用RhD阳性红细胞从含抗D抗体的IgG中提纯抗D抗体

目的：研究从含抗-D抗体的IgG中纯化抗D抗体的方法。方法：抗D含量为0.814μg/ml的健康人血浆,经柱层析法分离获得含抗D的IgG后,用遗传表现型CCDee的RhD阳性＂O＂型红细胞经亲和层析法从IgG中纯化抗-D抗体。检测相关指标。结果：经过亲和层析法纯化后去除了近90%的非目的IgG,使产物可以进一步浓缩以提高单位体积制剂中抗-D抗体浓度。所得制剂经检测各项指标均符合中国生物制品规程的要求。结论：本方法可从含抗D的IgG制剂中进一步纯化抗D抗体,为血浆综合利用提供参考。     

腹水型单克隆抗体纯化方法的研究

目的：比较不同纯化方法对腹水型抗体的纯化效果,探索出最适合实验室抗体生产的纯化方法。方法制备的 IgG1单克隆抗体腹水（4-D10）分别利用两步硫酸铵沉淀法（AS 法）、辛酸-硫酸铵沉淀法（CA-AS法）、辛酸-硫酸铵沉淀法联合 DEAE 阴离子交换层析法与辛酸-硫酸铵沉淀法联合蛋白 G 亲和层析法纯化处理后,经蛋白纯度、回收率、抗体免疫活性鉴定分析后,比较不同的纯化方法对腹水型抗体的纯化效果。结果① AS 法的蛋白纯度为25%,低于 CA-AS 法（44%）;AS 法回收率为63%,高于 CA-AS 法（41.8%）;比较抗体效价表明,AS 法（1.024×106）与 CA-AS 法（1.024×106）两者相当。②粗提后纯化效果表明,蛋白 G亲和层析法回收率明显降低,DEAE 纯品虽纯度略低,但回收率较高,且效价（5.12×105）高于蛋白 G 亲和层析法（1.28×105）。结论 CA-AS 联合 DEAE 离子交换法是适合实验室生产单抗的低成本、纯化效果和回收效果较佳的方法。     

妊娠相关血浆蛋白A的分离，纯化及抗血清制备

本文采用Sephadex G-200,Hepaarin-Sepharose CL-6B亲和层析法从晚孕血浆中分离，纯化妊娠相关血浆蛋白A（PAPP－A），纯化了545倍，回收率为60．7％，纯化的PAPP－A经SDS－PAGE鉴定呈单一条带，分子量为205，000；在280nm和214nm处有吸收峰，并含有锌，与PAPP－A标准抗体呈阳性反应，制备PAPP－A抗血清效价高，特异性好，已用于建立ELISA测定PAPP－A。     

抗果蝇Dnop5蛋白抗体的制备及其特性鉴定

目的:制备兔抗果蝇Dnop5蛋白的抗体,并进行特性鉴定。方法:以RTPCR扩增Dnop5的全长cDNA并克隆入pET28a( )表达载体中,表达并纯化Dnop5His融合蛋白。用纯化的Dnop5His融合蛋白免疫家兔,制备抗Dnop5的抗体,并用His亲和层析法进行纯化。采用Westernblot法和免疫组化染色法鉴定该抗体的特异性及生物学活性。结果:表达的Dnop5His蛋白以包涵体的形式存在,用His亲和层析法分离纯化后得到较纯的Dnop5His融合蛋白,以纯化的Dnop5His免疫家兔制备的兔抗Dnop5的抗体,经Westernblot分析显示:该抗体可与果蝇的胚胎、幼虫、蛹及成虫组织中表达的Dnop5特异性结合。结论:获得具有良好特异性的兔抗dnop5抗体,为进一步研究Dnop5的功能奠定了基础。     

重组人可溶性gp130的纯化及生物学活性鉴定

采用转瓶培养可溶性gp130基因转染细胞。运用免疫亲和层析法,将抗人可溶性gp130的单克隆抗体偶联于CNBr活化的Sepharose 4B。收获基因转染细胞的培养上清,经抗gp130单抗/Sepharose 4B亲和层析柱吸附,用pH 2.8、0.1 mol/L甘氨酸溶液洗脱,获取可溶性gp130重组蛋白纯品。基因转染细胞培养上清中可溶性gp130的表达量为100~120μg/ml,纯化后的回收率为70%~75%,SDS-PAGE电泳后出现一条蛋白曲带。经Western blot分析,纯化的可溶性gp130能与特异性抗体结合。将可溶性gp130(终浓度为5μg/ml)与IL-6依赖性生长细胞株XG2共同培养,细胞的生长与增殖出现抑制。提示经免疫亲和层析法纯化的可溶性gp130具有良好的生物学活性。     

抗人大肠癌单克隆抗体的制备及应用

目的制备和纯化抗人大肠癌单克隆抗体(ND-1),分析其在大肠癌诊断中的应用价值。方法常规免疫小鼠制备腹水,腹水经离心和过滤后,应用G蛋白亲和层析法进行纯化。采用SDS-PAGE、间接免疫荧光(IFA)、间接ELISA检测纯化后抗体的纯度、活性、效价和特异性。并用免疫组织化学SP法检测在大肠癌组织中的表达。结果经SDS-PAGE分离可见两条相对分子质量(Mr)分别为55 000和25 000明显的两条蛋白条带。间接ELISA检测抗体效价为1∶1 000 000,ND-1抗体对表达相应抗原的大肠癌细胞株具有特异结合活性。人大肠癌组织切片经ND-1抗体免疫组织化学染色阳性率为82.9%,其中高分化腺癌阳性率为100%。结论应用G蛋白亲和层析法可以很好分离纯化鼠腹水中的IgG1亚型的单克隆抗体,抗体的纯度高,特异性强,生物学活性好,可望成为有效的肿瘤诊断和治疗的手段。     

亲和层析法提纯双特异单克隆抗体

本文介绍了用亲和层析法从抗HRP-抗HBsAg双特异单克隆抗体的8B_6腹水中纯化,获得的四个组份蛋白,经过EL1SAg测定证实为抗HRP-抗HBsAs双特异单克隆抗体、抗HRP单抗、抗HBsAg单抗和无反应活性免疫球蛋白.因此,建议可以用亲和层析法简便地提纯出高纯度的双特异单克隆抗体.     

抗人纤维结合蛋白单克隆抗体的研制及其在妊娠高血压综合征诊断和预测中的应用

本文用亲和层析法从正常人血浆中提纯纤维结合蛋白(Fihrinectin)并免疫BALB/c小鼠,建立抗人FN McAb,杂交细胞系鉴定证实与人血清或纯化人FN作双向扩散或免疫电泳可出现沉淀线,符合常规诊断工作的要求。以此McAb建立ELISA双向抗体夹心法,测定正常中、晚孕孕妇及妊娠高血压综合征(妊高征)患者血、尿FN含量,、结果表明有较高的特异性,抑制试验吸光度值下降>70.3％;灵敏度高,可检出的最小FN量为0.025μg/ml;可重复性好,     

应用亲和层析柱分离人血清B因子的研究

本文报导了一种分离人血清补体B因子的亲和层析方法,并与Keer氏的方法进行了比较。结果表明亲和层析法步骤简便,回收率高,每升血清可得B因子80—130mg左右,其B因子的纯度和活性都高于Keer氏法。亲和层析柱能反复使用多次,经济可靠。应用亲和层析法分离B因子是一种值得推荐的好方法。     

单克隆抗体亲和层析法提纯甲胎蛋白

<正> 甲胎蛋白(下称AFP)与白蛋白具有基因水平的相似性,仅存在少数氨基酸序列和糖基的差异。而且在起始材料(如人脐带血清)中,白蛋白的含量通常为AFP的数百倍,这些因素造成了纯化AFP的主要困难。免疫亲和层析法是纯化AFP的最有效手段。但多抗AFP抗血清常含有抗正常人血清抗体,导致层析产物须再经抗正常人血     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.