青蒿琥酯

青蒿琥酯为一种对恶性疟有快速治疗效果的抗疟药，既能口服，又可经直肠和胃肠外给药，因此，成为治疗严重疟疾，包括脑型疟的理想药物。至今没有明显的计算所说明青蒿琥酯治疗的脑型疟病人的的死亡率比标准奎宁疗法要高。     

抗疟药青蒿琥酯的研究

综述我国创制的抗疟新药青蒿琥酯的药理与临床应用进展,青蒿琥酯给药后在体内血浆中的浓度远大于体外对恶性疟原虫的最小抑制浓度,临床上清除疟原虫９５％所需时间仅为１６小时,临床应用数千例未见明显的毒副作用;可通过口服,静注,肌注及直肠等多种途径给药,青蒿琥酯的半衰期短,可能有利于延迟抗性的产生。该药已成为对恶性疟有快速治疗效果且耐受性好的抗疟药,现已在亚,非,拉等疟疾流行区被广泛用于治疗各种疟疾,是治疗     

青蒿琥酯对前列腺癌PC-3细胞的抑制作用

目的:观察青蒿琥酯对前列腺癌细胞株PC-3的体外作用,并探讨其可能作用机制。方法:应用光镜形态学、MTT法、流式细胞仪观察不同浓度青蒿琥酯在体外对前列腺癌细胞系PC-3的作用和对细胞DNA含量的影响。结果:青蒿琥酯对前列腺癌细胞系PC-3有明显的生长抑制作用,并能诱导细胞凋亡和抑制细胞增殖周期。结论:青蒿琥酯对前列腺癌PC-3细胞有明显生长抑制和凋亡诱导作用,提示青蒿琥酯有用于治疗激素非依赖性前列腺癌的可能性。     

青蒿琥酯的荧光法测定

青蒿琥酯是具有过氧基的倍半萜烯内酯结构的抗疟药,它经1,1,1-三氯乙烷-醋酐的硫酸先后处理,能转变为具有荧光特性的化合物,据此可用荧光法测定含量。在2～10μg/ml内荧光强度与青蒿琥酯浓度呈线性关系。检测限量为10~(-6)g。荧光的产生与过氧基的存在有关。     

青蒿琥酯对大鼠的毒理病理

青蒿琥酯对大鼠的毒理病理徐在海王翠娥（军事医学科学院微生物学流行病学研究所，北京１０００７１）青蒿琥酯属青蒿素衍生物，具有显著抗疟效果和开发价值．本研究观察青蒿琥酯片剂对Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠亚急性毒理病理，揭示中毒靶器官，病变性质和程度，病变与药物剂量的...     

青蒿琥酯研究进展

对大批有代表性的论文进行分析、归纳、整理.介绍了青蒿琥酯在药学、药理学、药动学及临床四个方面的研究情况,为进一步研究青蒿琥酯提供参考.     

青蒿琥酯细菌内毒素检查法研究

目的：建立青蒿琥酯的细菌内毒素检查方法。方法：采用凝胶法,参照《中国药典》2010年版附录ⅪE对青蒿琥酯进行细菌内毒素的方法学研究。结果：样品溶液稀释为0.4mg/ml、0.2mg/ml、0.1mg/ml、0.05mg/ml、0.025mg/ml,通过试验最终判定青蒿琥酯稀释为0.4mg/ml时对细菌内毒素无干扰作用,用灵敏度为0.25EU/ml的鲎试剂进行试验,供试品不干扰细菌内毒素检查。结论：建立的青蒿琥酯的细菌内毒素检查法可行。     

青蒿琥酯研究进展

对大批有代表性的论文进行分析、归纳、整理.介绍了青蒿琥酯在药学、药理学、药动学及临床四个方面的研究情况,为进一步研究青蒿琥酯提供参考.     

青蒿琥酯的药理和毒理学研究进展

目的：了解青蒿琥酯的药理和毒学研究进展。方法：查阅有关文献，综述了我国开发的抗疟新药青蒿琥酯的药理与毒理及其作用机制的研究进展。结果与结论：青蒿琥酯既有高效、速效的抗疟作用，还有免疫调节、抗肿瘤、保肝、抗炎、松驰平滑肌等作用。药动学研究显示其吸收快、分布广、代谢与排泄快。青蒿琥酯的耐受性好，其毒性作用的靶组织是骨髓造血系统，可逆性的网织红细胞减少是青蒿酯的剂量限制性毒作用，无其他严重的不良反应。     

Effect of permeation enhancers on dynamic mechanical properties of acrylate pressure sensitive adhesives

Physico-chemical properties of permeation enhancers like molecular weight/size, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, co-solvency, etc. are necessary during their selection for pharmaceutical product development. Chemical permeation enhancers modulate the viscoelastic properties of pressure sensitive adhesives. The extent of this modulation depends upon the molecular size and branching of the polymeric chains. The functional nature of this branching additionally changes the peel and tack properties of PSA's. Chemical permeation enhancers alone are not able to modify viscoelastic properties of aqueous based PSA's as compared with their solvent based counterparts. These modulated mechanical aspects need to be maintained throughout development of transdermal patch along with other pharmaceutical aspects like drug release and drug stability.     

Effect of vehicles and pressure sensitive adhesives on the permeation of tacrine across hairless mouse skin

The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of developing transdermal drug delivery (TDD) system for tacrine used for treating the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. The effects of various vehicles on the percutaneous absorption of tacrine in solution formulation and in pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) matrix across the hairless mouse skin were evaluated using flow-through diffusion cell system at 37 degrees C. The permeation profiles of tacrine from solutions were different depending on vehicles used. The flux of tacrine increased significantly as its concentration in the solutions increased. The permeation rate of tacrine was higher in acrylic adhesives with hydroxyl functional group and without functional group than in polyisobutylene adhesive matrix. Incorporation of vehicles into the acrylic adhesive matrix significantly enhanced the permeation rate and shortened the lag time of tacrine. The maximum flux obtained from pressure sensitive adhesive matrix seemed to be high enough to obtain therapeutic effect.     

Effects of vehicles and pressure sensitive adhesives on the penetration of isosorbide dinitrate across the hairless mouse skin

The effects of various vehicles and adhesives on the percutaneous absorption of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) were evaluated. Lauroglycol ® FCC showed the highest flux among vehicles tested. The flux of ISDN from silicone and acrylic adhesive matrices was found to be higher than that from other types of adhesive matrices. No statistically significant relationship between the flux from acrylic PSA and the flux from a solution formulation was observed. A highly cross-linked acrylic adhesive gave higher permeation rates than the other acrylic adhesives examined. N-decylmethyl sulfoxide showed the highest enhancing effect on the flux of ISDN from acrylic adhesive. The relationship between the HLB values of vehicles and the measured flux showed a decrease of flux at HLB values greater than 12.     

Effects of pressure sensitive adhesives and chemical permeation enhancers on the permeability of fentanyl through excised rat skin

Drug-in-adhesive patches (DIAPs) of fentanyl were formulated using various pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) and various chemical permeation enhancers (CPEs). The effects of PSAs and CPEs on skin permeation of fentanyl from DIAPs were evaluated using modified jacketed Franz diffusion cells fitted with excised rat abdominal skin. It was demonstrated that the permeation rate or steady state flux (J(ss)) of the drug through the excised rat skin was dependent on the viscosity and type of acrylic PSA as well as the type of CPE. Among different acrylic PSAs, Duro-Tak 2054 and Duro-Tak 2516 showed the highest J(ss) of 1.95 microg cm(-2) h(-1) and the lowest J(ss) of 1.43 microg cm(-2) h(-1), respectively. Among the various CPEs used, propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol 400 showed 1.61 and 1.18, the highest and the lowest enhancement ratios (ER) of the skin permeation of fentanyl, respectively. Oleic acid and cetyl alcohol moderately increased the skin permeation of fentanyl. It was also shown that increasing the concentration of CPE led to reduction in the adhesion property of PSA as measured by the 180 degrees peeling strength test. Moreover, it was found that the permeation rate increased as the fentanyl loading increased from 1 to 3%. The skin permeation rate of fentanyl did not increase significantly beyond 3% drug loading. It was concluded that propylene glycol as a CPE and cosolvent in 10% (m/m) with 3% fentanyl loading in Duro-Tak 2054 showed an effective monolithic DIAP for the development of a transdermal therapeutic system for fentanyl.     

The effect of vehicles and pressure sensitive adhesives on the percutaneous absorption of quercetin through the hairless mouse skin

To investigate the feasibility of developing a new quercetin transdermal system, a preformulation study was carried out. Therefore, the effects of vehicles and pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA) on the in vitro permeation of quercetin across dorsal hairless mouse skin were studied. Among vehicles used, propylene glycol monocaprylate (PGMC) and propylene glycol monolaurate were found to have relatively high permeation flux from solution formulation (i.e., the permeation fluxes were 17.25 +/- 1.96 and 9.60 +/- 3.87 microg/cm2/h, respectively). The release rate from PSA formulations followed a matrix-controlled diffusion model and was mainly affected by the amount of PSA and drug loaded. The overall permeation fluxes from PSA formulations were less than 0.30 microg/cm2/h, which were significantly lower compared to those obtained from solution formulations. The lower permeation fluxes may be due to the decrease of solubility and diffusivity of quercetin in the PSA layer, considering the fact that the highest flux of 0.26 microg/cm2/h was obtained with the addition of 0.2% butylated hydroxyanisole in PGMC-diethylene glycol monoethyl ether co-solvents (80-85 : 15-20, v/v). Taken together, these observations indicate that improvement in the solubility and diffusivity of quercetin is necessary to realize fully the clinically applicable transdermal delivery system for the drug.     

Permeation of ciclopirox across porcine hoof membrane: effect of pressure sensitive adhesives and vehicles.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of various pressure sensitive adhesives (PSA) on the penetration of ciclopirox across porcine hoof membrane. In addition, the influence of various vehicles on the permeation of ciclopirox from a PSA matrix across porcine hoof membrane was evaluated using a plastic penetration chamber containing poloxamer gel at 32 degrees C. Ciclopirox in poloxamer gel was extracted, derivatized and analyzed by HPLC. Ciclopirox showed highest permeability from an acrylic adhesive with a hydroxyl functional group, and this was followed by styrene-isoprene-styrene, styrene-butadiene-styrene, silicone and polyisobutylene adhesives in order. In addition, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), polypropylene glycol 400 (PPG 400), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), Labrasol, mercaptoethanol and Transcutol showed excellent permeation enhancing effects in a styrene-isoprene-styrene adhesive. A porcine hoof membrane treated with NMP changed from the non-helical phase to the helical phase, and another treated with DMSO showed a S=O peak shift to lower wavelength.     

Adherence performances of pressure sensitive adhesives on a model viscoelastic synthetic film: a tool for the understanding of adhesion on the human skin

This work deals with the rheological behavior and adherence properties of pressure sensitive adhesive formulations dedicated to medical applications. We have developed a specific viscoelastic substrate which mimics adhesion on human skin to measure the adherence properties of PSAs when they are stuck on the human skin. By comparing peeling results of PSAs, dedicated to medical applications, stuck on human skin and on this viscoelastic substrate we show that this substrate, based on a blend of natural proteins, presents a better representation of the interactions occurring at the skin/adhesive interface than conventional substrates used for peel test (i.e. glass and steel).     

吡罗昔康片处方工艺的改进研究

目的　通过对吡罗昔康片处方及工艺的改进提高其溶出度。方法　采用正交实验设计方法 ,以溶出度测定结果为指标进行处方筛选。结果　筛选后的处方可达到中国药典 2 0 0 0年版对溶出度的要求。结论　该片剂处方合理 ,制备工艺简单易行 ,适合工业化生产。     

盐酸马尼地平胶囊的处方工艺研究

目的：优选盐酸马尼地平胶囊的处方工艺。方法选择乳糖和微晶纤维素为填充剂,聚维酮K30为黏合剂、羧甲基淀粉钠为崩解剂,采用三因素三水平进行正交试验,优选出最佳处方工艺,并进行稳定性考察。结果优选后的处方每粒胶囊含乳糖100mg,微晶纤维素为20mg,聚维酮K30为7mg,羧甲基淀粉钠8mg。结论优选的处方工艺适合于放大生产。     

盐酸雷洛昔芬自微乳化给药系统处方的初步研究

目的研究盐酸雷洛昔芬(Raloxifene hydrochloride)自微乳制剂的处方。方法通过考察盐酸雷洛昔芬在各种辅料中的溶解度,对各种辅料的自乳化性能进行筛选;采用正交设计试验优化处方,分别以透光率、乳化速度、有无油层、药物溶解难易程度及三相混合是否分层为评价指标,确定最佳的油相,乳化剂,助乳化剂组合。结果盐酸雷洛昔芬在乙酸乙酯、辛酸/癸酸三甘油酯(GTCC)、丙二醇单辛酸酯(CAPRYOL90)中的溶解度为:13.82±0.94μg·m L-1、43.25±3.76μg·m L-1、157.1±2.28μg·m L-1;在乳化剂吐温-85、聚氧乙烯氢化蓖麻油RH(Cremophor-RH)、吐温-80中的溶解度为627.2±24.3μg·m L-1、693.3±20.6μg·m L-1、878.7±8.56μg·m L-1;在助乳化剂聚乙二醇-400(PEG-400)、1,2-丙二醇、二乙二醇单乙醚(Transcutol P)中的溶解度分别为965.4±0.37μg·m L-1、858.0±0.91μg·m L-1、2869.0±0.37μg·m L-1。盐酸雷洛昔芬自微乳剂组成:盐酸雷诺昔芬、乙酸乙酯、Cremophor-RH40、Transcutol P,优化的处方为盐酸雷洛昔芬5mg,乙酸乙酯0.15g,Cremophor-RH40 0.15g,Transcutol P 0.15g,平均粒径为8.99nm,分散系数为0.377。结论盐酸雷洛昔芬自微乳制备简单,性质稳定,质量易控,有良好的自乳化能力。