rIL—6抗癌机理初探（Ⅱ）：rIL—6对小鼠LAK细胞体内外调节效应

为探讨ｒＩＬ－６对ＬＡＫ细胞的调节效应，进行了ｒＩＬ－６对小鼠脾脏ＬＡＫ细胞功能影响的体内外实验研究。实验采用Ｃ５２ＢＬ／６荷瘤或正常小鼠，给予ｒＩＬ－６或生理盐水，１５ｄ后取小鼠脾细胞诱导活化后进行ＬＡＫ杀伤功能测定。结果表明①ｒＩＬ－６在体外对ＬＡＫ杀伤活性有明显的促进作用并在一定范围内呈剂量反应关系；②体内注射ｒＩＬ－６后对正常鼠和荷瘤鼠ＬＡＫ细胞的诱导及杀伤活性均有促进作用；③荷瘤对正常鼠     

rIL－6抗癌机理初探（Ⅱ）：rIL－6对小鼠LAK细胞体内外调节效应

为探讨ｒＩＬ－６对ＬＡＫ细胞的调节效应，进行了ｒＩＬ－６对小鼠脾脏ＬＡＫ细胞功能影响的体内外实验研究。实验采用Ｃ_（５７）ＢＬ／６荷瘤或正常小鼠，给予ｒＩＬ－６或生理盐水，１５ｄ后取小鼠脾细胞诱导活化后进行ＬＡＫ杀伤功能测定。结果表明①ｒＩＬ－６在体外对ＬＡＫ杀伤活性有明显的促进作用并在一定范围内呈剂量反应关系；②体内注射ｒＩＬ－６后对正常鼠和荷瘤鼠ＬＡＫ细胞的诱导及杀伤活性均有促进作用；③荷瘤对正常鼠ＬＡＫ细胞功能有抑制作用，而ｒＩＬ－６对荷瘤所致ＬＡＫ细胞功能下降有一定的预防作用。提示ｒＩＬ－６对小鼠脾脏ＬＡＫ细胞杀伤活性的促进效应可能是ｒＩＬ－６发挥抗癌作用的一个途径。     

TNF基因转染的肿瘤细胞体内诱导免疫细胞杀伤活性的研究

本文观察了小鼠接种高分泌ＴＮＦ－α的Ｂ１６黑色素瘤细胞后体内免疫细胞杀伤活性的变化。实验结果发现：接种Ｂ１６－ＴＮＦ－α＾＋后第１５天，小鼠脾细胞ＮＫ活性和诱导后的ＬＡＫ活性显著高于对照组，而经诱导后的ＣＴＬ杀伤活性则无显著变化。     

从植入载有抗原的海绵中收集肿瘤特异性T细胞方法的应用

将含灭活ＦＢＬ－３瘤细胞的聚氨酯海绵块植入免疫的Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６小鼠皮下，１０天后收集海绵中的浸润淋巴细胞（ＳＩＬｓ），经体外含ｒＩＬ－２的培养系统中扩增后作特异性杀伤试验。结果表明：所获得的ＳＩＬｓ对ＦＢＬ－３瘤细胞显示出明显的特异杀伤活性，而且高于同一宿主脾脏中的致敏Ｔ细胞和未免疫鼠中ＳＩＬｓ。经流式细胞仪分析表明，从免疫鼠中以的ＳＩＬｓ是以Ｌｙｔ２＾＋占绝对优势的Ｔ细胞系列，联合应用化疗与ＳＩ     

联合应用IL—2基因疗法和IL—3基因疗法对骨髓移植后荷瘤小鼠免 …

以大剂量化疗后基因骨髓移植（ＢＭＴ）的荷瘤小鼠为实验模型。动态观察了联合应用ＩＬ－２基因疗法和ＩＬ－３基因疗法配合ＢＭＴ对荷瘤小鼠抗肿瘤免疫功能的影响。结果表明，联合应用基因疗法能显著提高ＢＭＴ治疗后葆瘤小鼠脾细胞诱导的ＣＴＬ杀伤活性、腹腔巨噬细胞杀伤活性及其所分泌的ＩＬ－１、ＴＮＦ水平，但是对荷瘤小鼠脾脏分泌ＩＮＦ＿γ无协同诱导效应。提示联合应用ＩＬ－２基因疗法和ＩＬ－３基因疗法通过显著地协同促     

联合应用IL-2基因疗法和IL-3基因疗法对骨髓移植后荷瘤小鼠免疫功能的增强作用

以大剂量化疗后给予同基因骨髓移植（ＢＭＴ）的荷瘤小鼠为实验模型，动态观察了联合应用ＩＬ－２基因疗法和ＩＬ－３基因疗法配合ＢＭＴ对荷瘤小鼠抗肿瘤免疫功能的影响。结果表明，联合应用基因疗法能显著提高ＢＭＴ治疗后荷瘤小鼠脾细胞诱导的ＣＴＬ杀伤活性、腹腔巨噬细胞杀伤活性及其所分泌的ＩＬ－１、ＴＮＦ水平，但是对荷瘤小鼠脾脏分泌ＩＦＮ－γ无协同诱导效应。提示联合应用ＩＬ－２基因疗法和ＩＬ－３基因疗法通过显著地协同促进机体某些免疫功能恢复而增强ＢＭＴ后的抗肿瘤作用。     

分泌粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子的重组痘苗病毒转染的瘤苗裂解物抗肿瘤作用

将小鼠粒细胞－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）基因经过同源重组得到表达ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ的重组痘苗病毒，用此痘苗病毒转染小鼠黑色素瘤细胞，制备黑色素瘤瘤苗裂解物（ＧＭ－ＣＳＦＶＭＯ），Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６小鼠皮下接种Ｂ１６－Ｆ１０细胞３天后在注射部位注射瘤苗裂解物，一周后再注射一次。结果发现ＧＭ－ＣＳＦＶＭＯ能够显著地抑制荷瘤小鼠肿瘤结节的生长并明显延长荷瘤小鼠的存活期。用此瘤苗裂解物免疫小鼠两次，间隔一周，免疫一周后给Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６小鼠皮下接种Ｂ１６－Ｆ１０细胞，结果肿瘤结节出现时间明显延长，部分小鼠肿瘤不再生长。经ＧＭ－ＣＳＦＶＭＯ治疗或免疫后小鼠的外周血和脾淋巴细胞对肿瘤细胞杀伤活性明显升高，ＮＫ活性变化不明显。本结果提示，诱导机体特异性细胞免疫可能是瘤苗裂解物的抗肿瘤作用机理之一。     

白细胞介素4基因转移的肿瘤细胞体内诱导杀伤细胞活性及细胞因子产生的实验研究

观察了小鼠接种高分泌ＩＬ－４的黑色素瘤细胞后体内免疫效应细胞（包括ＣＴＬ、ＮＫ细胞及ＬＡＫ细胞）抗肿瘤活性及其分泌的细胞因子（包括ＩＬ－２、ＩＦＮ－ｒ、ＴＮＦ及ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）水平的变化，荷瘤后第１５天小鼠脾细胞ＮＫ活性及经诱导后的ＬＡＫ活性有所降低，而经诱导后的ＣＴＬ杀伤活性显著升高，荷瘤小鼠腹腔内巨噬细胞杀伤活性及其分泌的ＩＬ－１水平也明显升高；在荷瘤后第４天及第１２天出现两个高峰，实验结果表明，高分泌ＩＬ－４的黑色素瘤细胞体内生长受抑制是因为ＩＬ－４基因的导入及ＩＬ－４的分泌使体内ＣＴＬ及巨噬细胞杀伤活性提高，因而使机体抗肿瘤免疫功能得以增强。     

T-AK细胞和IL-2脂质体联合硒酸酯多糖抗白血病效应的研究

目的研究抗ＣＤ３单克隆抗体与ＩＬ－２共同诱导的Ｔ－ＡＫ细胞和ＩＬ－２脂质体（Ｌ－ＩＬ－２）联合硒酸酯多糖（ＫＳＣ）对Ｌ１２１０小鼠白血病的治疗作用。方法用ＤＢＡ／２小鼠建立Ｌ１２１０白血病模型，正常小鼠脾细胞诱生制备Ｔ－ＡＫ细胞，按设计方案转输Ｔ－ＡＫ细胞和ＩＬ－２脂质体，ＫＳＣ灌胃，检测ＮＫ细胞活性、脾淋巴细胞增殖活性和ＩＬ－２诱生水平，观察荷瘤小鼠生存期。结果Ｌ１２１０白血病小鼠的免疫功能急剧降低，生存期为１６．４３±１．９２天；转输Ｔ－ＡＫ细胞（５×１０６）和Ｌ－ＩＬ－２（１０４Ｕ／ｋｇ）能部分逆转白血病小鼠低下的细胞免疫功能，生存期延长（２４．７８±３．９４天），并有１４．３％小鼠长期存活；ＫＳＣ（４０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）对Ｔ－ＡＫ／Ｌ－ＩＬ－２的抗白血病作用有明显的增强效应，荷瘤小鼠细胞免疫功能进一步增强，生命延长率、长期存活率分别提高３６％和９９．９％。结论硒酸酯多糖具有生物反应调节剂（ＢＲＭ）样作用；以应用Ｔ－ＡＫ细胞和ＩＬ－２脂质体为主体，硒酸酯多糖为辅佐的生物治疗方案对白血病小鼠具有显著的免疫抑瘤作用     

CD自杀基因联合GM-CSF基因治疗的抗肿瘤作用及免疫机理

目的研究自杀基因与粒细胞－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）基因联合治疗抗肿瘤作用及免疫机理。方法小鼠皮下接种黑色素瘤Ｂ１６Ｆ１０细胞３天后,分别在肿瘤局部直接注射表达小鼠ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ的重组腺病毒ＡｄＧＭ－ＣＳＦ和表达大肠杆菌胞嘧啶脱氨酶（ＣＤ）基因的腺病毒Ａｄ－ＣＤ,然后连续１０天腹腔注射５氟胞嘧啶（５ＦＣ）（ＡｄＣＤ／５ＦＣ／ＡｄＧＭＣＳＦ组）、单用ＡｄＣＤ／５ＦＣ组、单用ＡｄＧＭ－ＣＳＦ组、注射对照病毒ＡｄｌａｃＺ／５ＦＣ组或ＰＢＳ组。结果与接受ＡｄＣＤ／５ＦＣ、ＡｄＧＭ－ＣＳＦ、ＡｄｌａｃＺ／５ＦＣ或ＰＢＳ治疗的荷瘤小鼠比较,经联合治疗后荷瘤小鼠皮下肿瘤结节的生长明显受到抑制,荷瘤小鼠的存活期明显延长（Ｐ＜０．０１）。经ＡｄＣＤ／５ＦＣ／ＡｄＧＭＣＳＦ联合基因治疗后,肿瘤瘤体内或瘤周有大量树突状细胞、ＣＤ８＋Ｔ细胞浸润,黑色素瘤细胞表达ＭＨＣ－Ⅰ和Ｂ７－１分子明显增加,荷瘤小鼠脾细胞对Ｂ１６Ｆ１０黑色素瘤细胞特异性杀伤功能增强。结论联合应用自杀基因和ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ基因转移可以直接杀伤肿瘤细胞,又可提高机体对肿瘤的免疫应答,两者可协同发挥抗肿瘤作用     

胰岛素对LAK细胞的增殖和杀伤活性的影响

LAK细胞调节因素的研究对揭示LAK细胞的内在规律以及免疫过继疗法的开展与完善均具有重要意义。实验发现胰岛素能促进LAK细胞的增殖,提高细胞的产率,但是胰岛素不能替代IL-2使经短期IL-2刺激的淋巴细胞继续增殖。胰岛素还能促进LAK细胞表面IL-2R的表达。这可能是胰岛素促进LAK细胞增殖的重要机制。     

Dendritic cells and T cells transfer sensitization for delayed-type hypersensitivity after skin painting with contact sensitizer

The cells involved in the development of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to the contact sensitizer fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) were examined. Cells used for transferring sensitization were obtained from donor mice up to 5 days following skin painting with FITC. Recipient mice were sensitized by footpad injections of dendritic cells (DC) obtained from donor lymph nodes up to 3 days following skin painting, when DC expressed high levels of antigen. DTH, assessed by ear swelling 24 hr following ear challenge with FITC, was detected when recipient mice were challenged 5 days after transfer of DC, but not when ear challenged immediately after transfer. Removal of donor DC using the cytotoxic antibody 33D1, plus complement, either from the DC-enriched population or from whole lymph node cells 24 hr after skin painting, abolished the capacity to transfer DTH. Purified T lymphocytes obtained from donor mice between Days 3 and 5 after skin painting, transferred DTH when recipients were ear challenged with FITC 5 days after footpad injections. DTH also occurred in mice ear challenged with antigen immediately after receiving footpad injections of either normal or irradiated T cells obtained from donors 4 days after skin painting. B cells and macrophages did not transfer sensitization for DTH throughout the time-course. Therefore an early stage in the immune response, where antigen-bearing DC initiated DTH, was distinguished from a later stage, where T cells transferred sensitization.     

Characterization of a CD4(L3T4)-positive cytotoxic T cell clone that is restricted by class I major histocompatibility complex antigen on FBL-3 tumor cell

An L3T4(CD4)+ CTL clone specific for Friend virus-induced tumor FBL-3 was isolated, characterized and compared with a conventional Lyt-2(CD8)+ CTL clone. This clone L3.1 was obtained from the limiting dilution culture of splenic MLTC cells from a CB6F1 mouse whose CD8+ T cells had been suppressed by an in vivo injection of anti-Lyt-2.2 mAb. The phenotype of clone L3.1 was sIg-, Thy-1.2+, L3T4(CD4)+, Lyt-2 (CD8)-, and Ia- as determined by flow-cytometry. Northern blot analysis also confirmed that mRNA for L3T4(CD4), but not for Lyt-2 (CD8) was present in the total RNA of L3.1. The FBL-3-specific killing activity of L3.1 was inhibited by anti-H-2D6 mAb, and the tumor cells did not express class II MHC antigen, indicating that the recognition of tumor antigen by this CD4+ CTL clone was restricted by the class I MHC molecule on the tumor cells. Furthermore, the finding that anti-L3T4(CD4) mAb GK1.5 inhibited the specific and lectin-dependent non-specific cytotoxicity of L3.1 suggested that CD4 molecules on this CTL clone are not ligand (MHC class II)-binding proteins, but are involved in signal transduction.     

Differences in the induction of macrophage cytotoxicity by the specific T lymphocyte factor, specific macrophage arming factor (SMAF), and the lymphokine, macrophage activating factor (MAF)

Specific T cell factors, such as specific macrophage arming factor (SMAF), are involved in the initiation of the immune response. Induction of SMAF-producing T lymphocytes in vivo and of SMAF production by T lymphocytes in vitro is dependent on the presence of intact tumor cells, and is independent of antigen presentation by macrophages. SMAF renders peritoneal macrophages cytotoxic for tumor cells. The armed peritoneal macrophages expressed a specific cytotoxicity. However, antigen-presenting cells can trigger lymphokine-producing T lymphocytes. These T lymphocytes produce lymphokines (e.g. macrophage activating factor (MAF] that activate macrophages. The MAF-activated macrophages express a non-specific tumoricidal activity. In the present study, we investigated the difference in the induction of macrophage cytotoxicity by SMAF and MAF. The following differences were found: 1) SMAF renders peritoneal resident macrophages cytotoxic, whereas MAF could only render peritoneal exudate macrophages cytotoxic. 2) SMAF requires only a 4-h incubation with macrophages, whereas MAF activates macrophages optimally after 12 h. 3) SMAF-armed macrophages recognize only the specific target cell(s), and thus, the cytotoxicity is specific in its expression. MAF activated macrophages were non-specifically cytotoxic. 4) Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the culture medium did not enhance the cytotoxicity of SMAF-armed macrophages. In contrast, MAF induced tumoricidal activity was enhanced by adding LPS to the culture medium. 5) After adsorption chromatography with anti-murine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), the arming capacity of SMAF supernatant was not reduced, whereas the activating capacity of the MAF supernatant was significantly reduced or abrogated. After immunization of mice with allogeneic tumor cells, SMAF-producing lymphocytes were detected in the draining lymph nodes already 4 days after immunization and up to 12 days. Lymphocytes with the capacity to produce MAF were present in the draining lymph nodes 14-24 days after immunization. Our data indicate that the T cell factors SMAF and MAF can both render macrophages cytotoxic, but act in a different way and during different stages of the cellular immune response against allogeneic tumor cells.     

Participation of a dominant cytotoxic T cell population defined by a monoclonal antibody in syngeneic anti-tumor responses.

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones against a syngeneic Friend virus-induced erythroleukemia (FBL-3) were generated in C57BL/6 (B6) mice. A monoclonal antibody (mAb, N9-127) was then raised from spleen cells of a B6 mouse immunized syngenically against one of these CTL clones. This mAb detected the epitope (127Ep) of the T cell antigen receptor (TcR) on the immunizing CTL clone in tests of immunoprecipitation, specific blocking and proliferation, and induction of TcR-mediated nonspecific lysis of the clone. In addition, more than 10% of the FBL-3-specific CTL clones isolated independently from B6 mice were 127Ep+. Further investigations revealed that up to 30% of B6 anti-FBL-3 T cell blasts from mixed lymphocyte tumor cell cultures were positive for this epitope, and that its expression was confined to CD8+ T cells. This epitope was not detected in naive lymphoid cells from the spleen, lymph nodes or thymus or in T cell clones specific for tumors other than FBL-3. The FBL-3-specific CTL clones were next grouped into 127Ep+ and 127Ep- clones. Sequence analyses of the CTL clone used for immunization showed the rearrangements of V alpha 1J alpha 112-2 and V beta 10D beta 2.1J beta 2.7. Southern blot analysis of all the 127Ep+ CTL clones examined showed the same DNA rearrangement bands of both the TcR alpha and beta genes. These findings suggested that mAb N9-127 recognized the shared determinant of the TcR molecule which was expressed by the dominant CTL population in the response to FBL-3.     

Antigen-independent activation of cytotoxic T cells by lymphokines.

Supernatants from phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated EL4.IL2 cells (EL4.PMA), but not recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2), induced the production of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in low density murine spleen cell cultures. CTL induction in these cultures was completely abrogated by treatment with anti-Thy-1 or anti-Lyt-2 antibody plus complement but not by anti-L3T4 antibody plus complement. Fractionation of EL4.PMA on a Sephadex G-150 column demonstrated that the CTL-inducing activity in EL4.PMA eluted with an apparent molecular weight of about 44,000 and was partially separated from IL-2. This 44,000 MW material was shown to contain insignificant amounts of PMA. Following a 3-day culture period with the partially purified factor, C57BL/6J thymocytes could proliferate and differentiate into cytotoxic cells in response to rIL-2, whereas there was no proliferation or generation of cytotoxic cells when the thymocytes were cultured in rIL-2 alone. The number of IL-2 receptor-positive cells in C57BL/6J thymocytes also increased from 1.1% to 22.8% after 3 days of culture in the partially purified factor. Recombinant IL-4 (BSF-1) and IL-5 (TRF), when used alone or in combination with rIL-2, were unable to induce a cytotoxic response under similar culture conditions. These findings are consistent with the interpretation that EL4.PMA contains a novel lymphokine that directly, or indirectly, induces the expression of IL-2 receptors on resting CTL precursors without intentional stimulation by specific antigen. In the presence of IL-2, these precursors may then differentiate into effector CTL.     

DNA fusion gene vaccination mobilizes effective anti-leukemic cytotoxic T lymphocytes from a tolerized repertoire

The majority of known human tumor-associated antigens derive from non-mutated self proteins. T cell tolerance, essential to prevent autoimmunity, must therefore be cautiously circumvented to generate cytotoxic T cell responses against these targets. Our strategy uses DNA fusion vaccines to activate high levels of peptide-specific CTL. Key foreign sequences from tetanus toxin activate tolerance-breaking CD4(+) T cell help. Candidate MHC class I-binding tumor peptide sequences are fused to the C terminus for optimal processing and presentation. To model performance against a leukemia-associated antigen in a tolerized setting, we constructed a fusion vaccine encoding an immunodominant CTL epitope derived from Friend murine leukemia virus gag protein (FMuLV(gag)) and vaccinated tolerant FMuLV(gag)-transgenic (gag-Tg) mice. Vaccination with the construct induced epitope-specific IFN-gamma-producing CD8(+) T cells in normal and gag-Tg mice. The frequency and avidity of activated cells were reduced in gag-Tg mice, and no autoimmune injury resulted. However, these CD8(+) T cells did exhibit gag-specific cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Also, epitope-specific CTL killed FBL-3 leukemia cells expressing endogenous FMuLV(gag) antigen and protected against leukemia challenge in vivo. These results demonstrate a simple strategy to engage anti-microbial T cell help to activate epitope-specific polyclonal CD8(+) T cell responses from a residual tolerized repertoire.     

Interleukin-1-induced promotion of T-cell differentiation in mice immunized with killed Listeria monocytogenes.

We studied the effects of administration of recombinant interleukin-1 alpha (rIL-1 alpha) to mice after immunization with killed Listeria monocytogenes cells on the promotion of the functional differentiation of T cells in vivo. Mice immunized with killed L. monocytogenes were unable to express cell-mediated immunity to specific antigen in vivo, as determined by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and acquired cellular resistance (ACR), and splenic T cells obtained from such mice were unable to respond to rIL-2 and specific antigen and to produce IL-2 after antigenic restimulation in vitro. When rIL-1 alpha was given to mice after immunization with killed bacteria. T cells became capable of responding to rIL-2 and specific antigen in vitro. These functions of T cells were similar to those from mice immunized with viable listeriae. Moreover, using a local passive transfer system, it was found that effector T cells mediating DTH but not ACR to L. monocytogenes were generated in mice treated with rIL-1 alpha after immunization with killed bacteria. These T cells were able to produce macrophage chemotactic factor but not macrophage-activating factor or gamma interferon in vitro in response to stimulation with specific antigen. These results suggest that in vivo administration of rIL-1 alpha facilitates the maturation of antigen-specific T cells mediating DTH and that different effector T cells mediating DTH or ACR are involved in cell-mediated immunity to L. monocytogenes.     

Selection of cytotoxic T lymphocytes against autologous human melanoma from lymph nodes with metastatic melanoma using repeatedin vitro sensitization

Our goal was to determine the cytotoxic activity of effector cells in lymph nodes with metastatic melanoma. Lymphocytes contained within tumor cells from metastatic lymph nodes of two patients were allowed to proliferate in recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2, 100-1,000 units/ml) after 14–21 days of culture. Each set of lymphocytes showed cytotoxicity against autologous melanoma (AM, mean 72%) at effector to target ratio of 201 and K562 cells (mean 60%) using 4-h chromium-51 release assay. Using unlabeled AM and K562, each AM could partially block the activity against K562, but K562 could not block the activity against AM. These activated lymphocytes underwentin vitro sensitization (IVS) with irradiated AM cells and rIL-2 at 2-week intervals. After repeated IVS over about 50 days, each patient's lymphocytes showed cytotoxicity against AM (mean 54%) but not K562 (mean 5%,P < 0.001). These results indicate that different cytotoxic effector cells were present in the early and late phase of lymphocyte tumor culture. Repeated IVS resulted in the selection of specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Cold target inhibition assay demonstrated that melanoma cells contained common and individual AM-associated antigen in addition to K562-associated antigens.This work was supported by Biomedical Research Support Grant of the University of Arizona (no. 2S07 RR05675-20), the Elsa U. Pardee Foundation Grant, partly by the Arizona Chronic Disease Research Commission and partly by CA23074 from the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, U.S.A.Recipient of the American Cancer Society Clinical Oncology Career Award, 1987–90.