PCIA后各时段的VAS评分及镇痛满意度。结果研究组PCIA后各时段的VAS评分明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组PCIA后48 h的镇痛满意度明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论胆囊切除患者术后PCIA应用酮咯酸氨丁三醇联合舒芬太尼镇痛效果更好,具有临床应用的价值。     

酮咯酸氨丁三醇用于妇科术后患者自控镇痛50例的临床评价

目的评价酮咯酸氨丁三醇联合吗啡用于妇科子宫切除术患者自控静脉镇痛的临床效应和不良反应。方法将100例子宫切除手术患者随机双盲分为酮咯酸氨丁三醇联合吗啡组(A组)和单纯吗啡组(B组)。手术结束前15 min开启自控静脉镇痛泵(PCIA),并于手术后不同时间点随访患者用药后呼吸和循环的变化,观察镇痛效果(VAS评分)并记录BCS舒适评分及D1/D2比值和可能出现的恶心、呕吐、尿潴留等副作用。结果两组镇痛效应无显著性差异(P>0.05),但B组恶心呕吐、尿潴留和皮肤瘙痒的发生率明显高于A组(P<0.05)。结论与单纯使用吗啡相比,酮咯酸氨丁三醇联合吗啡用于子宫切除术患者能明显降低吗啡恶心呕吐及瘙痒等副作用的发生率,并可增强吗啡的镇痛效果。     

酮咯酸氨丁三醇超前镇痛用于妇科腹腔镜手术中的效果观察

目的探讨酮咯酸氨丁三醇超前镇痛用于妇科腹腔镜手术中的效果。方法随机选择妇科腹腔镜手术患者60例,分为治疗组和对照组各30例。治疗组在手术切皮前15 min静脉注射酮咯酸氨丁三醇30 mg,对照组静脉注射同等剂量的0.9%氯化钠注射液。采用视觉模拟评分(VAS)对两组患者术后1、2、4、6、12、24h进行镇痛评分;记录两组不良反应发生情况。结果治疗组术后1、2、4、6、12、24h VAS均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组均未发生严重不良反应。结论酮咯酸氨丁三醇超前镇痛用于妇科腹腔镜手术有较好的镇痛效果,且不良反应少,值得推广。     

酮咯酸氨丁三醇用于肛瘘术后镇痛对患者不同状态疼痛评分、PCA按压次数和BCS评分的影响

目的 探讨酮咯酸氨丁三醇用于肛瘘术后镇痛对患者不同状态疼痛评分、PCA按压次数、BCS评分的影响.方法 选择2015年5月至2016年4月进行择期肛瘘切除术的患者80例,根据随机数字表分为曲马多组和酮咯酸氨丁三醇组,每组40例.2组均在术毕患者清醒后采用自控镇痛泵,曲马多组泵内应用曲马多15 mg/kg,酮咯酸氨丁三醇组泵内应用酮咯酸氨丁三醇4 mg/kg,均采用100 ml 0.9%氯化钠溶液进行稀释,泵注速度2.0 ml/h,单次追加量为0.5 ml,锁定时间15 min.观察启动PCIA泵即刻(T0)、1 h(T1)、4 h(T2)、8 h(T3)、12(T4)、24 h(T5)、36 h(T6)、48 h(T7)患者在静息状态、活动状态(变换体位、躯体活动等)视觉模拟疼痛(VAS)评分.观察患者4、8、12、24、48 h的BCS评分.观察术后患者按压自控镇痛泵的次数和用药期间不良反应发生情况.结果 曲马多组静息状态下T0 VAS评分高于T3~T7,T1高于T3~T6,T2高于T3~T7,T5低于T6、T7,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),活动状态时T3~T7 VAS评分低于T0,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).酮咯酸氨丁三醇组静息状态下T0 VAS评分高于T2~T7,T1时高于T3~T7,T2高于T3~T7,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),活动状态下T0高于T1,T3~T7,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).酮咯酸氨丁三醇组活动状态下T3~T5 VAS评分低于曲马多组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).曲马多组48 h BCS评分显著高于4、8、12 h,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),酮咯酸氨丁三醇组不同时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).酮咯酸氨丁三醇组4、8、12 h BCS评分显著高于曲马多组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而2组48 h比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).酮咯酸氨丁三醇组PCA按压次数、不良反应发生率低于曲马多组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 肛瘘患者术后应用酮咯酸氨丁三醇具有良好的镇痛作用,尤其对活动状态的镇痛效果较为明显,提高了患者的舒适度,同时不良反应发生率低,安全性较高.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.