用合成肽替代肿瘤抗原诱导肿瘤特异性T杀伤细胞的研究

利用海绵移植模型，将Ｆｆｉｅｎｄ病毒ｇａｇ基因编码蛋白的两个合成肽片段分别注入海绵中，植入Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６（Ｈ－２）小鼠皮下，经一定潜伏期后收集其中的浸润淋巴细胞（ｓｐｏｎｇｅｉｎｆｉｌｔｒａｔｉｎｇｌｙｍｐｈｏｃｙｔｅ，ＳＩＬｓ）体外培养扩增后，发现合成肽３号能诱导出针对该合成肽特异性的ＳＩＬｓ，并特异性杀伤用合成肽３号致鳘的Ｅ１０靶细胞，但不杀伤Ｆｒｉｅｎｄ病毒在Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６小鼠诱导的ＦＢＬ－     

过继转输的肿瘤特异性T杀伤细胞在小鼠体内维持杀伤功能的研究

体外试验从免疫小鼠脾细胞中诱导出对ＦＢＬ－３瘤细胞具有特异性杀伤功能的Ｔ杀伤细胞，转输到同系正常小鼠体内后发现，同时给予肿瘤抗原刺激和７ｄｒＩＬ－２作用，可使受鼠脾细胞获得杀伤ＦＢＬ－３细胞的活性，其杀伤功能与转输的Ｔ杀伤细胞有关，若转输后连续２１ｄ只给予ｒＩＬ－２不能维持体内建立的杀瘤活性，而间断给予肿瘤抗原再刺激，并联合应用短程ｒＩＬ－２，以１４ｄ为１周期，则可长期维持体内的肿瘤特异性杀伤功能     

联合应用IL—2基因疗法和IL—3基因疗法对骨髓移植后荷瘤小鼠免 …

以大剂量化疗后基因骨髓移植（ＢＭＴ）的荷瘤小鼠为实验模型。动态观察了联合应用ＩＬ－２基因疗法和ＩＬ－３基因疗法配合ＢＭＴ对荷瘤小鼠抗肿瘤免疫功能的影响。结果表明，联合应用基因疗法能显著提高ＢＭＴ治疗后葆瘤小鼠脾细胞诱导的ＣＴＬ杀伤活性、腹腔巨噬细胞杀伤活性及其所分泌的ＩＬ－１、ＴＮＦ水平，但是对荷瘤小鼠脾脏分泌ＩＮＦ＿γ无协同诱导效应。提示联合应用ＩＬ－２基因疗法和ＩＬ－３基因疗法通过显著地协同促     

用肾综合征出血热病毒结构蛋白体外免疫正常人外周血淋巴细胞制备单克隆抗体

用亲和层析提取的肾综合征出血热病毒（ＨＦＲＳＶ）结构蛋白（５０ｋＤ和６７ｋＤ）为抗原，在体外免疫正常人外周血淋巴细胞（ＰＢＬ）。ＰＢＬ经亮氨酸甲基酯处理后，在含有ｓＰＷＭ－Ｔ、ＩＬ－２及不同浓度抗原的培养基中培养６ｄ，计数存活ＰＢＬ数量。结果表明，在上述体外免疫条件下存活ＰＢＬ的数量与抗原剂量呈正相关。将此体外免疫的ＰＢＬ与人－鼠杂交瘤细胞（Ｋ６Ｈ６／Ｂ５）融合，获得了３株分泌抗ＨＦＲＳＶ人单抗的杂交瘤细胞，表明在体外免疫条件下，正常人ＰＢＬ能够对ＨＦＲＳＶ结构蛋白发生特异性免疫应答。     

联合应用IL-2基因疗法和IL-3基因疗法对骨髓移植后荷瘤小鼠免疫功能的增强作用

以大剂量化疗后给予同基因骨髓移植（ＢＭＴ）的荷瘤小鼠为实验模型，动态观察了联合应用ＩＬ－２基因疗法和ＩＬ－３基因疗法配合ＢＭＴ对荷瘤小鼠抗肿瘤免疫功能的影响。结果表明，联合应用基因疗法能显著提高ＢＭＴ治疗后荷瘤小鼠脾细胞诱导的ＣＴＬ杀伤活性、腹腔巨噬细胞杀伤活性及其所分泌的ＩＬ－１、ＴＮＦ水平，但是对荷瘤小鼠脾脏分泌ＩＦＮ－γ无协同诱导效应。提示联合应用ＩＬ－２基因疗法和ＩＬ－３基因疗法通过显著地协同促进机体某些免疫功能恢复而增强ＢＭＴ后的抗肿瘤作用。     

腺病毒介导入B7—1基因对肝癌细胞免疫原性的影响

目的 研究同时含人ｐ５３、ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ、Ｂ７－１、ＩＬ－２基因的重组腺病毒载体Ａｄ－ｍｕｌｔｉｇｅｎｅｓ,对肝癌细胞免疫原性的影响。方法 应用人外周血淋巴细胞和肿瘤细胞的混合培养、外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞杀伤活性试验,分析导入目的基因的人肝癌细胞免疫原性的变化。结果 导入Ａｄ－ｍｕｌｔｉｇｅｎｅｓ的肝癌细胞系ＨｅｐＧ２、ＢＥＬ－７４０２,体外能刺激正常人外周血Ｔ淋巴细胞的增殖,并能增强Ｔ淋巴细胞的杀瘤细胞活性,加入ＩＬ－１２有协同增强作用。结论 肝癌细胞导入含Ｂ７－１基因的Ａｄ－ｍｕｌｔｉｇｅｎｅｓ后,其免疫原性得到增强。     

T-AK细胞和IL-2脂质体联合硒酸酯多糖抗白血病效应的研究

目的研究抗ＣＤ３单克隆抗体与ＩＬ－２共同诱导的Ｔ－ＡＫ细胞和ＩＬ－２脂质体（Ｌ－ＩＬ－２）联合硒酸酯多糖（ＫＳＣ）对Ｌ１２１０小鼠白血病的治疗作用。方法用ＤＢＡ／２小鼠建立Ｌ１２１０白血病模型，正常小鼠脾细胞诱生制备Ｔ－ＡＫ细胞，按设计方案转输Ｔ－ＡＫ细胞和ＩＬ－２脂质体，ＫＳＣ灌胃，检测ＮＫ细胞活性、脾淋巴细胞增殖活性和ＩＬ－２诱生水平，观察荷瘤小鼠生存期。结果Ｌ１２１０白血病小鼠的免疫功能急剧降低，生存期为１６．４３±１．９２天；转输Ｔ－ＡＫ细胞（５×１０６）和Ｌ－ＩＬ－２（１０４Ｕ／ｋｇ）能部分逆转白血病小鼠低下的细胞免疫功能，生存期延长（２４．７８±３．９４天），并有１４．３％小鼠长期存活；ＫＳＣ（４０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）对Ｔ－ＡＫ／Ｌ－ＩＬ－２的抗白血病作用有明显的增强效应，荷瘤小鼠细胞免疫功能进一步增强，生命延长率、长期存活率分别提高３６％和９９．９％。结论硒酸酯多糖具有生物反应调节剂（ＢＲＭ）样作用；以应用Ｔ－ＡＫ细胞和ＩＬ－２脂质体为主体，硒酸酯多糖为辅佐的生物治疗方案对白血病小鼠具有显著的免疫抑瘤作用     

OKT3＋rhIL－2激活胎儿脾细胞的研究

观察了１８～２８周龄胎儿脾单个核细胞（ＦＳＭＣ）在体外对ＯＫＴ３＋ｒｈＩＬ－２联合刺激的反应性，结果发现：ＯＫＴ３单独能活化ＦＳＭＣ，最适浓度ＯＫＴ３与ｒｈＩＬ－２联合对ＦＳＭＣ有强协同刺激作用。ＯＫＴ３刺激ＦＳＭＣ后明显促进ＩＬ－２Ｒ表达，表明ＯＫＴ３对ＦＳＭＣ的括化作用与ＩＬ－２／ＩＬ－２Ｒ途径相关。ＯＫＴ３＋ｒｈＩＬ－２协同诱导的ＦＳＭｃ能产生ＮＫ和ＬＡＫ活性，且ＬＭ活住较单用ｒｈＩＬ－２诱导者强，间接免疫荧光染色ＦＡＣＳ分析显示，ＯＫＴ３＋ｒｈｌＬ－２协同激活的ＦＳＭＣ主要是ＣＤ８￣＋Ｔ细胞。结果表明ＦＳＭＣ与成人ＰＢＭＣ－样能被ＯＫＴ３活化。     

枸杞多糖的免疫调研究进展

枸杞多糖（ｌｙｃｉｕｍｂａｒａｒｕｍｐｏｌｙｓａｃｃｈａｒｉｄｅｓ，ＬＢＰ）是枸杞子的主要活性成分，其药理作用甚广，尤其对免疫功能具有极重要的调节作用。ＬＢＰ能明显调节Ｔ、Ｂ、ＣＴＬ、ＮＫ和ＭΦ等细胞的功能。对ＩＬ－２和ＩＬ－３具有双向调节作用；并促进ＩＬ－２Ｒ的表达，诱导ＩＬ－６、ＴＮＦ的产生。在肿瘤免疫和神经内分泌免疫调节网络中具有免疫增强功能。     

IL—2,IL—4基因转染后肿瘤细胞表面ICAM—1分子的表达及其作用

为了进一步研究细胞因子基因转染后肿瘤细胞体内致瘤原性、免疫原性变化的分子机制，将ＩＬ－２、ＩＬ－４基因转染入Ｂ１６黑色素瘤细胞，观察了其体内接种后致瘤原性变化，通过ＦＡＣＳ法检测了其细胞表面粘附分子－１（ＩＣＡＭ－１）的表达水平，分析了其细胞表面ＩＣＡＭ－１表达水平以及它们与肿瘤细胞对ＬＡＫ、ＣＴＬ等免疫效应细胞杀伤敏感性变化的关系。结果表明，ＩＬ－２、ＩＬ－４基因转染后Ｂ１６细胞体内致瘤原性明显     

Population dynamics of natural killer cells in the spleen and bone marrow of normal and leukemic mice during in vivo exposure to interleukin-2.

By quantitative and functional methods, changes were assessed in NK(ASGM-1+) cell numbers and NK cell-mediated lytic function of the spleen and bone marrow of mice bearing a tumor of hemopoietic origin (FLV-induced erythroleukemia) for 9 days +/- simultaneous administration of indomethacin (10 micrograms/ml drinking water) +/- rIL-2 (3x/day, 12 x 10(3) Units/injection) during the last 4 days of tumor-bearing. Recombinant IL-2 alone during the last 4 days of tumor-bearing increased both the NK(ASGM-1+) cell numbers (p less than 0.001) and the functional activity (24-fold) of the spleen. In the bone marrow, however, no change in the numbers of NK(ASGM-1+) cells was observed relative to untreated tumor-bearing mice, but the NK cell-mediated lytic activity of that organ was augmented 30-fold. The continuous presence of indomethacin from the onset of tumor-bearing prior to rIL-2 treatment during the last 4 days of tumor-bearing, further boosted both the already high, rIL-2 driven numbers of NK(ASGM-1+) cells in the spleen (p less than 0.01), as well as splenic NK cell lytic function (2-fold). In the bone marrow, continuous presence of indomethacin prior to and during the terminal 4 days of co-administration with rIL-2 increased 3-fold the numbers of NK(ASGM-1+) cells relative to that of the bone marrow of tumor-bearing mice given rIL-2 alone, and resulted in lytic activity of that organ which was 140% of that of the rIL-2 treated, tumor-bearing mice. The results indicate that under the combined influence of indomethacin and rIL-2, the production of NK(ASGM-1+) cells was augmented in the bone marrow of tumor-bearing mice, export of immature NK(ASGM-1+) cells from the bone marrow was increased, and import of immature NK(ASGM-1+) cells by the spleen was increased. The increased NK(ASGM-1+) cell numbers in each organ was reflected in increased lytic function.     

Antigen-specific regression of established tumors induced by active immunization with irradiated IL-12- but not B7-1-transfected tumor cells

Transfection of modestly immunogenic tumors to express B7 family co- stimulator molecules results in their rejection by syngeneic mice, suggesting a possible clinical application in cancer patients. Immunization of naive mice with irradiated B7-1-transfected P1.HTR cells is sufficient to induce specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) and to protect against tumor challenge. However, patients to be treated will have an existing tumor burden; thus, preclinical models should examine therapeutic efficacy in an established tumor setting. Contrary to expectations, immunization of mice with irradiated B7-1-transfected P1.HTR cells had no impact on the growth of pre-established control- transfected tumors. Mice bearing control-transfected P1.HTR tumors successfully rejected living B7-1 transfectants on the contralateral flank, demonstrating the ability of tumor-bearing mice to respond to B7 co-stimulation. Inasmuch as IL-12 is another important factor for CTL maturation, P1.HTR transfectants expressing B7-1 and/or IL-12 were then constructed. Remarkably, regression of pre-established tumors was achieved following immunization with irradiated IL-12 transfectants, even without co-expression of B7-1. Rejection required a shared antigen with the tumor used for immunization, could not be reproduced with rIL- 12 alone, depended on host T lymphocytes and correlated with a high IFN- gamma-producing T cell phenotype. In addition, IL-12-facilitated tumor rejection required co-operation with a CTLA-4 ligand provided by the host, and correlated with up-regulation of B7-1 and B7-2 on host antigen-presenting cells. Thus, active immunization in the established tumor setting is benefitted greatly by the provision of IL-12, which may recruit participation of sufficient B7 co-stimulation from the host that it need not be provided exogenously.      

Recombinant Interleukin-2 Corrects In Vitro the Immunological Defect of Endometriosis

PROBLEM: It has been shown recently that women with endometriosis have several immunological defects. In particular, these patients have a defect in peripheral blood natural killer cell activity and have lost their capacity of recognizing and lysing autologous endometrial cells. METHOD: We evaluated the effect of recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) on peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from both healthy donors and endometriosis patients. The generation of a strong cytolytic activity against autologous endometrial cells was obtained from both normal donors and endometriosis patients. RESULTS: Interestingly, these cytolytic cells belong to the T-cell lineage and do not recognize both autologous keratinocytes and allogeneic endometrial cells, thus suggesting a mechanism of specific recognition of autologous cells. CONCLUSION: The capability of restoring cytolytic activity using rIL-2 suggests a new immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of severe endometriosis.     

Allospecific proliferative human T-cell clones acquire the cytotoxic effector function after three months in culture, in IL-2 conditioned medium

Allostimulated T lymphocytes were cloned by micromanipulation and expanded in IL-2 conditioned medium. Three T3+,T4+,T8-, clones called BJ1, BJ4, and BJ37, were extensively studied. The BJ1 cells were able to proliferate and kill the specific target. The BJ4 and BJ37 cells were able to proliferate with the specific restimulator but could not kill even in lectin-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic assay; however, they acquired the specific cytolytic activity in the 6-day culture when fresh irradiated autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells as feeder cells were added to the specific irradiated Epstein-Barr virus transformed cell line, in the presence of recombinant IL-2. This observation strongly suggested that the culture conditions could be involved in the differentiation of proliferative clones into cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones, by the lymphokines, either present in the IL-2 conditioned medium or secreted by the mixed allogeneic irradiated feeder cells. Moreover, it was shown that the acquisition of the cytolytic function could be blocked by the monoclonal antibody LeoA1, previously described and which recognized the TLiSA1 structure involved in the CTL differentiation.     

Activated lymphocyte killer cells derived from melanoma tissue or peripheral blood

Lymphoid cells infiltrating metastatic melanomas were grown directly from cell suspensions of tumour tissue by the addition of T cell growth factor. Lymphoid cells grew out at the expense of tumour cells in six of seven freshly excised tumours, and cells from two cultures were expanded for in vitro testing of cytolytic function against different target cells. Early in culture the tumour derived lymphocytes killed fresh autologous melanoma cells and, particularly later in culture, were highly and non-specifically cytolytic for cultured melanoma and non-melanoma cells. Cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with melanoma, and from normal subjects, were cytolytic to the same degree as tumour derived lymphocytes, and also resembled cells grown from tumour tissue in possessing acid phosphatase activity which was resistant to tartrate. Cultured lymphoblasts from both tumour and peripheral blood had a T cell phenotype when analysed with monoclonal antibodies. An in vitro co-culture system was employed to study the kinetics and the precursors of these non-specific killer cells among blood mononuclear cells. Blood mononuclear cells cultured with irradiated B lymphoblasts led to the generation of non-specific cytolytic cells, referred to as activated lymphocyte killer (ALK) cells, after 7-10 days of culture and the progenitors of these ALK cells were demonstrated to be distinct from those of specific cytolytic T cells.     

Gelatin sponge model of effector recruitment: tumoricidal activity of adherent and non-adherent lymphokine-activated killer cells after culture in interleukin-2

This study examined the specific tumoricidal activity of lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells derived from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes that prevent the growth of secondary tumors in animals harboring progressing primary tumors. A pre-implanted gelatin sponge was employed to capture infiltrating host effectors during the expression of concomitant tumor immunity. Additionally, this study compared the cytolytic activity of these sponge-derived cells with those of counterpart splenic lymphocytes. The cells from both sources were cultured for 4 days in IL-2 to generate LAK cells which were further expanded in IL-2-containing medium for up to 11 days. The cytotoxic activities of these cells were measured in a Chromium-51 release assay. The data revealed that the culture of splenic, or sponge-derived lymphocytes results in the emergence of non-adherent and adherent cell populations with LAK activity. The 4-day sponge-derived LAK cells (adherent and non-adherent) exhibited significant cytolysis of EMT6 cells while the spleen-derived counterparts showed minimal cytotoxicity toward these targets. Some NK activity in LAK cells derived from both sources was evident by their lysis of YAC-1 cells. LAK cells from both sources were incapable of lysing histo-compatible EL-4 (H-2b) tumor cells. The lysis of the EMT6 cells by the sponge-derived LAK cells was maintained over an 11-day period of culture in IL-2. Conversely, the spleen-derived LAK cells were unable to significantly lyse EMT6 cells during this period of in vitro culture. These results show the superior specific tumoricidal activity of LAK cells derived from lymphocytes mediating tumor rejection in vivo (sponge-derived) over that of counterpart splenic lymphocytes.     

Toxicity of human recombinant interleukin-2 in the mouse is mediated by interleukin-activated lymphocytes. Separation of efficacy and toxicity by selective lymphocyte subset depletion

Human recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) was administered to normal and tumor-bearing BDF mice for 1 to 3 weeks, and the hematologic, clinical chemistry, gross and histopathologic findings were evaluated. Vascular leak syndrome (pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, ascites), hepatocyte necrosis, elevated hepatic serum transaminases, hypoalbuminemia, tissue and peripheral eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, and prerenal azotemia were the detrimental effects of rIL-2 treatment. Vascular leak syndrome and hepatocyte necrosis were causally associated with vascular-oriented lymphocytic infiltration of pulmonary and hepatic parenchyma. Pleural effusions contained up to 99,000 cells/mm3, most of which were large granular lymphocytes. Antiserum to the glycolipid asialo GM1 (ganglio-n-tetrosylceramide), given simultaneously with rIL-2, prevented overt toxicity of rIL-2 (mortality, vascular leak syndrome, and hepatic damage) and substantially reduced infiltration of pulmonary and hepatic vasculature by asialo GM1+ lymphocytes. Asialo GM1 antiserum did not inhibit lymphoid hyperplasia, tissue infiltration by Lyt 2+ lymphocytes, tissue and peripheral eosinophilia, or thrombocytopenia in rIL-2 treated mice. Additionally, asialo GM1 antisera prevented toxicity, but not anti-tumor efficacy, of high dose rIL-2 therapy in BDF mice bearing the colon 38 adenocarcinoma. These results suggest that, in BDF mice and with this tumor model, vascular leak syndrome and hepatocyte necrosis are mediated by an endogenous subset of rIL-2-stimulated lymphocytes which are asialo GM positive, that mechanisms of toxicity and efficacy associated with high dose rIL-2 therapy are not necessarily the same, and that these mechanisms can be therapeutically separated.     

In vivo activated cytotoxic T cells in the thyroid infiltrate of patients with Hashimoto''s thyroiditis.

High proportions of T8+ cells with inverted T4/T8 ratio were found in freshly isolated thyroid lymphocytes from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. In addition, about one third of thyroid infiltrating cells expressed the TAC antigen, whereas in patient peripheral blood (PB) or normal lymphocytes from PB or lymphoid organs the percentage of TAC-positive cells was consistently lower than 10%. Following negative selection with OKT4 or OKT8 monoclonal antibodies and complement, TAC+ T cells were enriched in the T8+ cell population. Thyroid infiltrating T cells from two patients underwent two different cloning procedures. In the first, single T cells were initially activated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and interleukin 2 (IL-2), in the other with recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2) alone. The majority of T cell clones obtained by initial PHA-stimulation (55-65%) had the T8+ phenotype, but the frequency of T8+ clones obtained by stimulating T cells with rIL-2 alone was even higher (78 & 71%, respectively). The majority of T8+ clones elicited by PHA (35/37 & 36/38) and all the T8+ clones (36/36 & 22/22) obtained from thyroid infiltrates with initial stimulation by rIL-2 displayed cytolytic activity. Most of cytolytic T8+ clones obtained from thyroid infiltrates with both cloning procedures, displayed NK activity against human K562 and MOLT-4 target cells, but not against a NK-resistant target, such as Raji cells. These data suggest that in Hashimoto's disease a considerable proportion of thyroid infiltrating T cells are in vivo activated T8+ cytolytic T cells with NK activity, which may be of importance in determining or maintaining the tissue damage of the target gland.     

Activation of the immune system of cancer patients by continuous i.v. recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2) therapy is dependent on dose and schedule of rIL-2.

The effect of dose and schedule of continuous i.v. rIL-2 infusions on leucocyte subset counts, activation status of CD56+CD3- natural killer (NK) and CD3+ T lymphocytes, and cytolytic activities of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was studied. A single 4-day course of rIL-2 in escalating doses (0.9-11.5 x 10(6) U/m2 per day) was given to 18 patients with various types of metastatic cancer. The serum IL-2 concentration during rIL-2 therapy ranged between 23 and 64 U/ml and was proportional to the administered rIL-2 dose, as was the rebound lymphocytosis following therapy. Before therapy, the CD56+CD3- NK cells expressed low levels of the p75 chain of the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) and virtually no IL-2R(p55). Most CD3+ T cells were IL-2R(p55-,p75-). Between 2 and 4 days following therapy, i.e. at the time of lymphocytosis, the percentage of CD56+,CD3- NK cells among the lymphocytes had increased proportional to the administered rIL-2 dose. The levels of IL-2R(p75) expression by the CD56+,CD3- NK cells had increased. The percentages of CD3+ T cells expressing IL-2R(p55), HLA-DR and CD45RO had increased proportional to the administered rIL-2 dose. The level of lymphokine- activated killer (LAK) activity against Daudi cells was also positively correlated with rIL-2 dose. Subsequently, seven patients received 4-weekly cycles of rIL-2 (2.9-4.4 x 10(6) U/m2 per day) during 4 consecutive weeks. This schedule led to marked increments in lymphocyte and eosinophil counts, and to increased cytolytic activities compared with pretreatment. We conclude that CD56+,CD3- NK and CD3+ T cells are activated differentially by continuous i.v. rIL-2 proportional to dose and duration of treatment.