肾移植术后肝脏损害的病因分析及治疗

目的：探讨临床肾移植术后肝脏损害的病因及其诊断和治疗原则。方法：收集１９８０年１月￣１９９６年５月间所作肾移植患者中发生肝脏损害的病例２０５例４１９例次，按发病原因进行分类，并分析各种原因引起的肝脏损害的特点，治疗方法及转归。结果：药物性肝脏损害占５３．７０％，病毒性肝炎占２７．６６％，其它原因引起者占７．６４％，原因不清楚者占１０．９８％。治疗后痊愈７５．６１％，未愈１５．１２％，死亡９．２７％     

PREGNANCY AFTER RENAL TRANSPLANTATION

During the 13 year period 1971 to 1984 there were 38 pregnancies in 21 renal transplant patients at the Johannesburg Hospital. Twenty-two ended with live births and included two sets of twins; there were nine spontaneous abortions, six therapeutic abortions, and one stillbirth. Maternal complications were mild in the majority but five patients suffered deterioration in renal function, two undergoing transplant nephrectomy as a result of this. There were seven neonatal deaths, including both sets of twins; death was due to prematurity in six and congenital malformation (diaphragmatic hernia) in one. A further infant had congenital pyloric stenosis which was corrected surgically.
Pregnancies were analysed according to whether or not their outcome was successful. Those with a successful outcome had less exposure to warfarin during pregnancy (p = 0.0025) and showed a tendency towards lower immunosuppressive doses of prednisone and azathioprine although these did not reach significance.
Although these results indicate an unhappy prognosis for both the mother and fetus, two redeeming features are to be noted. Pregnancy outcome improved markedly in the latter years, possibly owing to non-exposure to warfarin, less immunosuppression, and improvement in neonatal care, and four of the five mothers who suffered deterioration in renal function were notoriously unco-operative in their medical care.
Pregnancy can only be recommended in the transplanted patient who has stable renal function, is compliant in taking of medications, and whose graft is of such age that the immunosuppressive drug dose is minimal. Warfarin should be avoided. (Aust NZ J Med 1985; 15: 320–325.)     

TESTICULAR FUNCTION AFTER RENAL TRANSPLANTATION

Gonadal function was assessed in seventeen adult male renal transplant recipients, with well established good homograft function, for a mean of 4.9 years. Patients were assessed clinically and by measurement of basal concentrations of FSH, LH, prolactin, testosterone and oestradiol, FSH and LH responses to bolus injections of LHRH and semen analysis. Retrospectively all had symptoms consistent with marked hypogonadism prior to transplantation but in nine out of sixteen this was reversed with transplantation. Residual hypogonadism was evident in seven of sixteen patients and correlated with duration of haemodialysis longer than 1 year (P less than 0.01). Even among patients with clinically normal gonadal function, defects in the hypothalamic--pituitary--testicular axis remained. Elevated basal serum FSH, excessive FSH responses to LHRH and lowered basal serum testosterone were found. In the group with residual hypogonadism more marked changes, including elevated basal LH and excessive LH responses to LHRH, were also found. Fertility was recorded in two men on three occasions since transplantation. Sperm counts were normal in five and abnormal in four patients. Testicular volume and sperm density were inversely correlated with basal and stimulated FSH and LH levels.     

LIVER TRANSPLANTATION: AN UPDATE FOR PHYSICIANS

End-stage irreversible liver disease, previously treated only by partially-effective, symptomatic measures, can now be reversed by successful liver transplantation at reasonable cost and with comparatively little increase in resources. Three Australian liver transplant programs are now established with results comparable to those of more experienced overseas centres. New organ-preservation techniques and reduced-size orthotopic transplantation in children should significantly increase donor organ availability. Orthotopic liver transplantation should be considered as a therapeutic option once a patient has been diagnosed as suffering from intractable, non-malignant chronic liver disease.     

肾移植术后并发弓形虫感染

本文报告６２例肾移植术后有１２例并发弓形虫感染。１２例患者术后有８例伤口感染，最长者达半年之久，１例胸部脓肿。经应用乙胺嘧啶加螺旋霉素治疗，８例转阴，４例无变化。１２例患者移植肾存活２年以上１０例，１例肺部感染死亡，另１例术后半年因肺部脓肿、败血症死亡。本文就弓形虫发病原因，弓形虫感染对肾移植的影响及治疗进行讨论。     

REMISSION OF SEVERE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS FOLLOWING LIVER TRANSPLANTATION

We present the case of a 32-year-old male who suffered fromsevere RA from the age of 21 years. After 9 years of activedisease and poor response to therapy the patient developed severehepatitis induced by the NSAID pirprofen. He went into fulminanthepatic failure necessitating emergency liver transplantation.Liver transplantation was followed by clinical and laboratoryremission of his RA and he has remained virtually asymptomaticfor more than 3.5 years. The possibility that this favourableclinical course was due to the immunosuppressive effect of theliver transplant rather than the ensuing immunosuppressive therapyis discussed. KEY WORDS: Rheumatoid arthritis, Liver transplantation, Immunosuppression, Cyclosporin, Corticosteroids