2016至2020年上海市某三级医院肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率与抗菌药物使用强度相关性分析

目的：分析某三级综合性医院肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率与抗菌药物使用强度之间的关系,为临床合理用药提供参考依据。方法：回顾性分析2016年1月至2020年12月住院患者肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率及同期抗菌药物使用强度,使用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计分析,以Pearson进行相关性检验。结果：临床共分离肺炎克雷伯菌3017株,分离率为26.05%(3017/11580)。2016至2018年肺炎克雷伯菌对大部分抗菌药物耐药率始终保持较高水平。从2019年开始,亚胺培南和美罗培南等抗菌药物耐药率呈现下降趋势。在抗菌药物使用强度上,一代、三代头孢菌素,β-内酰胺类抗生素/β-内酰胺酶抑制剂和喹诺酮类抗菌药物使用强度呈逐年上升趋势,碳青霉烯类抗菌药物使用强度呈缓慢下降趋势。肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢唑啉的耐药率与二代头孢AUD呈正相关(P＜0.05);对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和氨苄西林/舒巴坦的耐药率与三代头孢和β-内酰胺类抗生素/β-内酰胺酶抑制剂AUD呈正相关(P＜0.05);对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和氨苄西林/舒巴坦的耐药率与碳青霉烯类AUD呈负相关(P＜0.05);头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率与喹诺酮类药物AUD呈正相关(P＜0.05)。结论：通过多个部门对抗菌药物的合理使用进行联合管控,抗菌药物耐药率在2016至2018年波动平稳,在2019年后呈下降趋势,院内管理抗菌药物合理使用初见成效,但部分抗菌药物大量使用导致耐药率仍维持较高水平,临床应继续加强抗菌药物的合理使用,做好院内管控。     

急诊留观病房病原学调查及药物敏感性分析

目的 对急诊留观病房感染病原学分布和常用抗菌药物敏感率进行调查分析,为临床合理应用抗菌药物有效控制感染提供依据。方法 对2009年7月—2012年6月杭州市第一人民医院急诊留观病房患者送检样本阳性占有率、病原菌分布及主要病原菌对常用抗菌药物敏感率采用回顾性方法进行分析。结果 分离菌株430株,痰液阳性样本占有率最高,为42.56%。主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和鲍曼不动杆菌等,检出率之和占70.00%。大肠埃希菌对头孢他啶、碳青霉烯类、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感率在75%以上,铜绿假单胞菌对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、碳青霉烯类、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、庆大霉素、阿米卡星敏感率在75%以上,肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类、阿米卡星敏感率在75%以上,鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感率在75%以上;金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对糖肽类抗菌药物和复方新诺明敏感率在75%以上。大肠埃希菌产ESBLs阳性率50.72%,肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs阳性率33.33%,产ESBLs菌对常用抗菌药物敏感率明显低于非产ESBLs菌。结论 大型综合医院急诊留观病房病原菌分布及耐药性与社区感染及医院感染均存在差别,主要病原菌耐药率均较高且呈多药耐药,碳青霉烯类、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对革兰阴性菌敏感率较高,糖肽类抗菌药物对革兰阳性菌敏感率较高,急诊医师应参考药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

2016～2018年某基层三级综合医院院内感染病原菌分布及耐药率分析

目的:回顾性调查2016~2018年某基层三级综合医院院内感染病原菌分布和对常见抗菌药物的耐药率,为临床住院患者合理使用抗菌药物提供数据参考。方法:选择该院2016~2018年院感患者作为研究对象,分析院内感染的病原菌分布及耐药情况。结果:1650例感染患者,共检出病原菌1042株。院内感染病原菌检出数量前五位的分别为大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌及金黄色葡萄球菌;院内感染部位前3位为泌尿道,手术切口和下呼吸道;大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌对氨苄西林的耐药性均为最高,对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物较为敏感。肺炎克雷伯菌除对氨苄西林的耐药情况比大肠埃希菌严重以外,对其他药物耐药率均较大肠埃希菌低。阴沟肠杆菌对头孢唑林和头孢呋辛耐药率超75%,对其余药物耐药率均低于15%。鲍曼不动杆菌对大多数抗菌药物的耐药率较高,在70%以上。铜绿假单胞菌对庆大霉素耐药率100.00%,对阿米卡星耐药率2.38%。屎肠球菌与粪肠球菌对青霉素及庆大霉素耐药率较高,均未发现对万古霉素耐药。表皮葡萄球菌及金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素、苯唑西林耐药率较高,对利奈唑胺、万古霉素和左氧氟沙星未见耐药。结论:院内感染病原菌种类较为固定,病原菌耐药形势严峻,应加强抗菌药物临床应用管理及院感防控措施,多方协作以减少耐药菌株在院内传播。     

我院2008-2010年抗菌药物应用与细菌耐药性分析

目的:了解我院抗菌药物应用及细菌耐药情况。方法:调取我院2008-2010年抗菌药物的出库数据,采用限定日剂量法分析抗菌药物应用情况;利用我院检验科2009-2010年细菌耐药监测数据,分析临床分离菌对抗菌药物耐药率。结果:头孢菌素尤其是第3代头孢菌素类应用最为频繁;同期临床分离菌以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌与葡萄球菌为主;葡萄球菌对青霉素几乎完全耐药,耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌检出比率较高,尚未见对万古霉素耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌;大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌对第3代头孢菌素已显示出较高的耐药率,但对碳青霉烯类、含β-内酰胺酶抑制剂复方制剂(除氨苄西林/舒巴坦)、头霉素类与阿米卡星等均仍敏感。结论:第3代头孢菌素有滥用倾向;临床分离菌以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌与葡萄球菌为主,细菌耐药情况比较严重,须引起重视。     

儿童肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs株的耐药性研究

目的调查我院儿童肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs株的耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法收集我院细菌室2008年1月至2009年12月临床分离非重复肺炎克雷伯菌1223株,对肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs株的感染分布及耐药状况进行统计分析。结果检出肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs株142株,检出率为11.61%。主要来源于痰液129株（90.85%）,主要分布于内科监护室69株（48.59%）、新生儿内科40株（28.17%）和呼吸内科24株（16.90%）;肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs株对亚胺培南的耐药率最低为0.00%,其次为美罗培南0.70%,对哌拉西林他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮舒巴坦的耐药率分别为5.63%、16.20%,对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、阿米卡星的耐药率分别为4.93%、5.63%、14.08%,而对氨苄西林、哌拉西林、头孢噻肟、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、头孢曲松、氨曲南的耐药率均为100.0%。结论肺炎克雷伯菌是引起儿童呼吸道感染的主要病原菌,肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs株对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、单环β-内酰胺类药物完全耐药,仅对碳青霉烯类、喹诺酮类和β-内酰胺类含酶抑制剂药物高度敏感。临床应根据药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物,以减少耐药菌株产生和控制医院感染的发生率。     

2017-2018年成都市温江区人民医院血流感染病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解成都市温江区人民医院血流感染病原菌的分布及耐药性,指导临床合理用药,减少院内感染。方法 回顾性分析2017-2018年成都市温江区人民医院血流感染病原菌的分布及耐药情况。结果 共分离出病原菌229株,其中革兰阴性菌164株,占71.62%,主要为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌;革兰阳性菌59株,占25.76%,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌;真菌6株,占2.62%。大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢菌素、复方新诺明、喹诺酮类的耐药率均较高,且呈上升趋势;对阿米卡星、米诺环素、呋喃妥因、碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率均较低,且呈下降趋势。肺炎克雷伯菌虽对多数抗菌药物的耐药率低于10%,但对大部分抗菌药物的耐药率呈上升趋势。金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素的耐药率极高,且呈上升趋势。凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对大部分抗菌药物的耐药率均较高,但对大环内酯类的耐药率呈下降趋势。葡萄球菌中均未检出耐万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺、呋喃妥因、阿米卡星菌株。结论 成都市温江区人民医院血流感染的病原菌主要为革兰阴性菌,对常用抗菌药物表现不同耐药性,临床应建立完善抗菌药物监测体系,合理使用抗菌药物。     

某院2018年-2019年31株肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药特点与抗菌药物用药频度的相关性分析

目的:分析医院肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药特点与抗菌药物用药频度的相关性,为临床合理用药提供参考.方法:选取医院2018年1月-2019年12月临床科室86例病历资料,统计其患者尿液、痰液、脓液及伤口分泌物等标本中分离出的肺炎克雷伯菌的药敏试验结果,分析其肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药特点与抗菌药物用药频度的相关性.结果:86例感染患者标本中,检出91株病原菌,其中肺炎克雷伯菌检出31株(占34.07％);药敏试验结果发现肺炎克雷伯菌对大多数头孢菌素类抗菌药物的耐药率呈逐年升高趋势,对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率相对较低,但呈逐年升高趋势,而对氨曲南、阿米卡星和左氧氟沙星的耐药率呈逐年升高趋势,但对氨苄西林、庆大霉素、妥布霉素的耐药率呈逐年递减趋势;抗菌药物用药治疗中,头孢哌酮的限定日剂量(defined daily dose,DDD)值为最高,且呈波浪式的增长趋势;头孢吡肟、阿米卡星、左氧氟沙星、亚胺培南、美罗培南的用药频度(Defined Daily Dos-es,DDDs)值较为平稳,并在一定程度上呈下降趋势;其他抗菌药物DDDs均呈上升趋势;肺炎克雷伯菌对抗菌药物产生的耐药率与氨苄西林、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、头孢唑林的DDDs值呈负相关,而与亚胺培南、美罗培南、左氧氟沙星、阿米卡星、头孢哌酮、头孢吡肟、头孢替坦的DDDs值呈正相关,与其他抗菌药物的DDDs值则无显著相关性.结论:医院患者中分离出的肺炎克雷伯菌对抗菌药物的耐药率相对较高,其耐药率与DDDs值呈一定的相关性,临床应根据实际情况合理使用抗菌药物治疗.     

EICU与非EICU院内感染病原菌差异的分析

目的：了解本院近18个月急诊重症监护病房(EICU)和非EICU患者院内感染病原体的分布差异及药敏差异。方法对急诊住院病房院内感染患者进行回顾性统计分析。结果 EICU调查例数为402例,医院感染发病率为23.88%;非EICU病房调查例数为1925例,医院感染发病率为5.30%。EICU分离出菌株259株,革兰氏阴性菌占73.36%,革兰氏阳性菌占15.06%,真菌占11.58%;非EICU分离出菌株193株,革兰氏阴性菌占65.28%,革兰氏阳性菌占21.76%,真菌占12.95%。 EICU居前三位的病原菌分别为鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌;非EICU居前三位的病原菌分别为肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、屎肠球菌。药敏显示,肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类高度敏感,对喹诺酮类敏感率跃70%;鲍曼不动杆菌对替加环素、头孢哌酮舒巴坦、阿米卡星的敏感率跃70%。结论 EICU较非EICU有较高院感率;非EICU与EICU患者院内感染均以革兰氏阴性菌感染为主;鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对大多数抗菌药物耐药。     

我院细菌耐药率变迁与抗菌药物用量的相关性研究

目的 探讨细菌耐药率变迁与各类抗菌药物使用量之间的相关关系.方法 计算2006～2009年每半年各类抗菌药物每百床日的用药频度(DDDs),以及金黄色葡萄球菌、肠球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌等六种病原菌的耐药率,采用多重线性回归的方法进行分析.结果 金黄色葡萄球菌对红霉素的耐药率与第一代头孢菌素的用量呈负相关,对克林霉素的耐药率与四环素类药物的用量呈正相关;肠球菌对氨苄西林的耐药率与广谱青霉素的用量呈负相关;大肠埃希菌对头孢他啶的耐药率与碳青霉烯类药物的用量呈正相关,对氨曲南的耐药率与喹诺酮类药物的用量呈正相关,对阿米卡星的耐药率与广谱青霉素的用量呈正相关;肺炎克雷伯菌对阿米卡星的耐药率与第四代头孢菌素的用量呈负相关,对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟的耐药率与广谱青霉素的用量呈负相关;铜绿假单胞菌对哌拉西林他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、阿米卡星的耐药率与β内酰胺酶抑制剂复合制剂的用量呈负相关;鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率与碳青霉烯类药物的用量呈正相关.结论 细菌耐药率变迁与抗菌药物用量存在相关关系.     

我院住院患儿107株肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性分析

目的:分析我院儿科病房肺炎克雷伯菌(KNP)对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药特征,为临床合理用药提供参考。方法:采用梅里埃V2-compact细菌鉴定药敏分析仪和配套鉴定药敏卡AST-GN13板对KNP进行鉴定和药敏试验,行ESBLs检测,并对其临床资料和实验结果进行回顾性分析。结果:筛选出的107株KNP对碳青霉烯类和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦敏感率最高,未出现耐药菌株;对喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类和头霉素类耐药率较低,为0.9%～19.6%;对第三代、第四代头孢菌素耐药率次之(头孢曲松除外),为26.2%和17.8%;对第一代、第二代头孢菌素和头孢曲松耐药率>50%;对氨苄西林耐药率最高,为85.1%。结论:我院儿科病房中KNP对抗菌药物呈现不同程度的耐药,临床应根据药敏试验结果合理使用抗菌药物,预防耐药菌株的产生与扩散。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.