经直肠超声对前列腺外腺低回声结节鉴别诊断

目的探讨经直肠超声（TRUS）对前列腺外腺低回声结节声像特征的鉴别诊断意义。方法选择经病理证实的79例TRUS显示外腺低回声结节良恶性病变声像表现进行比较。结果前列腺癌为61％，良性病变39％，其恶性病变主要声像图表现是外腺对称性消失。低回声边缘模糊，累及前列腺包膜等。结论TRUS检查有助于外腺低回声结节的鉴别诊断，有利于提高前列腺穿刺活检的效率。     

经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检对前列腺特异抗原小于4 ng/ml前列腺癌的诊断

目的探讨经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检对前列腺特异抗原(PSA)<4ng/ml前列腺癌诊断的临床价值。方法59例PSA<4ng/ml疑为前列腺癌的患者行经直肠超声引导下前列腺多点穿刺活检,观察前列腺内结节声像图特点,并病理分级,对照分析活检术式的检出情况。结果59例患者中经病理证实前列腺癌16例,检出率为27%,其中12例声像图显示前列腺结节性病变,均分布于外腺,且血流增加较良性病变及癌前病变高。结节区域定点穿刺的检出率较六点系统穿刺活检术高(P<0.05);活检阳性点数占所有活检点数比率为51.2%,病理分级中分化程度占56.25%,低分化程度占31.25%。结论结合经直肠超声声像图和前列腺多点穿刺活检可提高PSA<4ng/ml的前列腺癌检出率,对前列腺癌的早期诊断非常必要。     

经直肠超声对前列腺外腺低回声病灶的鉴别诊断

目的 探讨经直肠超声（ＴＲＵＳ）对前列腺外腺低咽声病灶的鉴别诊断意义及其特点。方法 经ＴＲＵＳ发现周边区低回声病灶共１３４例,均经ＴＲＵＳ引导下活检获得病理结果,比较良,恶性病变的声像图特点。结果 前列腺外腺低回声恶性病变的特点包括外腺对称性消失,病灶边界模糊,累及前列腺包膜等。结论 ＴＲＵＳ检查前列腺外腺低回声病灶有助于鉴别诊断,有利于提高前列腺活检的效率。     

经直肠超声造影在前列腺外腺良恶性病变鉴别诊断中的作用

目的探讨经直肠超声造影检查在前列腺外腺低回声良恶性病变诊断和鉴别诊断中的价值。方法对66例超声显示前列腺外腺低回声病灶患者行经直肠超声造影检查,观察病灶造影增强模式,用ACQ软件系统对病灶及其周围外腺组织造影参数进行分析比较。超声造影后对患者行经直肠超声引导外腺低回声病灶穿刺活检及常规6针前列腺穿刺活检。结果穿刺活检病理证实30例患者病灶为前列腺癌,36例病灶为良性。以超声造影表现为无增强、增强强度高于、等于、低于周围实质为标准,良、恶性病灶分别为14、8、4、10例和2、20、3、5例,二者差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。外腺低回声良性病灶以内部无增强或增强强度低于周围实质为主,而恶性病灶以增强强度高于周围实质为主。病灶相对造影增强强度可作为前列腺癌鉴别诊断指标（曲线下面积0.73,95%可信区间：0.57～0.89）。结论经直肠超声造影检查有助于前列腺外腺低回声良恶性病变的鉴别诊断。     

经直肠超声引导活检前列腺癌病理与声像图对照分析

目的 探讨前列腺癌声像图特征,提高前列腺癌活检阳性率.方法 对血清前列腺特异性抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)＞4 ng/mL或直肠指检异常的患者行经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检,不同穿刺部位的标本分别标记送病理,对89例确诊为前列腺癌患者的病理结果与声像图对照分析.结果 89例患者中声像图未提示明显异常35例(39 3％),前列腺外周带或移行带见结节25例(28.1％),外周带、移行带分界不清22例(24.7％),前列腺见明显低回声团块7例(7.9％).彩色多普勒显示:无明显异常65例,局部血流汇聚或血管绕行7例,血流弥漫性增多10例,血流减少7例.二维声像图和彩色多普勒对显示前列腺癌的灵敏度分别为61％和25％.结论 前列腺外腺低回声结节、前列腺内外腺界不清、前列腺团块、彩色血流汇聚或绕行的结节均高度提示前列腺癌,是穿刺活检的重点.     

血清PSA筛选结合经直肠B超引导穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌

目的探讨经直肠B超（TRUS）引导穿刺活检在诊断前列腺癌中的临床价值。方法通过血清前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）的测定和筛选,对64例有排尿症状,血清PSA≥4ng／ml男性患者行TRUS定位前列腺10针穿刺活检。结果穿刺活检确诊前列腺癌28例（43．75%）,良性前列腺增生36例（56．25％）。与术后病检结果对比,有3例术前穿刺活检为良性前列腺增生,术后病检确诊为前列腺癌,穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌的敏感度为90．32％（28／31）,漏诊患者血清PSA4．5～9．2ng／ml。穿刺后不良反应有一过性血尿2例、肛门或会阴部痛5例,均自行缓解消失。结论TRUS定位前列腺穿刺活检具有准确、安全等优点,并发症少,简单易行,是确诊前列腺癌的有效方法之一,穿刺中除重视可疑区外,等回声区亦不能忽视,多点多部位的穿刺能降低漏诊。同时结合血清PSA测定,不但能提高早期诊断率,而且有助于前列腺癌患者的随访。     

经直肠超声引导穿刺活检研究前列腺外腺增生

目的 通过经直肠超声(TRUS)引导下的前列腺定点穿刺活检以探讨前列腺外腺是否存在增生。方法 27例患者因临床疑诊前列腺癌而行TRUS引导下前列腺外腺定点穿刺活检，共计47点。同一穿刺点上分别在纵向和横向引导下各穿刺1针；如果外腺有低回声结节，则对该结节穿刺2针。在双盲情况下进行病理诊断。结果 20例患者的前列腺内腺呈对称性增大；9例外腺受压变薄，18例受压征象不明显；3例外腺见低回声结节。47点前列腺穿刺活检均确诊为良性前列腺增生。结论 由于前列腺外腺属于腺性组织，因此，像内腺一样可以出现组织学上的增生。     

经直肠超声引导可疑结节加6点改良穿刺前列腺活检术阳性率的影响因素分析

目的分析经直肠超声引导可疑结节加6点穿刺改良方法前列腺活检阳性率的影响因素。方法经直肠超声引导下采用可疑癌结节或血流信号异常增多区穿刺2针,加前列腺6点穿刺改良方法,即左右侧前列腺底、体、尖的外周区各穿刺1针,对158例前列腺可疑癌症患者进行活检,结合术前血液前列腺特异抗原（PSA）及经直肠超声检查结果。结果158例患者中,前列腺癌67例,增生伴前列腺上皮内瘤61例,增生伴炎症19例,单纯性增生11例;经直肠超声发现外腺区可疑结节91例,活俭为前列腺癌55例,增生伴前列腺上皮内瘤27例,增生伴炎症7例,单纯性增生2例,PSA〉40ng/ml组活检阳性率较〈20ng/ml组、20～40ng／ml组增高（P〈0．05）;前列腺体积〉60m1组活检阳性率较〈30ml组及30～60ml组降低（P〈0．05）结论PSA浓度、前列腺体积、前列腺外腺有无可疑结节是影响前列腺癌活检阳性率的主要因素。     

淋巴结外淋巴瘤病变的超声诊断

本文报告11例原发性结外淋巴瘤和85例恶性淋巴瘤（ML）给外浸润的声像图表现。6例原发性胃肠ML声像图均表现为“假肾征”，另5例实质性脏器ML的特征是病变呈双侧性（4／5）或单侧多发性（1／5），以低回声为主，兼有高回声。85例ML结外浸润的声像图可分为弥漫型和给节型。57例（67．06％）表现为低回声给节型。本组中，59例（61．46％）伴区域淋巴结肿大。本文对超声检查结外淋巴瘤病变的临床价值及局限性也进行了讨论。     

彩色多普勒超声对腺性膀胱炎的声像图分型及诊断价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声对腺性膀胱炎的临床诊断价值。方法对39例腺性膀胱炎患者,采用彩色多普勒超声观察病变的位置、形态、边界、内部回声及病变与膀胱壁的关系,并应用彩色多普勒血流成像观察病变边缘及内部的血流分布,同时将其声像图表现进行分型。对比分析超声检查与膀胱镜活检或手术病理诊断结果。结果声像图表现分为囊状结节型5例、实体结节型8例、局部壁增厚型21例,弥漫性壁增厚型5例,59．0％（23／39）的病变位于膀胱三角区及尿道内口周围,69．2％（27／39）的病变内部见小囊状无回声区。彩色多普勒超声检查诊断腺性膀胱炎的准确率达84．6％（33／39）。结论彩色多普勒超声检查能清晰显示腺性膀胱炎病变的位置、边界、形态、内部回声及病变与膀胱壁的关系,对腺性膀胱炎的诊断、鉴别诊断和临床随访有重要作用。     

Correlation between hypoechoic nodules on ultrasonography and benign hyperplasia in the prostatic outer gland.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was to study the correlation between hypoechoic nodules detected on ultrasonography and benign hyperplasia in the prostatic outer gland (POG) diagnosed by transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)-guided biopsies. METHODS: The TRUS-guided biopsies were performed on 472 patients suspected of having prostate cancer. Specimens obtained by biopsies were independently assessed by pathologists at 3 hospitals. RESULTS: The histologic results of 310 patients (65.68%) were benign. Focal hypoechoic nodules located in the POG were found in 240 patients (50.8%) on TRUS scans. Among them, in 22 patients (9.17% of the 240 patients with hypoechoic nodules), benign hyperplasia was found in focal hypoechoic nodules located in the POG. Focal nodules were seen as well circumscribed with an ovoid shape and smooth surface in 18 patients. CONCLUSIONS: Benign hyperplasia may sometimes originate in the POG and may appear as a hypoechoic nodule, similar to the appearance of prostate cancer.     

Nonspecific granulomatous prostatitis

Nonspecific granulomatous prostatitis (NSGP) is a relatively uncommon type of chronic inflammation of the prostate, frequently mistaken for carcinoma on digital rectal examination, trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS) and serum PSA test. It is presently the most frequent variety of granulomatous prostatitis observed at histological examination. The present study reviews the trans-rectal US results and serum PSA levels of 20 patients with biopsy-proven NSGP. Physical findings, laboratory data and US indicated malignancy in all cases. Sonographically (TRUS), the lesions appeared as single or multiple hypoechoic nodules, mainly localised in the peripheral zone of the gland, mimicking carcinoma. Mean serum PSA values were 13.3 ng/ml (range from 3.5 to 34 ng/ml), and only one patient had a value lower than 4 ng/ml. A sufficiently long period of follow-up (mean 19 months; range from 7 to 48 months) with TRUS and PSA was only possible in 11/20 patients. In 8/11 cases, serum PSA returned within normal range, and in 5/11 patients the US features slowly resolved, the hypoechoic nodules disappearing. Final diagnosis can only be obtained by prostatic biopsy. Several questions remain unanswered regarding the relationship between chronic prostatitis and prostatic carcinoma, natural history, the need for specific therapy and also the follow-up of this disease.     

前列腺低回声灶和PSAD对前列腺癌的诊断价值

术前经直肠超声检出前列腺低回声灶65例,范围0.5-2.0cm^2,84.61%位于移行区,病检证实前列腺癌（PCa)35例（53.84%),前列腺上皮内瘤（PIN）13例（20%）。结节增生17例（26.15%)。以PSA10ng/ml和PSAD0.1为界值,对PCa和PIN的敏感性是52%和85%A,特异性90%和56%,阳性预测值90%和71%,本研究提示,前列腺弱回声灶和PSAD较单一指标能提高对前列腺癌的检出率。     

Focal splenic lesions in patients with AIDS: sonographic findings

Background: The purpose of this study was to describe the sonographic features of the focal splenic lesions in patients with AIDS and to know the frequency and etiology of these features. Methods: Sonographic exams of 278 AIDS patients were reviewed retrospectively. We recorded the clinical indications for sonograms and sonographic findings of those patients with focal splenic lesions. In addition, patients' histories were reviewed to determine the etiology of such lesions. Ultrasound exams were performed with a 3.5-MHz transducer. Results: Sonography demostrated focal splenic lesions in 22 patients (7.9%). Eighteen patients (81.8%) showed small, multiple, hypoechoic, rounded splenic lesions; one patient had a solitary defect with similar features. In these 19 patients (86.3%), splenic lesions were due to disseminated Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. One case showed two large hypoechoic wedge-shaped lesions that were splenic infarctations secondary to acute bacterial endocarditis. In two patients (9%) with solitary and multiple small hypoechoic lesions, the cause of the lesions remained unknown. All patients had splenomegaly. Hepatomegaly with focal lesions, retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy, or ascites were also seen. Conclusion: In our area, the finding of splenomegaly with small, multiple, hypoechoic lesions in AIDS patients should make clinicians suspect splenic tuberculosis as a first possibility. Received: 25 June 1996/Accepted after revision: 13 November 1996     

脂肪肉瘤彩色多普勒超声特征分析

目的 探讨脂肪肉瘤的超声声像图特征。方法 回顾性分析我院经手术切除病理证实为脂肪肉瘤的31例患者资料、超声声像图特征。结果 31例患者中,去分化脂肪肉瘤13例,高分化脂肪肉瘤10例,多形性脂肪肉瘤4例,粘液样脂肪肉瘤4例,肿瘤平均最大长径约(16.97±9.70)cm,病灶以等-高回声为主61.3%(19/31),回声分布不均匀90.3%(28/31),多表现为乏血供,以Adler血流分级为0级51.6%(16/31)和I级41.2%(14/31)为主。主要的病理亚型高分化脂肪肉瘤超声特征以高回声为主70.0%(7/10),去分化脂肪肉瘤则表现为低回声46.2%(6/13)和高回声30.8%(4/13)的双相模式。结论 脂肪肉瘤超声声像图表现具有一定的特征性,对于超声准确诊断该病能够提供一定的帮助。     

超声造影对脂肪肝内低回声病变病灶类型诊断的应用价值

目的 研究超声造影对脂肪肝内低回声病变病灶类型诊断的应用价值.方法 对143个脂肪肝内低回声病变进行常规超声与低机械指数超声造影检查.结果 脂肪肝内低回声病变常规超声正确诊断病变类型43.4%(62/143),超声造影正确诊断病变类型97.2%(139/143),2种方法正确诊断病变类型有统计学差异, P<0.000 01.结论 超声造影提高了脂肪肝内低回声病变血流灌注特征从而显著提高了确定病变类型的能力,使超声对脂肪肝内低回声病变的诊断有了突破性的进展.     

Correlations among prostatic biopsy results, transrectal ultrasound findings and PSA levels in diagnosing prostate adenocarcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) findings and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in relation to prostatic biopsy results and to analyze their individual and combined performances in diagnosing prostate adenocarcinoma (PAC). METHODS: Men (n=143) with PSA levels above 4 ng/ml underwent TRUS and randomized ultrasound-guided prostatic biopsy through the peripheral zone, including additional hypoechoic nodules biopsies, if they were noted on TRUS. Data related to TRUS, biopsy, and PSA level results were then correlated. RESULTS: A significant correlation between TRUS images suspicious for PAC and a biopsy-confirmed diagnosis of PAC, or between the lack of such images and a negative biopsy result, was not found. However, a significant correlation was found between positive biopsy results and PSA levels greater or equal to 10 ng/ml. The sensitivity of transrectal ultrasound in making a diagnosis of PAC was 63%, whereas its specificity was 73%. CONCLUSION: We conclude that while the separate performances of these examinations were not effective in diagnosing PAC, the integrated use of these methods was more adequate for making the diagnosis.     

彩色多普勒超声对腹股沟区包块的诊断价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声对腹股沟区包块的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析经手术和病理证实或随访的53例腹股沟区包块的声像图资料,通过观察其二维声像图及彩色多普勒血流成像,分析包块的声像图特点及鉴别要点。结果 53例患者中腹股沟疝18例,声像图表现为与腹腔相通的无～强回声;鞘膜积液14例,声像图表现为无回声;肿大的淋巴结6例,声像图表现为椭圆形或圆形低回声;隐睾4例,声像图表现为椭圆形低回声,患者同侧阴囊内睾丸缺如;实性肿瘤3例,声像图表现为扁圆形低或等回声;血肿2例,声像图表现为不均匀低回声;精索炎2例,声像图表现为较健侧精索明显增粗且血流丰富;精索静脉曲张2例,声像图表现为网状无回声;子宫圆韧带囊肿1例,声像图表现为椭圆形无回声;蔓状血管瘤1例,声像图表现为不规则无回声,探头适当加压内见丰富血流。结论彩色多普勒超声对腹股沟区包块具有较高的诊断价值,可为临床诊疗提供可靠依据,应作为临床首选的检查方法。     

前列腺癌的超声表现与组织结构

目的：探讨前列腺癌的超声表现与组织结构改变的关系。提高前列腺癌的超声诊断水平。方法：对71例经病理证实为前列腺腺癌的病例做前列腺超声的研究。采用前列腺超声表现与前列腺穿刺活检病理学检查的对照研究方法。结果：71例前列腺腺癌其中47例（66.20％）表现为或多个低回声结节,12例（16.90%）为均质回声无结节,9例（12.68％）为混合回声,3例（4.22%）为强回声改变。作者发现前列腺癌回声不同,但在组织构直没有明显差异,只是强回声癌改变有明显的间质纤维化。结论：前列腺腺癌的回声表现多样化,但组织结构没有明显差别。