经右桡动脉行冠状动脉造影3005例--操作失败及并发症原因分析

目的:分析经桡动脉冠状动脉造影操作失败和产生并发症的原因.方法:回顾2000年12月至2003年7月我院3098例准备进行冠状动脉造影的患者,其中3005例穿刺成功经验介绍.记录临床和造影过程失败以及并发症的原因.结果:97%(3005/3098)穿刺成功.1.9%(56/3005)因为右桡动脉、肱动脉、腋动脉、锁骨下动脉以及无名动脉闭塞迂曲无法把导管送入升主动脉.4%(134/3005)因为桡动脉痉挛改为股动脉,其中女性占8.1%,男性占3.6%.1.2%(37/3 005)因主动脉根部扩张、严重主动脉瓣狭窄或关闭不全、冠状动脉起源异常而无法经桡动脉完成冠状动脉造影.并发症:前臂张力性血肿占0.5%(16/3005);鞘管或导管拔出困难占0.27%(8/3005);右桡动脉急性血栓0.1%(3/3005).升主动脉夹层、假性动脉瘤、动静脉瘘各占0.03%(均为1/3005).结论:右桡动脉内反复导管操作易发生痉挛.老年人合并高血压患者血管迂曲常常造成操作困难.右桡动脉造影极少有严重并发症,局部并发症发生率低.     

经桡动脉冠状动脉介入诊疗术后桡动脉损伤的影响因素分析

目的:探讨接受桡动脉冠状动脉介入诊疗患者术后,桡动脉损伤的情况及影响因素。方法:入选2008年5月至2009年10月,于安贞医院就诊拟行冠状动脉造影的患者966例,随机分为4F动脉鞘管组和6F动脉鞘管组。分析两组患者桡动脉并发症〔如桡动脉闭塞(RAO)、桡动脉痉挛(RAS)等〕的发生率,通过多因素Logistic回归分析RAO的危险因素。结果:4F鞘管组和6F鞘管组中,RAO(0.8%vs.2.9%,P=0.018),RAS(1.2%vs.3.5%,P=0.021),桡动脉内膜增厚率(1.0%vs.4.1%,P=0.002),前臂小血肿(0.6%vs.2.5%,P=0.020),患肢疼痛(1.2%vs.4.1%,P=0.006)等的发生率及压迫止血时间〔(4.62±0.98)vs.(6.36±0.93)h,P<0.001〕,4F组均低于6F组,差异有统计学意义。两组患者均未出现前臂大血肿、假性动脉瘤、动静脉瘘及骨筋膜室综合征。RAO经多因素回归分析显示,大尺径动脉鞘管、术后压迫止血时间过长是发生RAO的危险因素。结论:经桡动脉PCI中选择小直径动脉鞘管,避免术后长时间的压迫止血有利于降低RAO的发生率,同时减少桡动脉内膜损伤,提高患者舒适度。     

经造影导管局部给药对桡动脉痉挛的预防作用

目的：探讨经造影导管肱动脉注射硝酸甘油对经桡动脉冠状动脉介入治疗（TRI）中桡动脉痉挛（RAS）的预防效果。方法连续入选TRI冠状动脉造影（CAG）成功并需行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）[包括经皮穿刺冠状动脉腔内成形术和（或）支架置入术]患者810例,其中试验组413例,对照组397例。试验组当造影导管回撤到达肱动脉水平时经造影导管注射硝酸甘油稀释液400μg（稀释至100μg/ml）,对照组在造影导管抽出后经由鞘管侧管注射硝酸甘油400μg（稀释至100μg/ml）,比较两组患者在指引导管送入过程中的RAS发生率。结果试验组较对照组RAS发生率降低,差异有统计学意义（18%比33%,P=0.021）。结论经造影导管肱动脉注射硝酸甘油能降低TRI中RAS的发生率。     

经肱动脉路径开展经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后复查冠状动脉造影的可行性与安全性

目的评价经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）术后复诊经肱动脉路径开展冠状动脉造影的可行性与安全性。方法回顾分析2010年1月至2012年12月在广东医学院附属医院PCI术后复诊的患者,按血管路径分为经肱动脉组（1000例）和经桡动脉组（1000例）进行冠状动脉造影复查。主要观察指标包括造影成功率、导管插入时间、X线曝光时间、对比剂用量、血管路径并发症（包括血肿、假性动脉瘤、骨筋膜室综合征、动脉痉挛和闭塞）及不良事件（包括死亡、心肌梗死、靶病变血运重建、冠状动脉痉挛、冠状动脉穿孔、冠状动脉夹层）。结果两组患者的导管插入时间、X线曝光时间、对比剂用量比较,差异均无统计学意义。与经桡动脉组比较,经肱动脉组血肿以及动脉痉挛血管路径并发症发生率显著降低（1.5%比6.0%,0.1%比24.7%,均P〈0.05）;经肱动脉组冠状动脉造影的操作成功率显著高于经桡动脉组（98.8%比87.0%,P〈0.05）。经桡动脉组骨筋膜室综合征、桡动脉闭塞、假性动脉瘤和冠状动脉痉挛发生率分别为0.1%、0.1%、0.2%和0.2%,而经肱动脉组未见以上不良事件。结论在PCI术后的患者中开展经肱动脉冠状动脉造影检查安全、可行,经肱动脉行冠状动脉造影可降低患者血管路径并发症的发生率,提高冠状动脉造影操作的成功率。     

经桡动脉途径行冠脉造影和经皮冠状动脉介入术的临床分析

目的研究经桡动脉途径对患者行冠状动脉造影(CAG)和经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)的可行性和安全性。方法入选2004年12月至2006年8月经桡动脉途径行CAG和PCI的疑诊和确诊冠心病患者509例,其中疑诊心绞痛患者439例需择期做CAG和PCI、急性心肌梗死70例行急诊CAG和PCI。CAG和PCI后均立即拔除动脉鞘管。观察经桡动脉途径的成功率和并发症。患者出院随访1月,评估术侧桡动脉波动情况。结果入选患者年龄(56.9±10.1)岁,桡动脉穿刺成功率为98.2%(500/509例),CAG和PCI成功率均为100%。冠造正常140例,冠造异常360例,行PCI患者184例,行CABG患者20例,药物治疗患者156例。术后并发症:皮下淤斑面积大于5cm×5cm的发生率0.2%,迷走反射4例(0.80%),桡动脉痉挛8例,未见其他不良合并症。1月后术侧桡动脉波动减弱2例(0.40%),100%患者愿意选择桡动脉穿刺途径。冠造正常患者中130例患者住院1天～2天出院。结论经桡动脉途径对患者行CAG和PCI是可行和安全的。在临床和门诊应大力推广这一技术。     

经桡动脉普通导引导管7F无鞘技术治疗冠状动脉复杂病变

目的 评价经桡动脉普通导引导管7F无鞘技术治疗冠状动脉复杂病变的安全性、可行性.方法 纳入2013年11月至2014年4月,经桡/尺动脉置入6F桡动脉鞘造影后,需要用7F导引导管行介入治疗的患者31例.在桡动脉鞘内置入长260 cm,直径0.036 in（1 in=2.54 cm）非亲水涂层导丝至升主动脉;撤出桡动脉鞘,将6 F 110 cm猪尾管插入7 F 100 cm导引导管内,猪尾管头端突出于导引导管外;将猪尾管和导引导管呈一体,穿入长260 cm,直径0.036 in导引导丝,通过皮肤切口逐次进入桡动脉,导引导管到位后撤出猪尾管.结果 31例导引导管均成功通过桡动脉,到达靶冠状动脉开口,完成介入治疗后撤出导引导管.术后观察24 h,所有患者桡动脉穿刺处无出血,穿刺侧上肢未发生血肿、感觉障碍.术后1个月随访,未发生桡动脉闭塞.结论 经桡动脉普通导引导管7F无鞘技术是治疗冠状动脉复杂病变可选用的相对安全、有效的途径.     

经桡动脉途径介入治疗老年患者冠状动脉分叉病变

目的通过对比桡动脉、股动脉途径PCI治疗老年患者冠状动脉分叉病变的成功率、手术即刻效果及患者的术后近中期预后情况,探讨经桡动脉(TRI)途径处理老年患者冠状动脉分叉病变的可行性和安全性。方法研究共入选135例接受PCI治疗的老年冠状动脉分叉病变患者,根据初始选择的介入途径分为TRI组(n=64)和经股动脉(TFI)组(n=71),对比两组患者接受PCI治疗的成功率、造影剂用量、手术时间、并发症的发生率及再狭窄的发生率。结果TRI组64例中63例成功使用经桡动脉动脉,1例由于桡动脉严重痉挛并入股动脉组。PCI成功率TRI组为98.4%,TFI组为100%。PCI术中,TRI组84.1%的患者选用的是6F导引导管,而TFI组76.4%患者选用的是7F导引导管。术后TRI组仅1例患者出现血管并发症,而TFI组患者中有5例患者出现了血管并发症。TRI组和TFI组患者在PCI术后9个月时严重心脏不良事件的发生率(14.3%比15.3%)、支架血栓事件(1/6比1/71)及随访期造影提示主、边支界定再狭窄率(10.9%比10.0%,17.4%比22.0%)差异无统计学意义。结论经桡动脉途径PCI治疗老年患者分叉病变具有良好的可行性和安全性,有利于降低血管并发症的发生率。     

70岁以上老年患者急诊经桡动脉途径冠状动脉介入治疗的临床疗效

目的:探讨70岁以上老年冠心病患者急诊经桡动脉穿刺行冠状动脉动脉介入治疗(PCI)的可行性和安全性。方法:97例冠心病患者男性66例,女性31例,平均年龄(76.44±6.20)岁。经桡动脉穿刺行冠状动脉动脉介入治疗。结果:93例患者均取得穿刺和介入治疗成功。1例桡动脉穿刺失败改行股动脉穿刺,3例患者桡动脉穿刺成功但头臂干迂曲、升主动脉扩张,在造影后改行股动脉途径经皮腔内冠状动脉动脉介入术(PCI)成功。扩张病变血管包括右冠状动脉32支,前降支52支,回旋支13支。97例患者靶血管植入支架共221个。21例患者术中须更换导引导管。术后股动脉穿刺局部较大血肿2例,桡动脉闭塞2例,前臂皮下淤血2例     

经桡动脉和股动脉途径行冠状动脉介入术的对比研究

目的 研究比较经桡动脉和股动脉两种途径行冠状动脉造影 (coronary angiography,CAG) 和介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)的优缺点.方法 择期行CAG和PCI病人804例,按途径分为桡动脉组294例 (包括1例股动脉途径CAG失败而改为桡动脉途径),股动脉组530例(包括19例桡动脉途径CAG失败而改为股动脉途径).比较两组CAG和PCI的手术操作成功率和并发症.结果 CAG手术成功率:桡动脉组92.9%,股动脉组99.4%,差异有统计学意义.PCI手术成功率:桡动脉组92.6%,股动脉组96.5%,差异无统计学意义.但桡动脉组有6例病人改从股动脉途径完成PCI.外周血管并发症:桡动脉组2.7%,股动脉8.7%,差异有统计学意义.结论 桡动脉途径与传统的股动脉途径相比能减少外周血管并发症,但手术操作的难度有所增加.     

二种不同冠状动脉造影导管临床应用对照观察

目的观察经桡动脉途径的二种不同冠状动脉造影导管的应用效果。方法将经桡动脉途径行冠状动脉造影的452例患者随机分为两组,A组为多功能造影导管组共205例;B组为Judkins造影导管组共247例。对比两组冠状动脉造影成功率、X线透视时间、手术操作时间及并发症。结果左冠状动脉造影成功率A组(96.6%)与B组(96.3%)比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。右冠状动脉造影成功率A组(91.2%)与B组(96.8%)比较差异有统计意义(P<0.05)。造影X线透视时间、手术操作时间A组与B组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。桡动脉痉挛B组明显高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),前臂血肿、桡动脉搏动消失发生率A组与B组比较无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论多功能导管经桡动脉途径行冠状动脉造影具有安全、可靠、手术成功率高、X线透视时间少、手术操作时间短导管优点。     

The Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Transradial Coronary Procedures

Objectives To evaluate the safety and efficacy of transradial coronary procedures (TRCP). Methods The data of 83 cases who accepted transradial coronary angiography (CAG) and transradial percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in our department were summarized. The success rates, proximal coronary complications, peripheral vascular complications, severe vagal reflex, mean operation time (MOT), mean recumbent time (MRT), mean hospital-staying time (MHT) were analyzed. The data were compared with that of 420 cases of transfemoral coronary procedures (TFCP) in the same period. Results Success rates and proximal coronary complications were similar in both groups. Severe vagal reflexes were less in TRCP group than in TFCP group. MOT was longer in TRCP group. MRT and MHT were shorter in TRCP group. 12( 14.5%) radial artery spasm, 3(3.6%) radial artery obstruction, 1 sudden respiratory arrest caused by jugular hematoma were observed in TRCP group. Conclusions The efficacy and safety of TRCP are definite. TRCP is more economical. For the purpose of properly evaluate the peripheral vascular complications of TRCP, it is necessary to pay special attention to radial artery occlusion, radial artery stenosis, and jugular hematoma.     

老年女性患者经鼻烟壶桡动脉与经典桡动脉行冠状动脉诊疗的对比性研究

目的探讨老年女性患者经鼻烟壶处桡动脉行冠状动脉造影和PCI的可行性和安全性。方法选择行冠状动脉造影和(或)PCI的老年女性患者100例,根据穿刺部位不同随机分为鼻烟壶组50例(穿刺鼻烟壶部位)及经典组50例(穿刺常规桡动脉)。观察2组穿刺时间、穿刺成功率、手术时间、手术成功率、置入支架、穿刺部位出血、血肿、动脉瘤及桡动脉闭塞率等情况。结果 2组血管内径、穿刺时间、穿刺成功、手术成功、手术时间、置入支架、术后血肿、动脉瘤和动静脉瘘发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。鼻烟壶组桡动脉痉挛、闭塞和总并发症发生率较经典组明显降低(2%vs 8%,2%vs 10%,6%vs 20%,P<0.05)。结论老年女性患者经鼻烟壶桡动脉途径的桡动脉痉挛发生率及闭塞率更低,安全性好,可以作为常规桡动脉的替代途径应用于冠状动脉诊疗。     

Prevention of arterial spasm during percutaneous coronary interventions through radial artery: the SPASM study.

AIMS: Radial artery spasm remains the major limitation of transradial approach for percutaneous coronary interventions. The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of vasodilators in the prevention of radial artery spasm during percutaneous coronary interventions. METHODS AND RESULTS: 1,219 patients were consecutively randomized to receive placebo (n = 198), molsidomine 1 mg (n = 203), verapamil 2.5 mg (n = 409), 5 mg (n = 203) or verapamil 2.5 mg and molsidomine 1 mg (n = 206). All drugs were administered through the arterial sheath. The primary end point was the occurrence of a radial artery spasm defined by the operator as severe limitation of the catheter movement, with or without angiographic confirmation. Main characteristics including age, sex, wrist and arterial sheath diameters and procedure duration were identical across the groups. The rate of radial artery spasm was lowest in patients receiving verapamil and molsidomine (4.9%), compared to verapamil 2.5 mg or 5 mg (8.3 and 7.9%), or molsidomine 1 mg (13.3%); and placebo (22.2%) (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Radial artery spasm during transradial percutaneous interventions was effectively prevented by the administration of vasodilators. The combination of verapamil 2.5 mg and molsidomine 1 mg provided the strongest relative risk reduction of spasm compared to placebo and should therefore be recommended during percutaneous coronary interventions through the radial approach.     

Radial artery flow‐mediated dilation predicts arterial spasm during transradial coronary interventions

Background : Transradial coronary catheterization has emerged over the last years as a favorable catheterization practice, based on evidence that it is associated with less vascular complications and shorter hospital stays. However, access site crossover appears to be more frequent when the initial route is the transradial one, one of the main reasons being arterial spasm. We hypothesized that radial flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) measurements could be used as a preprocedural method to assess the likelihood of arterial spasm. Methods : The study population consisted of patients scheduled for transradial diagnostic catheterization in whom ad hoc percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was performed. FMD was measured 1–2 days before PCI. The primary endpoint of the study was operator‐defined (operators were blinded as to the FMD results) radial artery spasm. Results : A total of 172 patients (110 male, age 65.3 ± 9) were included. Radial artery spasm was recorded in 13 patients (7.6%). FMD showed a very significant univariate association with the occurrence of spasm (P < 0.001) and was the most important predictor of spasm in the multivariate logistic regression analysis (beta ?3.15; P < 0.001), followed by baseline radial artery diameter (P = 0.04), the number of catheters used (P = 0.049) and the administered volume of contrast medium (P = 0.017). Conclusion : Preprocedural FMD is a significant predictor of arterial spasm before elective transradial PCI. It is a low cost, safe, and feasible noninvasive modality, whose results might be taken into account when deciding on the vascular access route for an elective procedure, the size of sheaths or catheters to be used or the intensity of antispasm medication.© 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Reduction in spasm with a long hydrophylic transradial sheath

Objectives: We aimed to assess the efficiency of a long hydrophilic sheath in reducing radial spasm for transradial approach. Background: Despite a lower access site complication rate, cardiac catheterization using transradial approach is not widely used. Radial spasm is one of the main issues for transradial angiography and percutaneous interventions. We assumed that radial artery protection using a long hydrophilic‐coated sheath would reduce radial spasm compared to a bare short sheath. Methods: Three hundred and fifty one patients (pts) admitted for transradial coronary angiography ± percutaneous coronary interventions were randomly assigned to a long hydrophilic‐coated or a short sheath (control group). Primary end point was the occurrence of a radial spasm defined by significant patient pain evaluated by scale score (>4) or significant catheter frictions during manipulation. Procedure failure, radial occlusion, and local complications were also assessed. Results: Radial spasm was significantly reduced when using the long‐coated compared to the short sheath in 7 (4%) vs. 32 pts (18%) P < 0.001. No difference was found regarding procedure failure respectively 1.2% vs. 0.6%, local complication 0.6% vs. 1.2%, and radial occlusion 3.5% vs. 3.5%. Conclusion: Radial artery protection using the long hydrophilic‐coated sheath was efficient in the prevention of radial spasm for transradial approach. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

经桡动脉PCI治疗急性心肌梗死106例的临床观察

目的：探讨急诊经桡动脉PCI治疗急性心肌梗死（AMI）的安全性和可行性。方法：106例AMI患者行急诊经桡动脉PCI治疗,观察经桡动脉途径的成功率和并发症。结果：桡动脉穿刺成功率为99．1％;造影成功率为100％;PCI成功率为99．0G,皮下瘀斑的发生率为3．8％;桡动脉痉挛的发生率为1．0％;前臂血肿的发生率为2．9G;桡动脉闭塞的发生率为1．O％;平均手术时间55±18min;平均术后住院天数5．7±1．6d。结论：急诊经桡动脉PCI治疗AMI安全、可行,经桡动脉穿刺局部并发症少,患者更乐意接受,值得推广。     

经桡动脉路径行CAG或PCI术中桡动脉血栓形成情况及其危险因素

目的应用光学相干断层成像(OCT)技术观察经桡动脉路径行冠状动脉造影(CAG)或经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术中的桡动脉血栓形成(RAT)情况,并分析其危险因素。方法该研究为回顾性研究。选取2017年10月至2018年7月于首都医科大学附属北京潞河医院心脏中心经桡动脉路径行CAG或PCI的急性冠状动脉综合征患者,冠状动脉操作完成后行桡动脉OCT检查,观察RAT的发生情况,并据此分为RAT组及无RAT组。收集2组患者基本临床资料,根据OCT图像分析桡动脉血栓类型、分布以及桡动脉急性损伤情况,并采用单因素以及多因素回归分析RAT的危险因素。术后24 h及1个月时随访桡动脉闭塞发生率及患者术肢有无缺血症状。结果共入选107例患者,年龄(58.1±12.5)岁,其中男性84例(78.5%)。28例发生RAT,发生率为26.2%(95%CI 17.9%~34.5%),其中15例(53.6%)患者为白血栓,血栓最易形成的部位为桡动脉近段(17例,60.7%),血栓体积为0.05(0.03,0.38)mm³,血栓积分为6.5(3.3,13.8)。单因素分析结果显示RAT组桡动脉急性损伤、鞘管留置时间和比伐卢定使用比例高于无RAT组(P均<0.05)。多因素logistic回归结果显示,桡动脉急性损伤(OR=5.82,95%CI 2.09~16.20,P=0.001)及鞘管留置时间(OR=1.04,95%CI 1.01~1.06,P=0.006)是RAT的危险因素。术后24 h随访,RAT患者与无RAT患者术后桡动脉闭塞发生率差异无统计学意义[7.1%(2/28)比10.1%(8/79),P=1.000]。所有患者均无术肢手部严重缺血的临床症状。结论在经桡动脉行CAG或PCI术中,RAT是一种发生率较高的路径并发症。应用OCT技术可以准确观察RAT的发生,桡动脉的急性损伤及手术操作时间长可能会增加这种并发症的发生风险。     

Percutaneous radial artery approach for coronary angiography

Percutaneous entry into the distal radial artery and selective coronarography using a French 5 sheath and preshaded catheters were attempted in 100 patients with a normal Allen test. Cannulation of the radial artery was not possible in ten patients, and selective catheterization of the coronary arteries was unsuccessful in two. Manipulation of catheters presented no problem, and arterial spasm was rarely observed, only before the use of a 23-cm-long sheath. Only two complications without symptoms were observed: arterial dissection of the brachial artery in one patient and occlusion of the radial artery in another. With experience, this approach may become as effective and possibly safer than the transbrachial entry.