喹啉酮结构整合酶抑制剂的设计、合成及其抗HIV-1活性研究

目的设计合成含有喹啉环的二酮酸类化合物,并探讨此类化合物抗HIV-1活性的构效关系。方法以已上市的HIV-1整合酶抑制剂elvitegravir(埃替格韦)和RDS-1997为先导化合物,改造喹啉酮苯环上的取代基,设计各种不同的酰胺取代物。首先,对氨基苯甲酸乙酯与2-乙氧亚甲基乙酰乙酸乙酯缩合得到喹啉酮环化合物;然后,经取代、水解和缩合得到酰胺取代的喹啉酮化合物;最后,与草酸二乙酯反应,水解后得到目标化合物。测定目标化合物对HIV-1假病毒的抑制活性。结果与结论合成了11个未见文献报道的新化合物,其结构经核磁共振氢谱、质谱确证;体外细胞活性评价结果表明,目标化合物在质量浓度10μg·m L-1时对HIV-1假病毒细胞有抑制活性,其中,化合物7d、7f和7i的抑制率大于或等于95%。     

流感病毒神经氨酸酶抑制剂的合成筛选

总结流感病毒神经氨酸酶抑制剂有效的结构特点及其结晶结构，对神经氨酸酶抑制剂进行了合成探索和构效关系研究，共设计合成6个未见报道的新化合物，其中3个为目标物，3个为中间体，通过MS，^1H-NMR证明其结构，并测定了它们的抑酶活性，结果所有化合物对神经氨酸酶都显示一定活性，同时还测定了这几个化合物抗流感病毒株粤防72-243的活性及体外抗HIV-1整合酶活性。     

呋喃香豆素类化合物对CYP450酶系影响的研究进展

呋喃香豆素类化合物是香豆素()类的6,7或7,8位与呋喃基()骈合而成的化合物的总称,这类化合物大量存在于伞形科植物中,其中很多是著名中药如白芷、前胡、当归等的主要成分;也存在于某些豆科、芸香科、菊科等植物中.常见的呋喃香豆素有补骨脂素、异欧前胡素、欧前胡素、氧化前胡素、白当归脑、白当归素、比克白芷素、前胡苷元等.     

磷酸二酯酶5抑制剂的研究进展

目的：介绍磷酸二酯酶5抑制剂的研究进展。方法：以国外有代表性的文献为依据，进行分析、归纳和整理。结果：综述了这类化合物的作用机制、构效关系及其他相关活性的研究进展。结论：磷酸二酯酶5（PDE5）抑制剂的活性与治疗阳瘘的作用密切相关，其最初是作为治疗心血管系统的药物来研究，现在对阳瘘治疗研究是普遍关注的热点。     

新型三唑类化合物的合成及抗真菌活性

目的寻找广谱、高效、低毒的新一代三唑类抗真菌药物。方法根据靶酶活性位点的空间特征、各种力场和关键残基分布，设计并合成了21个1-(1,2,4-三唑-1H -1-基)-2-(2,4-二氟苯基)-3-(4-取代-1-哌嗪基)-2-丙醇类化合物，并测定了体外抑菌活性。结果体外抑菌测试结果表明，所有化合物对8种致病真菌均有一定程度的抗真菌活性，对深部真菌的活性明显优于浅部真菌。在哌嗪的各种取代基中，苯基和杂环取代的抗真菌活性明显优于苯甲酰基取代。结论有多个化合物的体外抗真菌活性明显高于氟康唑和特比萘芬，其中化合物VIII-1,4,5和IX-3具有广谱、高活性的优点，值得进一步研究。     

新型苯磺酰胺类组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂的合成及其抗肿瘤活性研究

目的设计合成新型苯甲酰胺类组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂,并探讨此类HDAC抑制剂的构效关系。方法以HDAC抑制剂恩替司他(entinostat,MS-275)为先导化合物,对其离子结合区与表面识别区进行改造,根据HDACs活性中心的结构特点,设计并合成了系列苯磺酰胺化合物。首先,对甲苯磺酰氯与邻硝基苯胺缩合得到含磺酰胺基的化合物,然后,经溴代、叠氮化、水解得到氨基化合物,最后与取代酰氯缩合并还原得到目标化合物。采用SRB法,对PC3、HL-60、A549三种肿瘤细胞株进行体外抗肿瘤活性筛选。结果与结论合成了11个未见文献报道的新化合物,化合物的结构经质谱、核磁共振氢谱、碳谱确证;体外抗肿瘤活性评价结果表明,化合物8j和8k对HL-60、PC3肿瘤细胞株具有增殖抑制活性,化合物8j对HL-60细胞抑制作用的IC50值为31.329μmol·L-1、化合物8k对PC3肿瘤细胞抑制作用的IC50值为3.612μmol·L-1。     

含四氢吡啶并[4,3-d]嘧啶环的双芳基脲类化合物的合成及抗肿瘤细胞增殖活性研究

目的设计合成2-氨基-7,8-二氢吡啶并[4,3-d]嘧啶-6(5H)烷氧基双芳基脲类化合物,并测定其体外抗肿瘤细胞增殖活性。方法以对硝基苯酚为原料,经O-烷基化、N-烷基化、缩合、环合、还原、加成共6步反应合成目标化合物。采用MTT法,以索拉菲尼(sorafenib)为阳性对照药,测定了目标化合物对人乳腺癌细胞株(MDA-MB-231)的抗增殖活性。结果与结论合成了16个新化合物,其结构经1H-NMR、MS谱确证;初步药理试验结果表明,5个化合物(7a~7c、7l和7n)表现出良好的抗肿瘤细胞增殖活性,以2,4-二氯苯基取代的化合物7c活性最好,IC50值为0.46μmol·L-1,是对照药的5.4倍。初步构效关系研究表明,引入乙氧基侧链对化合物的活性提高有利,R取代基的活性顺序为:Cl>F>CH3>OCH3。     

酪氨酸蛋白磷酸酯酶1B抑制剂的构效关系

介绍了最近几年来关于酪氨酸蛋白磷酸酯酶1B作用的机制以及通过各种途径发现的结构新颖的小分子抑制剂的构效关系研究进展。酪氨酸蛋白磷酸酯酶1B在胰岛素依赖的信号传导途径中发挥着非常重要的作用,并作为一个潜在的治疗2型糖尿病和肥胖的作用靶点日益受到广泛的关注。在其晶体结构被报道后,强效和选择性好的抑制剂更成为研制开发新药的焦点。     

肿瘤组织中的CYP1B1及其抑制剂的抗肿瘤活性

综述细胞色素P450酶（CYP）1B1在肿瘤组织中的表达、在肿瘤的发生发展和诊断与干预中的作用以及其抑制剂的研发和抗肿瘤活性。CYP1B1在正常组织中低表达,而在许多肿瘤组织中则特异性高表达,可激活和代谢产生致癌物质,并可致多种抗癌药物代谢失活而使肿瘤耐药,因此它既可用于早期癌症的诊断,又可作为理想的抗肿瘤作用靶点而用于药物研发。     

N-甲基异噻唑酮取代的间苯二甲酸衍生物的设计、合成及其抑制β-分泌酶活性

目的：发现新结构的β-分泌酶抑制剂。方法：基于β-分泌酶抑制剂的构效关系,设计合成了含羟乙胺结构片段的间位1,1-二氧代-N-甲基-2,3-（2H）-异噻唑酮取代的间苯二甲酸衍生物;采用时间分辨荧光法检测化合物对β-分泌酶的抑制活性。结果：合成了8个目标化合物,利用MS和1H-NMR对化合物的结构进行了确证,利用HPLC对化合物的纯度进行了测定,利用旋光仪测定了化合物的比旋光度;活性数据显示有2个化合物对β-分泌酶有较强的抑制作用,其中化合物2c的IC50值为3.7nmolL-1。结论：发现了新的β-分泌酶抑制剂,分析了其初步的构效关系,为进一步进行结构优化进而发现活性更好的化合物奠定了基础。     

Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on procarcinogen-bioactivating human CYP1 enzymes: identification of isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and quercetin as potent inhibitors of CYP1B1

In the present study, we investigated the effect of Ginkgo biloba extracts and some of its individual constituents on the catalytic activity of human cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1B1, CYP1A1, and CYP1A2. G. biloba extract of known abundance of terpene trilactones and flavonol glycosides inhibited 7-ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylation catalyzed by human recombinant CYP1B1, CYP1A1, and CYP1A2, and human liver microsomes, with apparent Ki values of 2 +/- 0.3, 5 +/- 0.5, 16 +/- 1.4, and 39 +/- 1.2 microg/ml (mean +/- SE), respectively. In each case, the mode of inhibition was of the mixed type. Bilobalide, ginkgolides A, B, C, and J, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, and isorhamentin 3-O-rutinoside were not responsible for the inhibition of CYP1 enzymes by G. biloba extract, as determined by experiments with these individual chemicals at the levels present in the extract. In contrast, the aglycones of quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamentin inhibited CYP1B1, CYP1A1, and CYP1A2. Among the three flavonol aglycones, isorhamentin was the most potent in inhibiting CYP1B1 (apparent Ki = 3 +/- 0.1 nM), whereas quercetin was the least potent in inhibiting CYP1A2 (apparent Ki = 418 +/- 50 nM). The mode of inhibition was competitive, noncompetitive, or mixed, depending on the enzyme and the flavonol. G. biloba extract also reduced benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylation, and the effect was greater with CYP1B1 than with CYP1A1 as the catalyst. Overall, our novel findings indicate that G. biloba extract and the flavonol aglycones isorhamnetin, kaempferol, and quercetin preferentially inhibit the in vitro catalytic activity of human CYP1B1.     

抗癌药细胞色素P450 1B1抑制剂的研究进展

介绍了有关人细胞色素P450 1B1(CYP1B1)抑制剂的研究概况。CYP1B1是一类在导致癌变的雌激素代谢和激活芳香烃化合物致癌性中起重要作用的酶，在正常组织中通常不表达而在许多肿瘤组织中表达活跃，同时对许多抗癌药物的代谢具有重要影响。这表明CYP1B1抑制剂有望成为又一类肿瘤治疗药物。     

Preferential induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 in CCSP-positive cells.

Both benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) are potent ligands of aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR). Although animal studies indicate that both compounds induce pathological changes in the peripheral lung, the specific cell type involved remains unclear. Clara cells, expressing Clara cell specific protein (CCSP) and abundant in cytochrome P450, are nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial cells in the peripheral lung. Here we explore the hypothesis that CCSP-positive Clara cells are highly responsive to AhR ligands and are the primary cell type involved in BaP- and TCDD-induced toxicities. The responsiveness to AhR ligands was evaluated by measuring the respective mRNA and protein levels of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and 1B1 (CYP1B1) using real-time RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry assays. Two in vitro models were used: primary cultures of human small airway epithelial (SAE) cells and rat lung slice cultures. In the presence of calcium, human SAE cells differentiated into CCSP-positive cells. BaP- and TCDD-induced mRNA and protein levels of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 levels were significantly elevated in CCSP-positive cell cultures. Similarly, AhR mRNA and protein levels were increased in CCSP-positive cell cultures, as determined by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. When rat lung slice cultures were treated with BaP or TCDD for 24 h, CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 proteins were strongly induced in Clara cells. These results indicate that, in the peripheral lung of both rats and humans, CCSP-positive cells (Clara cells) may be more sensitive to AhR ligands than other cell types.     

Transplacental exposure to indole-3-carbinol induces sex-specific expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 in the liver of Fischer 344 neonatal rats.

Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a naturally occurring component of broccoli, cabbage, and other members of the family Cruciferae, is a tumor modulator in several animal models that demonstrates significant chemoprevention against development of both spontaneous and chemically induced cancers while conversely eliciting tumor promoter effects in others. This study examines the disposition of I3C in the pregnant rat model, specifically to determine whether I3C can traverse the maternal placenta, and what effects, if any, are elicited in the neonate. We now report that dietary I3C treatment of pregnant female rats results in appearance of I3C acid condensation products in both maternal and neonatal livers. Livers from I3C-fed maternal rats showed CYP1A1 protein induction; however, no CYP1B1 protein was detected. No CYP1A1 or CYP1B1 protein was detected in the livers of pregnant controls or their offspring. We also report a sex-specific induction of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 protein in livers from newborns born to I3C-fed dams. CYP1A1 protein was significantly induced in male neonatal liver, but not in females. Conversely, hepatic CYP1B1 protein was induced to high levels in female neonates, with no CYP1B1 protein detected in male littermates. Our results demonstrate that dietary I3C acid condensation products can cross the maternal placenta and differentially induce neonatal hepatic CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 in a sex-specific manner. The results highlight the potential of I3C to effect changes in the overall metabolic profile of xenobiotics to which the fetus is exposed transplacentally and indicate the possible involvement of sex-specific modulators in Ah receptor-mediated responses in this model.     

草甘膦对大鼠细胞色素P450 2B1和P450 2C11基因表达的影响

采用酶学和分子生物学方法，研究了两种草甘膦除草剂对大鼠细胞色素Ｐ４５０２Ｂ１和２Ｃ１１（ＣＹＰ４５０２Ｂ１和２Ｃ１１）ｍＲＮＡ表达的影响以探讨其作用机理。结果表明，草甘膦Ⅱ可增加肝细胞中ＣＹＰ４５０２Ｂ１ｍＲＮＡ转录水平，与对照组比较有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）；而草甘膦Ⅰ对肝细胞ＣＹＰ４５０２Ｂ１ｍＲＮＡ没有明显影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）。两种草甘膦均可显著降低肾脏ＣＹＰ４５０２Ｂ１ｍＲＮＡ表达水平，与对照组比较均有极显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。草甘膦Ⅰ可使大鼠肝细胞中ＣＹＰ４５０２Ｃ１１ｍＲＮＡ转录水平显著降低，与对照组比较有显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）；而草甘膦Ⅱ对大鼠肝细胞中ＣＹＰ４５０２Ｃ１１ｍＲＮＡ没有明显影响。     

Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of CYP1B1 gene expression in human liver.

Procarcinogen-activating cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes such as CYP1B1, CYP1A1, and CYP1A2 are considered to play an important role in chemical carcinogenesis. However, conflicting data exist with respect to CYP1B1 expression in human liver. In the present study, we measured CYP1B1 mRNA and protein expression in liver samples from 12 individuals (7 nonsmokers, 4 smokers, and 1 ex-smoker) and compared the levels to those of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2. As analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, CYP1B1 mRNA was present in all samples and the inter-individual variability was 16-fold. The group mean level was 5-fold greater in smokers than nonsmokers (121 +/- 46 vs. 26 +/- 5 molecules/ng double-stranded DNA, p < 0.05). By comparison, CYP1A1 mRNA was detectable in samples from 4 of 7 nonsmokers, 3 of 4 smokers, and one ex-smoker, whereas CYP1A2 mRNA was detectable in samples from 5 nonsmokers, 4 smokers, and the ex-smoker. The mean levels of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 mRNA were 4-fold and 9-fold greater, respectively, in smokers than nonsmokers, but the differences were not statistically significant. The inter-individual variability in CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 mRNA expression was 26-fold and 500-fold, respectively. Immunoblot analysis using several antibodies and with a larger panel (n = 27) of liver microsomes showed that CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 proteins were undetectable, whereas CYP1A2 was detectable in all samples and quantifiable in 24 of 27 samples. In summary, our novel finding indicates that CYP1B1 mRNA is expressed in human liver and the levels are increased in smokers, but the protein is undetectable.     

Effect of TCDD exposure on CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 expression in explant cultures of human endometrium.

Endometriosis is a debilitating disease estimated to affect 10% of reproductive-age women and characterized by the growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus. The present study characterizes a human endometrial explant culture model for studying the direct effects of TCDD exposure by assessing the expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA (Northern blotting), protein (Western blotting), and activity (7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase; EROD) in explants cultured with and without TCDD. Explants were obtained at laparoscopy or laparotomy from women undergoing surgery for tubal ligation, endometriosis, or pelvic pain unrelated to endometriosis. The explants were cultured with 10 nM estradiol (E(2)) or 1 nM E(2) plus 500 nM progesterone (P(4)) with or without TCDD (first 24 h). The expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA was greatest with 10 nM TCDD and increased up to 72 h after initial exposure. EROD activity increased up to 120 h. Explants from a secretory phase biopsy became reorganized in culture and formed a new epithelial membrane, while maintaining basic endometrial morphology and viability for up to 120 h. At 24 h, TCDD significantly increased CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 mRNA, and at 72 h, TCDD significantly increased EROD activity and CYP1B1 protein compared to explants cultured without TCDD for similar times. CYP1B1 protein also exhibited substantial constitutive expression that was similar in uncultured biopsies, where CYP1B1 protein was immunolocalized in the cytoplasm of epithelial glands, with only occasional patches of protein in the surface epithelial membrane. In explants cultured with and without TCDD exposure, CYP1B1 protein was localized in the cytoplasm of the new surface epithelial membrane and glands closest to the surface. CYP1A1 protein was not detected in uncultured biopsies or explants. Both younger age (age 30 and under) and proliferative phase were associated with higher TCDD-induced EROD activity in specimens treated with E(2):P(4). No significant endometriosis-related differences were observed for any of the biomarkers, but the detection of disease-specific change was limited by small sample size and variability in tissue-cycle phase. The human endometrial explant culture model will be useful for future studies of the effects of dioxin-like compounds on human endometrium in relationship to cycle phase and hormonal exposure.     

First Selective CYP11B1 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Cortisol-Dependent Diseases

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