教育心理学在成人解剖学教学中的应用

教育心理学的研究对象是学校教育情景中学生学习和教师教学的基本心理学规律。它主要包括学生获得知识、技能，形成良好的个性和道德品质的过程，以及制约学生学习的各种条件，如学习动机、学习迁移、学习策略、教学心理、学校群体心理、学习与教学的测量与评定及教师心理等。医学成人教育的对     

心理学人才培训信息

为更快、更好地培养心理学人才，以适应社会的迫切需求。中国科学院心理研究所于1985年成立了心理学函授大学（后改称北京心理学函授学院）。建校20年来。已培养各类心理学人才7万余人，取得了良好的社会效益，2003年函大顺利通过北京地区民办高等学校教育教学综合评估，取得北京市教委颁发的合格证书。2006年培训计划如下：     

北京心理学函授学院（中国科学院研究所心理学函授大学）心理学人才培训信息

为更快、更好地培养心理学人才，以适应社会的迫切需求。中国科学院心理研究所干1985年成立了心理学函授大学（后改称北京心理学雨授学院）。建校20年来。已培养各类心埋学人才7万余人，取得了良好的社会效益，2003年函大顺利通过北京地区民办高等学校教育教学综合评估，取得北京市教委颁发的合格证书。2006年培训计划如下：     

体验式教学在《变态心理学》中的应用探索

变态心理学又称为异常心理学、病理心理学,是研究异常心理和行为及其规律的一门心理学分支学科,它涉及对异常心理和行为的描述、解释、诊断、治疗以及预防。学生学习这门课程的目的,不只是对概念理解和理论掌握,而是能够将所学到的变态心理学的相关理论知识运用到生活和临床实践中,掌握对各类心理问题的识别、分析、理解和解决的能力。而传统的课堂填鸭式教学模式主要是教师直接、单一讲授,学生要真正理解与掌握这些抽象概念和理论很有难度。     

北京心理学函授学院（中国科学院心理研究所心理学函授大学）2007年心理学人才培训信息

为更快、更好地培养心理学人才，以适应社会的迫切需求，中国科学院心理研究所于1985年成立了心理学函授大学。建校21年来，已培养各类心理学人才8万余人，取得了良好的社会效益。2003年，函大顺利通过北京地区民办高等学校教育教学综合评估，取得北京市教委颁发的合格证书。     

心理学理论在病理学教学中应用的探讨

病理学是一门研究人体疾病的病因、发病机制、病理改变和转归的医学基础学科,是联系基础医学与临床医学的桥梁课程。但是病理学理论知识内容抽象、繁杂,传统以教师讲授为主的教学方法,使学生处于被动接受的地位,不容易激发学生的学习兴趣,往往陷入“机械记忆-应付考试-快速遗忘”的恶性循环中。这就要求病理学教师不但具备丰富的专业基础知识,还应当掌握正确的指导思想和方法,尤其是掌握一定的心理学知识,恰如其分地运用一些心理学原理指导日常的教学工作,往往会收到事半功倍的效果。现将笔者近几年的运用心理学理论指导病理学教学的实践经验总结如下：     

临床心理学研究生精神科见习培训效果的调查

目的:探索临床心理学研究生接受精神科实践学习的效果,并为以后培训的改进和推广提供启发.方法:为客观评估精神科实习效果,选取2009～2012年间在安定医院接受精神科实习培训的研究生共37人,另外选取安定医院2008年和2010年的第1年住院医师共40人.比较临床心理学研究生在培训后参加精神科症状学基础知识闭卷考试的得分与第1年住院医师在该考试上的得分差异情况;同时从曾受训的学生中选取36名发放自编精神科实习情况调查表,来考察受训学生对培训的主观看法和感受.结果:临床心理学研究生在精神病学理论考试中的得分高于第1年住院医师[(81±5) vs.(77 ±9),P＜0.05].自编问卷结果显示,学生主观报告在“症状学相关知识”“了解精神疾病的症状特点”以及“精神疾病的临床表现和特征”上收获最大.结论:精神科实习培训有助于提高临床心理学研究生对精神科疾病的认识和理解,增强其与患者直接接触的经验,提高临床心理实践的胜任力,因此临床心理学系研究生到精神科或精神病医院进行实习是十分必要的.     

神经心理学测验与亚临床肝性脑病的检测

目的：探讨年龄、性别、教育、职业等因素对神经心理测验结果的影响及检测肝硬化病人的神经心理学异常。方法：采用连线测验、数字符号测验、积木图测验、相似性测验、第四例外测验、威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）对69例肝硬化患者和62例正常健康者进行测试。二者被试在年龄、性别、职业、受教育年限等方面进行匹配。结果：多元逐步回归分析结果显示，本研究引用的大多数神经心理学测验受教育、年龄的影响较大，受性别、职业的影响相对较小。对正常对照组和肝硬化组进行的逐步判别分析显示，连线测验和数字符号测验对鉴别正常健康者和肝硬化患者的分辨性最高。连线测验采用不同年龄组划界分，数字符号测验采用不同教育程度划界分对肝硬化患者进行划分，结果24例（34．78％）肝硬化患者连线测验划为异常，9例（14．29％）数字符号测验结果异常。结论：本研究提示肝硬化病人存在明显神经心理学异常，进一步随访研究可证实这些异常与肝性脑病的关系；神经心理学测验为亚临床肝性脑病的诊断提供了筛查工具。     

大学生自信、自尊、自我效能与心理健康的相关研究

青少年的自尊以及自我效能不同程度地与其心理健康水平相关。近年来 ,国内研究与此有关的主要集中在中小学生中[1-4 ] 。本研究以大学生为研究对象 ,选取自信、自尊、自我效能以及心理健康四个心理学因素 ,探讨大学生群体的自信、自尊、自我效能与其心理健康水平的关系 ,为高校贯彻素质教育开展有效的心理健康教育提供理论依据和实践指导。1　对象、材料和方法1 .1　对象随机抽取甘肃庆阳师专 1998～ 1999学年师范专业二年级的四个班共 195人 (男 131人 ,女 64人 )为测查对象 ,剔除无效答卷 2 2份 ,余 173人 (男 114人 ,女59人 ) ,平均年龄…     

医学心理学课程对医学生心理健康水平的影响

目的了解目前医学中专生心理健康状况，探讨医学心理学教育对学生心理健康水平的影响。方法按分层整群抽样的方法设实验组与对照组，采用SCL-90症状自评量表进行比较。结果两组学生首测有14．2%的学生有明显心理问题，经系统完整的医学心理学—学习后的实验组学生再测结果显示各因子阳性均分有显著改变，与全国青少年常模组比较已无明显差异。结论通过医学心理学教育增强学生的心理防御机制和心理应对方式，对开展心理咨询工作及时消除心理障碍，提高学生整体心理健康水平有轵极的作用。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.