香连胶囊的制备与质量标准研究

目的制备香连胶囊并建立其质量标准。方法采用煎煮和蒸馏法提取药液,以薄层色谱法进行定性鉴别,以高效液相色谱法对制剂中盐酸小檗碱进行含量测定。结果薄层色谱法可检出黄连、木香的特征斑点,阴性对照无干扰;盐酸小檗碱进样质量浓度线性范围为2.0～80.0μg/mL(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为100.07%,RSD=0.41%(n=9)。结论该制剂制备工艺合理,质量标准可行、可靠,可用于该胶囊剂的质量控制。     

复方白头翁灌肠液质量标准研究

目的 建立复方白头翁灌肠液的质量标准。方法 采用薄层色谱法对方中白头翁、黄连、黄柏、木香等中药材进行定性鉴别；采用高效液相色谱法测定白头翁皂苷B₄和盐酸小檗碱的含量，色谱柱为Inertsustain C₁₈键合硅胶柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)，流动相分别为乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(30∶70,V/V，白头翁皂苷B₄)和乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(50∶50,V/V，盐酸小檗碱)，检测波长分别为205 nm(白头翁皂苷B₄)和254 nm(盐酸小檗碱)，柱温分别为35℃(白头翁皂苷B₄)和40℃(盐酸小檗碱)，流速为1.0 mL/min，进样量为15μL。结果 薄层色谱图中，白头翁、黄连、黄柏、木香的特征斑点均显色清晰，且阴性对照无干扰。白头翁皂苷B₄、盐酸小檗碱的质量浓度分别在91.00～910.00μg/mL(R²=0.999 4,n=6)和31.00～310.00μg/mL(R²=0.999 5,n=6...     

十一味抗异散的质量标准

目的建立十一味抗异散的质量标准.方法采用薄层色谱法鉴别金银花、牡丹皮;高效液相色谱法测定盐酸小檗碱的含量.结果薄层色谱斑点清晰,盐酸小檗碱在12～180 μg·ml-1之间呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9997),平均回收率为99.2%,RSD=O.5%(n=6).结论所建立的方法简便、准确、专属性强,可用于十一味抗异散的质量控制.     

多动安颗粒质量标准研究

目的建立多动安颗粒的质量标准。方法对处方中黄连、佛手、熟地黄、麻黄药材进行薄层色谱(TLC)法鉴别。采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定处方中盐酸小檗碱的含量,色谱柱为Agilent C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.05 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(50∶50,V/V,每100 mL中含十二烷基硫酸钠0.4 g,pH=4.0),检测波长为345 nm,柱温为35℃,流速为1.0 mL/min,进样量为10μL。结果TLC色谱图中斑点清晰,阴性对照无干扰。盐酸小檗碱进样量在0.044~0.264μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.9999);平均加样回收率为99.67%,RSD为2.70%(n=6)。结论该方法操作简便、专属性强、重复性好,可作为多动安颗粒的质量控制方法。     

双黄降糖胶囊质量标准研究

目的建立双黄降糖胶囊的质量标准。方法采用薄层色谱法鉴别方中黄芪、牡丹皮、丹参,高效液相色谱法测定黄连中盐酸小檗碱含量。结果薄层色谱法鉴别重现性好,阴性对照无干扰;含量测定盐酸小檗碱的线性范围为0.204～2.04μg(r=0.999 3),重现性好,平均回收率为98.54%,RSD为0.73%(n=6)。结论该方法准确可靠,重复性好,可作为双黄降糖胶囊的质量控制方法。     

复方黄连肠炎宁胶囊定性定量标准研究

目的建立复方黄连肠炎宁胶囊的质量标准。方法采用薄层色谱法对该制剂中黄连、黄芪、地榆、补骨脂进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定复方黄连肠炎宁胶囊中盐酸小檗碱的含量。结果薄层色谱斑点清晰、分离度好,专属性强,盐酸小檗碱在0.420 0~3.502 5μg线性关系良好,平均回收率为99.8%,RSD=0.2%(n=6)。结论所建立的方法简便可靠,重复性好,可用于复方黄连肠炎宁胶囊的质量控制。     

双柏祛瘀散质量标准的研究

摘 要 目的： 研究和提高双柏祛瘀散的质量标准。方法: 采用显微鉴别法对关黄柏、大黄、侧柏叶、穿心莲进行了显微鉴别;采用薄层色谱法对关黄柏、穿心莲、大黄进行TLC鉴别;采用HPLC法对双柏祛瘀散中关黄柏的有效成分盐酸小檗碱进行含量测定,并确定含量下限。结果: 显微鉴别方法简捷;薄层鉴别斑点清晰,且阴性对照无干扰;盐酸小檗碱含量在0.010～0.400 μg范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),加样回收率为99.51%,RSD为0.31%（n=6）。结论:该法能有效地控制双柏祛瘀散的药品质量,有利于医院制剂标准质量的提升。     

黄金膏中盐酸小檗碱的定性鉴别与含量测定

目的:建立黄金膏中盐酸小檗碱的定性鉴别与含量测定方法。方法:采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对制剂中的盐酸小檗碱进行定性鉴别,采用高效液相色谱法对制剂中盐酸小檗碱进行含量测定。色谱柱为Symmetry Shield Rp-18,流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液(50∶50,V/V),流速为1.0 ml/min,检测波长为265 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量为10μl。结果:制剂中盐酸小檗碱的TLC斑点清晰、分离度好。盐酸小檗碱检测质量浓度线性范围为2.5~20.0μg/ml(r=0.999 0);精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<3%;加样回收率为97.7%~102.1%,RSD为1.68%(n=6)。结论:该方法简便易行、准确、重复性好,可用于黄金膏中盐酸小檗碱的定性鉴别与含量测定。     

知黄溃疡合剂质量标准研究

目的建立知黄溃疡合剂的质量标准。方法采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对制剂中熟地黄、黄柏、玄参进行定性鉴别。采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法对黄柏的有效成分盐酸小檗碱进行含量测定,色谱柱为GL Sciences Inc.Intertsil ODS-3 RP C18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.05 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(30∶70,V/V),流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为265 nm,柱温为40℃,进样量为10μL。结果熟地黄、黄柏、玄参的TLC斑点清晰,分离度好;盐酸小檗碱进样量在1.08~10.8μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,平均回收率为99.83%,RSD为0.85%(n=6)。结论该方法简便可靠、准确度高、重复性好,可用于知黄溃疡合剂的质量控制。     

柑柏止痒浴液的质量标准研究

目的:建立柑柏止痒浴液的质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对处方中薄荷脑和黄柏进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定黄柏中盐酸小檗碱的含量:色谱柱为Agilent Eclipse Plus C18(100 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.03 mol/ml乙酸铵溶液(45∶55,V/V),检测波长为346 nm。结果:TLC图专属性强,阴性对照无干扰。盐酸小檗碱的质量浓度在1²00μg/ml范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 8);精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD<2%;平均加样回收率为100.28%,RSD=1.58%(n=6)。结论:所建标准可用于柑柏止痒浴液的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.