咽鼓管功能障碍研究进展

咽鼓管功能障碍可分为咽鼓管阻塞和咽鼓管异常开放两种类型,其中咽鼓管阻塞是引起分泌性中耳炎、化脓性中耳炎等中耳疾病的原因之一,如治疗不当可引起中耳病变迁延不愈、中耳传音结构受损,导致不可逆性听力损害.明确引起咽鼓管功能障碍的原因有助于进行有效的针对性治疗,这对防聋治聋有重要意义.现就近年研究进展综述如下.     

分泌性中耳炎发病机制研究进展

分泌性中耳炎(Secretory otitis media,SOM)是以鼓室积液和听力下降为特征的中耳非化脓性炎症,是中耳常见的疾病。特别在儿童期SOM将严重影响儿童的语言和智力发育。有关分泌性中耳炎的发病机制目前仍不明确,其中中耳负压学说、感染学说得到大多数学者的认可。中耳负压学说认为分泌性中耳炎是由于咽鼓管(Eustachian tube,ET)功能不良、中耳黏膜气体交换不良或乳突气化不良、中耳清洁功能障碍引起中耳负压状态,继而黏膜水肿、渗     

一种新的可吸收的中耳通气管

中耳炎是儿童最常见疾病,约5％～10％的中耳炎 发作引起分泌性中耳炎.咽鼓管功能障碍是导致分泌 性中耳炎的最重要因素。鼓膜切开和放置中耳通气管 是最常用的治疗手段。尽管这一操作简单、相对安全,     

咽鼓管与中耳炎

中耳炎的发病机制是多因素的,包括病毒和细菌感染,解剖因素如咽鼓管功能不良以及宿主因素等.100多年前Politzer提出咽鼓管功能的异常可能是中耳疾病发生的最重要因素.随后的研究认为中耳炎首先是中耳粘膜的疾病,是由该组织感染或变态反应所引起而非咽鼓管功能不良所致.但最新的研究显示一世纪前Adam Politzer首先提出的假说最有可能是中耳炎的首要发病机制:咽鼓管功能不良可以促使病毒和细菌进入中耳,从而导致中耳炎的发生.     

吸鼻所致的中耳疾病

吸鼻所致的中耳疾病是指由于咽鼓管关闭功能障碍,患者用习惯性吸鼻消除耳部不适症状,人为的造成鼓室高负压,咽鼓管被吸锁,引起咽鼓管主动开放功能障碍,继而导致中耳渗出、鼓膜内陷或内陷袋形成、中耳不张或粘连性中耳炎、胆脂瘤等耳病综合征。     

转化生长因子β在分泌性中耳炎患者中耳积液和血清中的表达及意义

分泌性中耳炎(SOM)的发病机制还不十分清楚.一般认为咽鼓管阻塞、中耳负压导致血管内液体渗漏形成中耳积液.后来有学者发现咽鼓管阻塞并非是引起SOM的必要条件,而中耳积液中炎症递质和炎性细胞的发现,证实SOM是一炎症反应和渗出的结果.     

吸鼻所致的中耳疾病

吸鼻所致的巾耳疾病是指由于咽鼓管关闭功能障碍,患者用习惯性吸鼻消除耳部不适症状,人为的造成鼓室高负压,咽鼓管被吸锁,引起咽鼓管主动开放功能障碍,继而导致中耳渗出、鼓膜内陷或内陷袋形成、中耳不张或牯连性中耳炎、胆脂瘤等耳病综合征.     

中耳感染对乳突气化的影响——猪的实验研究

慢性中耳炎患者,常有颞骨气房发育不良,一般认为慢性中耳炎和气房气化不良存在因果关系。然而,究竟是慢性中耳炎引起气房气化受阻,或是气房气化不良导致中耳炎症的发生和发展,尚无定论。作者用13头出生后7天内的颞骨气房气化尚未发育的仔猪,进行中耳感染和咽鼓管功能不全对乳突气房气化影响的实验性研究;实验Ⅰ组动物8头,从左咽鼓管口注入硅酮,造成咽鼓管狭窄,使中耳产生负压;实验Ⅱ组动物5头,经左鼓膜穿刺注入石蜡油,     

肺炎链球菌细胞壁对实验性中耳炎发病机制的影响

近来一些研究发现,流感嗜血杆菌和肺炎链球菌是引起急性中耳炎的主要细菌,在儿童伴有渗液的慢性中耳炎的无菌中耳渗液中发现有内毒素和肺炎链球菌荚膜多糖。提示急性中耳炎转为慢性中耳炎的发病机制和某些细菌细胞成份有关。为弄清这个问题,作者作了以下实验。首先用灭活的同型不同株的二株肺炎链球菌的悬液分别在二组堵塞咽鼓管产生中耳渗液的灰鼠中耳内接种,其中一组为荚膜菌,另     

200 胃蛋白酶／盐酸处理后的咽鼓管功能

分泌性中耳炎(OME)一直是儿童最常见的病因之一，其发病机制尚有许多争议，目前公认咽鼓管功能障碍(ETD)是重要致病因素。咽鼓管的基本功能包括：①调节中耳压力；②防止鼻咽分泌物及声压对中耳的损伤；③清除中耳积液。……     

耳廓开放性外伤的治疗方法探析

目的 探讨耳廓开放性外伤的治疗方法。方法 23耳耳廓开放性外伤经彻底清创，肝素生理盐水冲洗伤口后，对位缝合。术后用抗生素抗感染、丹参扩张血管、罂粟碱改善微循环。结果 23耳中2耳失访，18耳完全成活，1耳部分成活，2耳完全坏死。结论 耳廓撕裂伤、断伤、带有皮蒂的耳廓离断伤，由于断端双侧血管丰富，经对位缝合后容易成活。但耳廓完全离断伤由于缺乏血供，经对位缝合后不易成活，可采用去皮血管植入包埋法，带肌蒂皮瓣移植法或尝试显微外科技术施行血管吻合，以提高耳廓完全离断伤的成活率。     

Effects of time of contact and concentration of caustic agent on generation of injuries

OBJECTIVES: Solid caustic soda (CS) ingestion levels continue high in Brazil. The aggressiveness of a caustic agent depends, among other factors, on its concentration and time of contact with mucosa. However, the interdependence of these factors in the production of caustic lesion in the esophageal mucosa is not known, especially regarding CS as the strongest corrosive agent. We analyze the effects of concentration and time of contact on the aggressiveness of CS to the esophagus of live animals. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS: One milliliter of CS at concentrations between 1.83% and 73.33% was applied to rats. The solution was kept in contact with the mucosa for 10 to 120 minutes. Internal and external organ aspects were analyzed and the epithelium, submucosa, muscle layer, and adventitia were analyzed microscopically RESULTS: Epithelial necrosis was observed at all concentrations. Among the necrotic layers, the submucosa was observed starting at the 7.33% concentration, and the muscular layer and adventitia were observed at 14.66% concentration. Damage to the pulmonary parenchyma and trachea occurred at 33.66% after 10 minutes, and perforation of the esophagus was observed only after 120 minutes. After 10 minutes, important corrosive lesions installed in the esophageal layers, expanding in depth and superficial extension. The use of heparin had no effect on the production of lesions. CONCLUSIONS: Ten minutes were sufficient to provoke necrosis, and longer contact increased the area of necrosis. Solution concentration levels were more important in damage production: 1.83% was sufficient for epithelial necrosis, 7.33% caused submucosal necrosis, and 14.66% muscle and adventitia necrosis; 33.66% solutions caused lung and trachea damage after 10 minutes and esophageal perforation after 120 minutes.     

急性化脓性耳廓软骨膜炎手术疗效分析

目的 探讨能够缩短化脓性耳廓软骨膜炎疗程,降低耳廓畸形发生率且具个体化的局部治疗方法.方法 回顾分析1 989年4月～2010年2月我科诊治的25例化脓性耳廓软骨膜炎的临床资料.除进行抗生素治疗外,局部治疗方法包括清创术后重新行耳甲腔成行术;脓腔穿刺置静脉留置针进行持续负压引流;清创后创腔置管引流.结果 自定义疗效评定...     

Scales of degree of facial paralysis: analysis of agreement

IntroductionIt has become common to use scales to measure the degree of involvement of facial paralysis in phonoaudiological clinics.ObjectiveTo analyze the inter- and intra-rater agreement of the scales of degree of facial paralysis and to elicit point of view of the appraisers regarding their use.MethodsCross-sectional observational clinical study of the Chevalier and House & Brackmann scales performed by five speech therapists with clinical experience, who analyzed the facial expression of 30 adult subjects with impaired facial movements two times, with a one week interval between evaluations. The kappa analysis was employed.ResultsThere was excellent inter-rater agreement for both scales (kappa > 0.80), and on the Chevalier scale a substantial intra-rater agreement in the first assessment (kappa = 0.792) and an excellent agreement in the second assessment (kappa = 0.928). The House & Brackmann scale showed excellent agreement at both assessments (kappa = 0.850 and 0.857). As for the appraisers’ point of view, one appraiser thought prior training is necessary for the Chevalier scale and, four appraisers felt that training is important for the House & Brackmann scale.ConclusionBoth scales have good inter- and intra-rater agreement and most of the appraisers agree on the ease and relevance of the application of these scales.     

诊治7例鼻腔嗅神经母细胞瘤的体会

目的：提高临床对鼻腔嗅神经母细胞瘤的认识及治疗效果。方法：７例患者按Ｋａｄｉｓｈ分期，Ｂ期２例，Ｃ期５例，单纯放疗３例，术前放疗４例，放射剂量为５０００￣７０００ｃＧｙ。均随访至１９９７年１２月，结果：存活５例，存活时间分别为２０，２２，２３，２９及７６个月；结论：放疗对该肿瘤有效；放疗与化疗结合的方法值得探讨，该瘤病理上可能存在不同的亚型。     

CT对鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤起源的探讨

目的 探讨鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤起源的CT影像学特点。 方法 回顾性分析47例经鼻内镜手术及术后病理组织学确诊的鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤患者的CT影像学资料。对肿瘤病变在CT上的骨质变化进行分析,并与术中发现的肿瘤起源根蒂部位进行对比,分析CT影像中骨质改变与肿瘤起源之间的关系。 结果 47例患者中,39例有骨质增生影像表现,其中37例骨质增生部位与肿瘤起源的根蒂部位一致,一致性达78.7%,提示可根据骨质增生部位推测肿瘤起源位置。 结论 CT影像中的骨质增生与鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤的根蒂起源部位有较高的一致性,有助于术前评估肿瘤起源和指导术前制定合理的手术方案。     

术前使用布地奈德对声带息肉手术疗效的影响

目的 研究术前使用布地奈德雾化吸入治疗对手术疗效的影响。方法 按病程将3个月以内和1年以上患者随机分为两组,一组术前给予布地奈德雾化治疗,一组没有,术后两周复诊。分别于初诊、手术前和复诊时使用嗓音测试仪对病人进行测试并记录参数。结果 病程3个月以内患者术前给予雾化治疗后,其术后声学参数明显改善。结论 病程3个月以内患者术前给予雾化治疗能缩短术后恢复时间。     

中耳癌20例报告

目的：提高临床对中耳癌的认识，做到及时诊断与治疗。方法：20例均先行手术治疗，其中14例采用扩大的乳突根治术，3例行侧颞骨切除术，3例行颞骨次全切除术；有颈淋巴结转移的3例同时行根治性颈淋巴结廓清术。术后均辅以放疗。结果：随访5～13年，3、5年生存率分别为55．0％(11／20)，45．0％(9／20)。结论：中耳癌手术治疗应根据其侵及中耳乳突的范围，以及有助于放射治疗发挥作用而选择不同的术式。     

10例耳部原发性横纹肌肉瘤的临床病理分析

目的分析耳部原发性横纹肌肉瘤的临床病理特征及其免疫组织化学特点，为该肿瘤的诊断提供依据。方法对10例耳部原发性横纹肌肉瘤采用光学显微镜和免疫组织化学染色方法观察。所用抗体有：波形蛋白（Vimentin），结蛋白（Desmin），平滑肌肌动蛋白（SMA），肌红蛋白（Myoglobin）。结果10例中男性8例，女性2例，平均年龄8．6岁，其中胚胎性横纹肌肉瘤9例，葡萄型横纹肌肉瘤1例；免疫组织化学：Vimentin及Myoglobin染色10例均呈阳性，Desmin染色7例阳性。SMA染色8例阳性。结论耳部原发性横纹肌肉瘤缺乏特异性临床表现。故诊断困难，对可疑病例及时做活检进行HE染色和免疫组织化学检查方可对该病作出诊断。     

Experimental Analysis of Behavior of Homing Pigeons as a Result of Functional Disorders of their Lagena

Behavioral experiments concerning the homing abilities of pigeons were done by sectioning their lagenal nerves or interfering with the function of the lagena using a magnet. Twenty-one birds were treated in this way and 30 birds from the same loft of racing pigeons were used as controls. The results of homing tests clearly revealed a magnetic influence on the function of the lagena in terms of the navigation ability of pigeons: the treated birds were either lost or significantly delayed while the controls returned within 30 min of release. The lagena of birds is a unique organ and it is concluded that it is a key element in the magnetic sensory system of birds.