我院3种非发酵革兰阴性杆菌耐药谱4年变迁

目的:分析我院4年来3种非发酵革兰阴性杆菌耐药谱的变化,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法:采用K-B纸片扩散法检测分析2001年7月~2005年6月我院临床标本中分离出的铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对常用抗生素的耐药性,数据结果输入WHONET5软件进行统计分析。结果:4年检出铜绿假单胞菌598株,鲍曼不动杆菌281株、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌209株。对铜绿假单胞菌耐药率低于30%的有头孢他定、阿米卡星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南等抗生素;鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南敏感率较高,对其它常用抗生素耐药率均超过50%;对嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌耐药率较低的有复方新诺明和氧氟沙星。结论:非发酵菌在我院耐药率高,常表现为多重耐药,监测非发酵菌的感染及其耐药性变化,对指导合理应用抗菌药物有重要意义。     

下呼吸道非发酵革兰阴性杆菌的耐药性分析

目的了解本地区下呼吸道感染中常见非发酵菌的菌种分布情况及耐药性，为临床合理用药提供依据。方法对本地区3家医院2004～2006年下呼吸道感染痰标本中所分离的非发酵菌，进行菌种和耐药性回顾性统计分析。结果非发酵菌前4位依次是铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、洛菲不动杆菌和嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌。非发酵革兰阴性杆菌对15种常用抗菌药呈现不同的耐药特点，其中铜绿假单胞菌除对头孢他啶、亚胺培南、妥布霉素保持较高的敏感性外，对其它抗菌药物的耐药率〉44．2％；鲍曼不动杆菌呈现多重耐药性，对多种临床常用的抗菌药物耐药率较高；而洛菲不动杆菌耐药率仍较低；嗜麦牙寡养单胞菌除对头孢他啶、替卡西林和复方新诺明耐药率较低外，其余均在66．0％以上。结论细菌耐药有一定的地区性，定期对本地区细菌耐药性进行监测。对合理使用抗菌药物，减少耐药菌株的产生和流行有重要的临床指导价值。     

2008～2013年ICU中非发酵菌属感染及药物敏感情况研究

目的分析本院2008~2013年重症监护室(ICU)中非发酵菌分布和药物敏感情况。方法回顾性分析本院ICU 2008~2013年非发酵菌属感染菌株分布和药敏试验结果。结果共检出非发酵菌1366株,占39.98%,前3位分别是铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)、鲍曼不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumanni)、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrop homnasmaltophilia);铜绿假单胞菌对美罗培南、头孢吡肟的耐药率较低,对复方新诺明、氨苄西林/舒巴坦的耐药率较高;鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南耐药率较低,对庆大霉素、氨曲南、头孢哌酮耐药率较高;嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对环丙沙星耐药率较低,对庆大霉素、氨曲南、亚胺培南、美罗培南耐药率均较高。结论铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌等是主要的非发酵菌,且对大部分抗菌药敏感性较低,应结合药敏试验结果选取敏感性较高抗菌药物,并加强致病菌耐药性监测。     

头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对346株革兰阴性杆菌抗菌活性的分析

目的：调查头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对医院常见革兰阴性杆菌的体外抗菌活性。方法：收集我院2007年1月～2009年12月从临床标本中分离到的革兰阴性杆菌346株,采用VITEK-32全自动微生物分析仪进行鉴定,用K-B纸片法对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦进行药敏实验。结果：医院肠杆菌科细菌以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、阴沟肠杆菌为主;其对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率分别为9.6%、3.2%、8.7%。非发酵菌以铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌为主,其对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率分别为33.7%、17.1%、50%。结论：除嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌外,其余革兰阴性杆菌耐药率均〈40%,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦具有很强的体外抗菌活性,是治疗革兰阴性杆菌感染的理想药物。     

非发酵菌825株临床分布特征及耐药性分析

目的 对临床分离的非发酵菌的流行情况及其对常见抗生素的耐药谱特征进行分析,指导临床合理选择抗菌药物.方法 对各类临床标本培养分离出的825株非发酵菌进行回顾性分析.结果 临床分离无重复非发酵菌825株,居前3位的非发酵菌分别是铜绿假单胞菌301株(36.48％),鲍氏不动杆菌279株(33.81％),嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌245株(26.69％).标本分布主要为痰标本580株(70.30％)、尿液105株(12.73％)和咽拭子68株(8.24％),科室分布主要为呼吸内科290株(35.15％),外科212株(25.70％),ICU125株(15.03％)；铜绿假单胞菌对复方磺胺甲恶唑、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松高度耐药,均大于85.00％；鲍氏不动杆菌对阿米卡星、氨曲南、头孢他啶耐药率相对高,均大于36.00％；但超过95.00％铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌株均对亚胺培南和美罗培南敏感.嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对头孢吡肟、亚胺培南、美洛培 南、头孢噻肟、氨曲南高度耐药,均为100.00％,但对米诺环素较敏感.结论 非发酵菌是医院感染的主要致病菌,且对抗菌药物呈多重耐药.     

重症监护病房非发酵菌感染分布特点及耐药情况分析

目的分析我院重症监护病房(ICU)非发酵菌感染分布及其耐药情况。方法对2009年1月至2011年12月,从我院ICU患者各类临床标本分离的非发酵菌株作体外药敏试验并对结果进行回顾性分析。药敏试验采用MIC法及K-B法,按CLSI 2010年版判断标准。结果共分离非发酵菌447株,其中前4位的分别是鲍曼不动杆菌207株(46.31%)、铜绿假单胞菌144株(32.21%)、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌49株(10.96%)和伯克霍尔德菌36株(8.05%)。鲍曼不动杆菌仅对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率较低,为1.55%,对亚胺培南、美洛培南耐药率分别为49.61%和53.48%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、美洛培南、阿米卡星及头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率较低,分别为25.95%、29.01%、35.11%和0.76%,嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌及伯克霍尔德菌对多种抗菌药物天然耐药,对复方新诺明,喹诺酮类药物耐药率较低。推荐临床治疗使用。结论非发酵菌是重症监护病房感染常见病原菌,对常用抗菌药物耐药情况严重。应加强耐药性监测,为临床合理应用抗生素,防止院内感染提供依据。     

开放性胫腓骨骨折感染耐碳青霉烯类非发酵菌耐药性分析

目的 研究耐碳青霉烯类非发酵菌在开放性胫腓骨骨折术后感染标本中的分布、检出率及耐药情况,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 应用ATB细菌鉴定系统鉴定细菌,K-B纸片扩散法进行体外药敏试验.结果 1890例标本检出耐碳青霉烯类非发酵菌63株,检出率为3.33%,以铜绿假单胞菌最为常见,占耐碳青霉烯类非发酵菌总数的51.30%,其次为鲍曼不动杆菌和洋葱伯克霍尔德菌,分别占22.22%和12.69%,其他包括嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌和恶臭假单胞菌、荧光假单胞菌、类产碱杆菌等.碳青霉烯类非发酵菌对β内酰胺类抗菌药物耐药率为45.9%～100.0%.结论 开放性胫腓骨骨折术后感染碳青霉烯类非发酵菌检出率较高,耐药性较强,应根据药敏情况选用抗菌药物.     

2004-2005年天津地区非发酵革兰阴性菌耐药性分析

目的：了解2004年1月-2005年12月天津地区临床分离非发酵革兰阴性杆菌的耐药状况。方法：使用纸片扩散法对天津地区5所三级甲等医院从临床分离的4064株非发酵革兰阴性杆菌进行抗菌药物敏感试验，数据分析采用WHONET5．3软件。结果：2年间天津地区临床分离非发酵革兰阴性杆菌的分离率已占革兰阴性杆菌的38．4％，并有增高趋势。从构成比来看，以铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌和嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌为主，2005年铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南敏感率70．7％，亚胺培南对鲍曼不动杆菌保持较高的抗菌活性（96．6％），其他非发酵菌对亚胺培南耐药率达50％以上。2个酶抑制复合制剂头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦（除外嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌）对非发酵菌的耐药率均在30％以下。左氧氟沙星对非发酵菌保持较高的抗菌活性。结论：非发酵菌感染呈上升趋势。地区性细菌耐药性分析有利于早期经验治疗时抗菌药物的选择。     

某医院重症监护室和普通病区非发酵菌检出情况及耐药性比较分析

目的探讨重症监护室(ICU)和普通病区非发酵菌的检出情况及耐药特点,为促进临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法统计分析某综合医院2016年1月—2020年12月ICU和普通病区非发酵菌的菌种构成及耐药性,比较其差异性。结果共分离到非发酵菌1034株,其中ICU 245株,普通病区789株。ICU和普通病区分离的非发酵菌均以鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌和洋葱伯克霍尔德菌排前4位,后3种病原菌的构成比情况在两个病区存在差异性(P<0.05)。药敏结果显示,除替加环素和氨曲南外,两个病区分离鲍曼不动杆菌对其他抗菌药物的耐药性存在明显差异,且ICU分离菌株的耐药率均高于普通病区分离菌株(P<0.05);除哌拉西林/三唑巴坦、头孢吡肟和头孢他啶外,铜绿假单胞菌对其他抗菌药物的耐药性无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论该医院临床分离的非发酵菌以鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌为主,ICU和普通病区非发酵菌对抗菌药物的耐药率存在不同程度的差异性,应引起医院抗菌药物临床应用管理相关部门的高度重视,临床药师能够在促进抗菌药物合理使用过程中发挥专业技术支撑作用。     

非发酵菌院内感染的分布和耐药性分析

目的分析导致临床感染的200株非发酵菌感染的发生情况及耐药情况,探讨其变化规律,为临床预防感染以及合理用药提供依据.方法按照《全国临床检验操作规程》鉴定到种,药敏试验按照美国NCCLS推荐的方法和规则,采用MIC法测定并比较非发酵菌对11种抗菌药物的体外抗菌活性.结果引起感染的非发酵菌中,铜绿假单胞菌占居首位,其次是鲍曼不动杆菌、嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌等.铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌对抗菌素作用强弱依次为：亚胺培南、美罗培南＞氨苄西林/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢吡肟和头孢他啶＞环丙沙星＞丁胺卡那霉素、庆大,铜绿假单胞菌对复方新诺明耐药率较高,而鲍曼不动杆菌则较为敏感.嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对抗菌素的作用依次为：氨苄西林/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦＞复方新诺明＞头孢吡肟和头孢他啶＞环丙沙星、美罗培南,亚胺培南、氨苄西林耐药率为100%.结论非发酵菌耐药性仍是目前临床上的严重问题,应经常监测本院的病原菌分布和抗菌药物的耐药特性,为临床治疗提供依据.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.