颈前路减压术后颈椎重建的研究进展

颈前路减压后重建颈椎生理曲度、椎间高度及稳定性对保证手术疗效、避免手术并发症较为重要.文中综述了颈前路经间隙椎间盘切除减压和椎体次全切减压后的颈椎重建.经间隙减压后颈椎重建有单纯骨块植骨、骨块植骨钛板内固定、椎间融合器植骨、椎间融合器植骨钛板内固定以及颈椎人工椎间盘置换;椎体次全切减压颈椎重建有单纯骨块植骨、骨块植骨钛板内固定、钛网植骨钛板内固定、椎间融合器和钛网植骨钛板内固定.颈椎融合术后部分患者存在椎间高度丢失和植骨不融合是两个主要的问题.人工椎间盘可保留椎节运动,但适应证较窄.颈椎彻底减压后应选择最合适的方式重建颈椎椎间高度和稳定性.     

内窥镜技术在颈椎前路手术中的应用

目的：探讨内窥镜下颈椎前路减压植骨融合术的手术技巧与疗效。方法：2002年8月～2005年3月应用内窥镜下颈椎前路减压植骨融合术治疗20例颈椎疾患患者，均应用自制不同型号椎间旋转撑开器及特制不同角度、不同大小的网形与方形刮匙行前路椎间盘切除，单纯PEEK cage植骨融合8例，PEEK cage植骨融合加钛板内同定2例，单纯钛cage植骨融合3例，钛cage植骨融合加钛板内同定2例，椎间植骨融合加钛板内同定5例，随访观察治疗效果。结果：术后随访3～12个月，平均7个月。患者症状体征及神经功能均明显改善。术后影像学检查手术部位减压彻底。1例发生钛cage松动，其余椎间高度无丢失，维持颈椎正常生理曲度。结论：通过对椎间盘镜部分器械和技术的改进，将其应用于颈椎前路椎间盘切除、椎间融合内同定术治疗颈椎病及颈椎间盘突出症可取得满意的效果。     

颈椎前路限制性与非限制性钛板固定稳定性比较的实验研究

目的：分析比较颈椎前路非限制性钛板与限制性钛板固定的三维稳定性.方法：采用6具成人新鲜颈椎标本（C2～T1）,在MTS脊柱三维运动系统上先后测量C5/6完整、椎间盘摘除、椎间单纯植骨、限制性钛板及非限制性钛板固定状态下C5～C6节段在前屈、后伸、左右侧弯及旋转时的活动范围（ROM）.结果：单节段椎间盘摘除可造成颈椎明显失稳,单纯椎间植骨可维持颈椎的稳定性.限制性与非限制钛板固定均可以显著提高固定节段的稳定性,在屈伸及旋转运动中两种钛板之间无显著性差异,在侧弯运动时限制性钛板稳定性高于非限制性钛板.结论：在单节段颈椎减压植骨融合时前路限制性与非限制性钛板均可以显著提高固定节段的稳定性.     

颈椎前路减压cage与zero-p椎间植骨融合内固定治疗单节段脊髓型颈椎病的疗效比较

目的比较颈椎前路减压cage椎间植骨融合钛板内固定与zero-p椎间植骨融合内固定治疗单节段脊髓型颈椎病的临床疗效及并发症情况。方法纳入自2013-06—2015-06诊治的110例单节段脊髓型颈椎病,采用颈椎前路减压cage椎间植骨融合钛板内固定治疗55例(cage组),采用颈椎前路减压zero-p椎间植骨融合内固定治疗55例(zero-p组)。比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间,术后12个月JOA评分、NDI指数、颈椎曲度、颈椎节段高度及植骨融合率,术后1周、3个月吞咽困难发生例数。结果所有患者均获得(22.78±3.10)个月随访。2组手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。2组术后12个月JOA评分、NDI指数、颈椎曲度、颈椎节段高度、植骨融合率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。zero-p组术后1周、3个月吞咽困难发生例数少于cage组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论颈椎前路减压cage椎间植骨融合钛板内固定与zero-p椎间植骨融合内固定治疗单节段脊髓型颈椎病均可取得满意的临床疗效,但zero-p椎间植骨融合内固定术后吞咽困难发生的风险明显较低,其安全性更符合临床需要。     

两种前路减压融合术治疗颈椎间盘突出症的比较

目的对前路颈椎间盘切除减压的碳纤维椎间融合器(cage)植入术与自体髂骨块植骨加钛板固定术治疗单节段颈椎间盘突出症(CDH)进行临床疗效及影像学评估。方法需要手术治疗的单节段CDH患者60例,其中前路减压cage植入术31例,自体髂骨块植骨加钛板固定术29例。术前、术后及随访期间摄X线片,比较两组病例的手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症、症状改善率、融合时间、融合率、融合节段椎体间高度的维持情况。结果cage植入术较自体髂骨块植骨加钛板固定术手术时间短,出血少(P<0.01)。两组融合节段椎体间高度较术前均明显改善(P<0.01)。两组间症状改善率、融合率无统计学意义(P>0.05)。cage植入术较自体髂骨块植骨加钛板固定术并发症少。结论cage植入术和自体髂骨块植骨加钛板固定术都是前路减压治疗单节段CDH的重要而有效的方法。而cage植入术在减小手术创伤的同时,可以获得同样的临床效果,是治疗单节段CDH理想的术式之一。     

椎间盘及部分椎体切除加钛网植骨钛板内固定术治疗单节段颈椎椎间盘突出伴椎体后缘骨赘

目的 评价颈椎椎间盘及相邻椎体部分切除加钛网植骨钛板内固定术治疗单节段颈椎椎间盘退变突出伴相邻椎体后缘骨赘的疗效. 方法 应用颈椎椎间盘及相邻椎体部分切除加钛网植骨钛板内固定术治疗单节段颈椎椎间盘退变突出伴相邻椎体后缘骨赘22例.取颈椎前路手术切口,术中仅切除突出的椎间盘及相邻椎体的1/3～ 1/2,使脊髓得到彻底的减压.再用填满碎骨的钛网植于骨缺损处加用钛板螺丝钉内固定,固定范围仅限于相邻椎体.术前和术后通过神经功能JOA评分、颈部轴性症状、颈椎动态侧位片和颈椎MRI比较临床疗效. 结果 均获随访,平均15(6 ～24)个月,术后JOA评分优良率86.4％,颈部轴性症状减轻,脊髓功能明显得到恢复.颈椎活动度良好.X线检查见钛网植骨及钛板内固定良好,未见不稳现象.MRI示颈髓压迫解除. 结论 颈椎椎间盘及相邻椎体部分切除加钛网植骨钛板内固定术治疗单节段颈椎椎间盘突出伴相邻椎体骨赘效果显著,可最大限度地保留颈椎节段的活动度.     

颈椎前路钢板椎间融合器系统治疗颈椎间盘突出症

颈椎前路手术在颈椎间盘疾病中已广泛应用，手术方法主要为颈前路减压加椎间植骨融合术。但不管是早期的自体骨融合的颈前路手术，还是后来进一步发展的颈前路钢板以及椎间融合器技术，都存在着诸如融合失败率高、植骨块移位、塌陷、螺钉断裂、钢板松动等并发症，造成手术疗效不佳以致于二次手术。自2002年2月-2004年1月采用颈椎间盘摘除、颈椎前路钢板椎间融合器（PCB）系统内固定、植骨融合术治疗颈椎间盘突出症后均无前述并发症的发生，疗效满意，现报道如下。     

颈椎前路钢板加椎间融合器治疗外伤性颈椎间盘突出症

目的探讨颈椎前路钢板加椎间融合器治疗外伤性颈椎间盘突出症的疗效。方法对21例外伤性颈椎间盘突出症患者行颈椎前路钢板加椎间融合器治疗。结果患者均获随访,时间5～15个月。植骨均达骨性愈合,愈合时间12～22周。无骨不连发生。神经功能改善明显。根据JOA评分评定疗效:优16例,良4例,可1例。结论颈椎前路减压、椎间盘切除、钢板加椎间融合器治疗外伤性颈椎间盘突出症的疗效满意。     

碳纤维椎间融合器在单节段颈椎间盘突出症中的应用及近期疗效观察

目的探讨保留终板的颈前路椎间盘切除减压、碳纤维椎间融合器(cage)植入治疗单节段颈椎间盘突出症(CDH)的短期疗效。方法对28例单节段CDH患者行颈前路椎间盘切除减压、保留终板、碳纤维cage植骨融合术,术前、术后1周、3个月、6个月、1年进行JOA评分、摄X线片,观察植骨融合率、椎间高度、Cobb角及功能恢复情况。结果24例获得随访,平均随访13.2月。植骨融合率100%,平均融合时间3.4月。椎间高度、Cobb角维持满意。症状改善率75%。本组病例未见脊髓、神经损伤及cage移位、下沉,1例髂骨供骨区短期疼痛。结论碳纤维cage能有效恢复和维持椎间高度和颈椎生理弧度,融合率高,近期疗效满意。     

2种颈前路椎间融合内固定治疗单节段颈椎间盘突出症的疗效比较

目的比较2种颈前路椎间融合内固定系统治疗颈椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法 60例单节段颈椎间盘突出症根据手术方式分为2组:A组(n=32),颈前路椎间盘切除减压、椎间cage置入融合、钛板内固定;B组(n=28),颈前路减压零切迹椎间植骨融合内固定。结果 2组的JOA及VAS末次评分均较术前显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),B组颈椎曲度、椎间隙高度维持及融合率优于A组。结论 2种减压、融合、内固定系统均能获得良好的临床症状改善,就减少手术时间及出血量、维持颈椎曲度、椎间隙高度、提高融合率、减少术后并发症而言,Zero-P系统具有更多优势。     

Biomechanical evaluation of stand-alone interbody fusion cages in the cervical spine.

STUDY DESIGN: An in vitro biomechanical investigation of the immediate stability in cervical reconstruction. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to compare the segmental stability afforded by the interbody fusion cage, the anterior locking plate, and the "gold standard" autograft. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Recently, interbody fusion cage devices have been developed and used for cervical reconstruction, but to the authors' knowledge no studies have investigated the biomechanical properties of the stand-alone interbody cage device in the cervical spine. METHODS: Using six human cervical specimens, nondestructive biomechanical testing were performed, including axial rotation (+/-1.5 Nm, 50 N preload), flexion/extension (+/-1.5 Nm) and lateral bending (+/-1.5 Nm) loading modes. After C4-C5 discectomy, each specimen was reconstructed in the following order: RABEA cage (cage), tricortical bone graft (autograft), cervical spine locking plate system (plate). Unconstrained three-dimensional segmental range of motion at C4-C5 and above and below were evaluated. RESULTS: In flexion/extension, the plate demonstrated significantly lower range of motion than did the cage and the autograft (P < 0.005), and the cage showed a significantly higher range of motion than did the intact spine (P < 0.05). Under axial rotation, the plate indicated a significantly lower range of motion than did all other groups (P < 0.05). No significant differences were indicated in lateral bending. Adjacent to C4-C5, an increased range of motion was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The increased motion adjacent to C4-C5 may provide an argument for acceleration of disc degeneration. From the biomechanical point of view, this study suggests that the cervical interbody fusion cage should be supplemented with additional external or internal supports to prevent excessive motion in flexion-extension.     

Kinematics of the cervical spine following discectomy and stabilization

The immediate biomechanical stability of the cervical spine following discectomy and stabilization is described. Fresh human ligamentous spines (C2-T2) were potted, and clinically relevant loads were applied by a loading frame attached to the C2 vertebra of each specimen. A set of three infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were attached rigidly to each of four vertebrae (C4 to C7) to record their spatial locations after each load step application using a Selspot II (Selcom Selective Electronic, Inc., Valdese, North Carolina) system. The specimen was tested in the intact state, following discectomy at the C5-6 intervertebral level, following insertion of a bone graft in the intervertebral space, and following the application of an anterior metal plate. The load-deformation data of the injured and stabilized tests were normalized with regard to the corresponding results of the intact specimens. At the injured level (C5-6), the load-deformation results indicated a highly significant increase in motion in flexion (66.6%), extension (69.5%), lateral bending (41.3%), and axial rotation (37.9%). After the insertion of the bone graft, a significant decrease in motion was seen in the effected segment in extension (-45.9%), with similar reductions in lateral bending and axial rotation and a smaller reduction in flexion. The application of an anterior metal plate in addition to the bone graft at the injured level provided significant reduction in motion (-70%) in all load modalities. This data may have clinical relevance regarding the role of internal fixation in cases of severe spine instability.     

帽式颈椎椎间融合器的活体实验研究

目的 本研究在活体山羊颈椎上从椎间支撑能力、二期生物力学稳定性及椎间融合组织学方面比较三面皮质骨、Harms椎间融合器（cage）、Carboncage及自行所研制的帽式颈椎椎间融合器（hat　type　cervical　intervertebral　fusion　cage,HCIFC）的术后效果。方法　取32头山羊随机平均分为4组：第1组自体三面皮质髂骨;第2组Harmscage;第3组Carboncage;第4组HCIFC。分别行C3,4椎间盘切除术并分别植入以上内植物。术后共观察12周并测量平均椎间高度（DSH）、椎间角（IVA）及前凸角（LA）,处死后进行影像学、生物力学及组织学评估。结果 术后1周方盒形HCIFC、Carboncage组的平均DSH、IVA及LA要显著大于垂直圆柱体Harmscage和三面皮质骨组（P〈0．05）;术后12周时3个cage组的平均DSH、IVA及LA显著高于三面皮质骨组（P〈0．05）。垂直圆柱体Harmscage轴向旋转和侧屈时平均刚度显著大于其他组（P〈0．001）,轴向旋转时的最大活动度要显著低于其他组（P〈0．05）。与三面皮质骨组相比,3个cage组的椎间融合效果略好。结论HCIFC的椎间支撑能力、生物力学性能及椎间融合效果均适合于临床使用。     

The role of bone graft force in stabilizing the multilevel anterior cervical spine plate system

STUDY DESIGN: The role of bone graft force in stabilizing an instrumented cervical spine was evaluated for one-level and three-level corpectomy models using in vitro experiments. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the role of bone graft force in enhancing stability of anterior cervical plate, and to study effects of fatigue loading. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The anterior cervical plate system is used widely in stabilizing the cervical spine after spinal corpectomy and grafting. Many factors such as applied screw torque, screw pullout force, plate strength, plate geometry, and type of bone graft have been studied. However, the role of bone graft in stabilizing the anterior plate system has not been explored. METHODS: Two models (one-level and three-level) incorporating corpectomy, strut graft, and anterior plate were constructed from eight human spine specimens (C2-T1). The flexibility of an intact specimen and two constructs with graft forces of 0 N and 100 N was determined. A flexibility test, simulating physiologic loads, consisted of pure moments of flexion, extension, lateral bending, and axial torques up to 1 Nm. For each moment, range of motion and neutral zone were determined. The stability potential index was defined as the decrease in motion caused by instrumentation, as compared with intact motion. A larger stability potential index indicates a more stable spinal construct. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to determine the significant changes. RESULTS: In both models, bone graft force increased during extension, decreased during flexion, and showed minor changes during axial torsion and lateral bending. Higher bone graft force increased stability potential index-neutral zone and stability potential index-range of motion in the three-level model in all directions, but only in flexion-extension in the one-level model. Fatigue loading decreased bone graft force to a greater extent in the three-level model. CONCLUSIONS: In the corpectomy-graft-anterior-plate model, graft force decreased in flexion and increased in extension. Higher graft force increased and fatigue decreased stability of the spinal construct in the three-level model.     

Biomechanics of an integrated interbody device versus ACDF anterior locking plate in a single-level cervical spine fusion construct

Background contextNo profile, integrated interbody cages are designed to act as implants for cervical spine fusion, which obviates the need for additional internal fixation, combining the functionality of an interbody device and the stabilizing benefits of an anterior cervical plate. Biomechanical data are needed to determine if integrated interbody constructs afford similar stability to anterior plating in single-level cervical spine fusion constructs.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to biomechanically quantify the acute stabilizing effect conferred by a single low-profile device design with three integrated screws (“anchored cage”), and compare the range of motion reductions to those conferred by a standard four-hole rigid anterior plate following instrumentation at the C5–C6 level. We hypothesized that the anchored cage would confer comparable postoperative segmental rigidity to the cage and anterior plate construct.Study designBiomechanical laboratory study of human cadaveric spines.MethodsSeven human cadaveric cervical spines (C3–C7) were biomechanically evaluated using a nondestructive, nonconstraining, pure-moment loading protocol with loads applied in flexion, extension, lateral bending (right+left), and axial rotation (left+right) for the intact and instrumented conditions. Range of motion (ROM) at the instrumented level was the primary biomechanical outcome. Spines were loaded quasi-statically up to 1.5 N-m in 0.5 N-m increments and ROM at the C5–C6 index level was recorded. Each specimen was tested in the following conditions:1. Intact2. Discectomy+anchored cage (STA)3. Anchored cage (screws removed)+anterior locking plate (ALP)4. Anchored cage only, without screws or plates (CO)ResultsROM at the C5–C6 level was not statistically different in any motion plane between the STA and ALP treatment conditions (p>.407). STA demonstrated significant reductions in flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation ROM when compared with the CO condition (p<.022).ConclusionsIn this in vitro biomechanical study, the anchored cage with three integrated screws afforded biomechanical stability comparable to that of the standard interbody cage+anterior plate cervical spine fusion approach. Due to its low profile design, this anchored cage device may avoid morbidities associated with standard anterior plating, such as dysphagia.     

两节段颈前路椎间盘切除的力学研究

目的评价两节段颈前路椎间盘切除、植骨、钢板内固定稳定性情况.方法取5具新鲜成人尸体颈椎标本(C2～T1),先后制成完整颈椎标本、C4～5、C5～6颈椎间盘切除、植骨、植骨加前路钢板内固定模型.非破坏方式下依次检测和评价颈椎在上下、后前、左右水平方向的载荷及移位情况.结果单纯植骨能增加两节段颈椎间盘切除模型上下、左右方向刚度,具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),而对后前剪切刚度意义不大.前路钢板则增加以上3个方向的刚度(P＜0.05).结论植骨可以提高两节段颈椎间盘切除后颈椎的稳定性,但不能提供后前方向稳定.前路钢板则可以明显提高3个方向的颈椎稳定性.     

In vivo experimental study of hat type cervical intervertebral fusion cage (HCIFC)

The purpose of this study was to compare the characteristics of interbody fusion achieved using the hat type cervical intervertebral fusion cage (HCIFC) with those of an autologous tricortical iliac crest graft, Harms cage and the carbon cage in a goat cervical spine model. Thirty-two goats underwent C3-4 discectomy and fusion. They were subdivided into four groups of eight goats each: group 1, autologous tricortical iliac crest bone graft; group 2, Harms cage filled with autologous iliac crest graft; group 3, carbon cage filled with autologous iliac bone; and group 4, HCIFC filled with autologous iliac graft. Radiography was performed pre- and postoperatively and after one, two, four, eight and 12 weeks. At the same time points, disc space height, intervertebral angle, and lordosis angle were measured. After 12 weeks, the goats were killed and fusion sites were harvested. Biomechanical testing was performed in flexion, extension, axial rotation, and lateral bending to determine the stiffness and range of motion. All cervical fusion specimens underwent histomorphological analyses. One week after operation, the disc space height (DSH), intervertebral angle (IVA) and lordosis angle (LA) of HCIFC and carbon cage were statistically greater than those of autologous iliac bone graft and Harms cage. Significantly higher values for DSH, IVA and LA were shown in cage-treated goats than in those that received bone graft over a 12-week period. The stiffness of Harms cage in axial rotation and lateral bending were statistically greater than that of other groups. Radiographic and histomorphological evaluation showed better fusion results in the cage groups than in the autologous bone group. HCIFC can provide a good intervertebral distractability and sufficient biomechanical stability for cervical fusion.     

颈前路零切迹减压融合术对邻近节段瞬时旋转中心及活动度的影响研究

目的：探讨颈前路零切迹减压融合术对邻近节段瞬时旋转中心（instantaneous center of ro?tation, ICR）及活动度（range of motion, ROM）的影响。方法对2011年10月至2014年12月的122例采用颈前路零切迹自锁式椎间融合器行颈前路减压融合术（anterior cervical decompression and fusion, ACDF）的患者进行回顾性分析。收集患者术前及末次随访时的过伸、过屈位X线片,测量邻近节段的ICR、ROM以及颈椎整体ROM。采用疼痛视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale, VAS）评分、日本骨科协会（Japanese Orthopaedic Association, JOA）评估治疗分数、颈椎功能障碍指数（neck disability index, NDI)评价治疗效果。结果随访3~21个月,平均6个月。无论是融合上方还是下方相邻节段的ICR,其术前与末次随访时的数值差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）;对于颈椎整体和屈、伸位ROM,其术前与末次随访时的数值差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）,但其上下方相邻节段手术前后的ROM比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）;本组手术前后的VAS评分、JOA评分及NDI的比较,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。结论采用颈前路零切迹减压融合术治疗颈椎病效果良好,对邻近节段的ICR和ROM未造成明显的影响。