金属内支架治疗直结肠恶性狭窄和梗阻

目的探讨金属内支架治疗直结肠恶性狭窄和梗阻的临床意义和效果。方法47例无手术治疗指征的直、结肠恶性狭窄和梗阻,在X线透视下,经肛门置入镍钛记忆合金网状支架。结果47例患者,共植入镍钛记忆合金网状支架53枚(6例因再次梗阻二次植入支架)。43例支架一次置入成功,占91.5%(43/47),4例经二次支架置入成功,占8.5%(4/47)。2例肿瘤破溃瘘道形成病例,置入覆膜支架成功封堵瘘口。所有病例支架置入后梗阻症状迅速解除,腹胀逐渐消失,可进半流质饮食,一般情况好转。生存6个月以内29.8%(14/47),6个月以上70.2%(33/47),2例已超过13个月,现仍在随访中。结论直结肠金属内支架置入术,是治疗无手术指征的直结肠恶性狭窄和梗阻的首选有效的姑息性治疗手段。     

内支架治疗直结肠癌恶性梗阻的临床分析

目的探讨金属内支架治疗直结肠恶性狭窄和梗阻的临床意义和效果。方法50例确诊直结肠癌晚期无手术治疗指征的恶性狭窄和梗阻患者,在X线透视下,经肛门置入镍钛记忆合金网状支架,术后随访2年,观察直结肠癌晚期患者生活质量有无改善。结果50例患者,共植入镍钛记忆合金网状支架56枚（6例因再次梗阻二次植入支架）。44例支架一次置入成功,占88%（44/50）,6例经二次支架置入成功,占12%（6/50）。2例肿瘤破溃瘘道形成,置入覆膜支架成功封堵瘘口。所有患者支架置入后梗阻症状迅速解除,腹胀逐渐消失,可进半流质饮食,一般情况好转。生存6个月以内28%（14/50）,6个月以上68%（34/50）,2例已超过13个月,占4%（2/50）,现仍在随访中。结论直结肠金属内支架置入术,是治疗无手术指征的直结肠恶性狭窄和梗阻的首选姑息性治疗手段,可以有效地提高患者生存质量。     

超顺应经内镜钳道结肠支架治疗肝脾曲结肠恶性梗阻7例

目的 评价超顺应经内镜钳道结肠支架治疗肝脾曲结肠恶性梗阻的可行性和治疗效果.方法 2013年9月至2014年7月超顺应经内镜钳道结肠支架治疗肝脾曲结肠恶性梗阻患者7例.内镜及透视引导下行支架置入,评价其技术和近期临床成功率、并发症和临床移位率.结果 恶性结肠梗阻部位肝曲1例,脾曲6例,平均曲度为125.7°±20.7°,技术均获成功,无支架相关性并发症.支架姑息性治疗3例,手术过渡治疗4例,7例临床梗阻均缓解,患者腹围由术前的(87±3)cm降至术后7d的(70±6) cm.4例行1期手术,支架置入时间为8～10 d,平均(9.3±1.0)d,无吻合口瘘和术后再狭窄.生存期为4～14个月,平均(8.7±3.6)个月.结论 超顺应经内镜钳道结肠支架治疗肝脾曲结肠恶性梗阻安全有效,可作为肝脾曲恶性梗阻的首选治疗方法.     

金属内支架置入术治疗胃十二指肠恶性梗阻

目的　探讨不能手术的胃十二指肠恶性梗阻金属内支架治疗方法和效果。方法　 67例胃十二指肠恶性梗阻 ,胃窦及幽门部梗阻 2 7例 ,十二指肠降段及以远梗阻 2 6例 ,胃十二指肠及胃空肠吻合口梗阻 14例 ,均在X线透视下采用介入放射学方法 ,经口腔共置入记忆合金网状内支架 84枚 ,其中 17例因支架置入 6个月后再梗阻又放置了第 2枚支架。结果　 67例患者支架置入成功后 ,梗阻症状迅速解除 ,当日即能进食。术后 1个月与术前比较 ,体重平均增加 4.7kg ,无严重并发症发生。随访 1～ 2 0个月均进食情况良好。结论　金属内支架置入术操作简单、微创、可重复 ,是无法手术治疗的胃十二指肠恶性梗阻首选有效的治疗方法。     

经皮经肝胆道支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻的临床分析

目的探讨胆道恶性梗阻时经皮经肝穿刺胆道镍钛记忆合金支架置入术及其临床疗效。方法18例恶性胆道梗阻患者,采用二步法在X线透视定位下共置入支架20枚。支架放置成功后,经长鞘管注入造影剂,及时了解支架膨胀情况及通畅性,最后放置外引流管。支架选用南京微创医学科技有限公司生产的镍钛记忆合金支架。术后观察病人黄疸变化情况,肝功能及血清淀粉酶变化,随访3~11个月。结果18例均一次性置入成功。支架置入后1周,血清总胆红素(STB)下降66.27%,丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)下降57.83%,天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)下降62.21%,r-谷氨酰转肽酶(r-GT)下降44.74%,血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)下降47.57%。早期并发症包括高淀粉酶血症、急性腹膜炎、胆道出血、胆漏等。晚期主要有支架移位或再狭窄。随访期间1例死于心、肺功能衰竭。结论经皮经肝穿刺胆道支架置入术治疗不能手术切除的恶性梗阻性黄疸,是一种姑息性治疗胆道恶性梗阻的有效方法。     

经皮穿肝经口腔双途径联合支架置入治疗胆管和十二指肠恶性梗阻

目的:探讨胆管和十二指肠恶性梗阻双途径联合支架置入介入治疗的方法和效果.方法:23 例胆管和十二指肠恶性梗阻,17例先经皮肝穿刺置入金属支架解除胆管梗阻,出现十二指肠梗阻后,再在X线透视下,经口腔置入记忆合金网状十二指肠内支架.6例因胆管与十二指肠恶性梗阻并存,先置入十二指肠内支架并同时置入胆管支架.测定术前、术后血清总胆红素水平及体重并进行t检验.结果:23例患者双途径联合支架置入成功后,术前、术后血清总胆红素水平及体重比较差异均有显著性意义(P＜0.05).十二指肠支架置入后,消化道梗阻症状迅即解除,当日即能进食,均无严重并发症发生.随访1～20个月进食情况均良好.结论:经皮肝穿经口腔双途径联合支架置入治疗胆管和十二指肠恶性梗阻是首选的有效治疗方法.     

结肠直肠恶性梗阻的内支架治疗

为探讨记忆合金支架治疗结，直肠恶性梗阻的疗效及意义，对44例结，直肠恶性狭窄导致的急慢性梗阻患者实施了支架置入术。41例患者成功置入，有效地恢复了肠腔通畅。长期带支架的38例患者中现已死亡33例，生存期51－720天，其他5例已存活1－8个月，未再发肠梗阻。研究表明，记忆合金支架可有效地缓解结，直肠恶性狭窄导致的急慢性梗阻，对晚期结，直肠癌以及具有高危手术因素的患者进行永久性姑息治疗，避免了肠造口，配合化疗和免疫治疗，有利于延长患者生存期，同时可缓解急性梗阻，为肠道准备和择期手术创造条件，避免粪便转流及术中灌洗。     

结肠直肠良恶性梗阻的内支架治疗

目的 探讨结肠、直肠良恶性梗阻内支架治疗的临床价值.方法 在X线透视或(和)内镜引导下,对30例结肠、直肠梗阻患者实施了支架置入术,梗阻部位位于直肠20例,直肠乙状结肠交界处2例,乙状结肠3例,降结肠3例,横结肠2例.结果 30例结肠、直肠梗阻患者中,放置了31枚结、直肠支架.支架置入一次成功率93%,支架放置成功者肠梗阻症状均即刻解除,未出现与支架置入相关的并发症.恶性狭窄患者生存时间平均达271d.结论 经肛门放置内支架治疗结肠、直肠梗阻,具有微创、安全、见效快、重复性强的特点.能够有效缓解患者的梗阻症状,术后并发症少,并可显著提高患者的生活质量.     

食管内支架置入术后脱落原因分析

目的:针对食管支架治疗食管良恶性狭窄和瘘的置入术后效果及由治疗可能引起的并发症,从中总结出一些经验及体会。方法:本组56例,均为失去手术时机或有手术禁忌症的恶性肿瘤患者,共置入覆膜镍钛合金支架及覆膜不锈钢Z型支架59枚(其中有防返流支架5枚)。结果:56例患者共置入59枚支架均一次成功,支架置入后食管狭窄改善,瘘道封闭,饮食得到恢复。有效率达100%。但在术后一段时间内有5例患者支架发生移位和/或脱落。结论:食管支架治疗食管恶性狭窄应根据患者不同情况制定不同治疗方案以最大程度减少并发症的发生。     

金属内支架治疗恶性气道狭窄和胸腔胃-支气管瘘及支气管残端瘘

目的 探讨不同规格的金属内支架治疗严重气管狭窄和胸腔胃-气道瘘及肺叶切除术后支气管残端瘘的疗效.方法 根据影像资料显示气管、支气管狭窄段位置、长度,瘘口位置、大小、范围及程度,设计镍钛记忆合金丝编织型管状裸支架或覆膜支架,治疗气管狭窄26例;气管-支气管分叉状裸支架治疗气管-支气管复合狭窄8例;气管-支气管分叉状覆膜支架治疗胸腔胃-右支气管瘘5例,支气管残端瘘4例.支架均在DSA监视下经口腔置入病变部位.结果 43例共用镍钛记忆合金网状管状裸支架24枚,覆膜支架7枚(5例支架置入后再狭窄,重新置入覆膜支架).17枚气管-支气管分叉型支架,其中9枚覆膜.支架置入后呼吸困难、憋喘及呛咳等症状即刻缓解,碘水造影显示瘘口完全封堵,无对比剂溢出.症状改善率为100%.结论 依据影像资料选择记忆合金网状内支架治疗严重气管狭窄、胸腔胃-气道瘘、支气管残端瘘,能迅即解除呼吸困难和封堵瘘口,疗效可靠,值得临床推广应用.     

Malignant colonic obstruction due to extrinsic tumor: palliative treatment with a self-expanding nitinol stent

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of self-expanding nitinol stents for palliative treatment of malignant colorectal obstruction caused by unresectable extrinsic tumor, colorectal metastasis, or peritoneal seeding. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One covered stent and 10 uncovered stents were deployed in eight patients with colorectal obstruction due to extrinsic tumor under fluoroscopic guidance. The sites of obstruction were located in the rectum (n = 5), in the rectosigmoid colon (n = 2), and from the transverse colon to the descending colon (n = 1). Clinical usefulness and complications were analyzed. RESULTS: Stents were placed successfully in all patients. Minor modifications of the delivery system were required in the tortuous rectosigmoid and lower rectum strictures. Symptoms of obstruction were initially resolved in all but one patient. In that patient, the presence of other points of obstruction was suspected. Bowel obstruction recurred in two patients: one obstruction was due to migration of a covered stent 4 days after the procedure, and the other obstruction was due to peritoneal seeding 33 days after the procedure. Both required colostomy or ileostomy. All patients died 12-111 days after stent placement (mean, 56 days). In five patients (63%), colonic obstruction was palliated by placing a stent until the patients' death between 39 and 111 days after stent placement (mean, 62 days). Six complications occurred in four patients and included stent migration (n = 1), anal bleeding (n = 2), anal pain that required analgesia (n = 1), and fever (n = 2). CONCLUSION; This self-expandable nitinol stent adequately palliated 63% of patients with colonic obstruction due to extrinsic tumor in this small series. Patient selection is very important to the success of this treatment.     

内镜下放置金属支架治疗幽门及十二指肠恶性狭窄的临床疗效分析

目的评价内镜下放置金属支架在治疗幽门及十二指肠恶性狭窄的临床疗效。资料与方法选择晚期胃窦癌16例、幽门管癌8例和十二指肠癌5例作为支架组,在内镜下放置金属支架。选择同期18例晚期胃窦癌、幽门管癌7例和3例十二指肠癌为手术组,行姑息性胃-空肠吻合手术。观察支架组支架置入成功率和幽门或十二指肠狭窄改善情况及两组患者生活质量状况、生存时间、副作用、平均住院时间和平均住院费用。结果支架组支架放置成功率为96.6%,幽门和十二指肠狭窄有明显改善,生活质量明显改善,生存时间延长,与手术组相比无统计学差异。但支架组平均住院时间为5天,平均住院费用为0.65万元,手术组平均住院时间为11天,平均住院费用约为1.51万元,副作用也明显少于手术组。结论内镜下放置金属支架不但能解决幽门和十二指肠恶性狭窄,提高患者的生活质量,延长患者生存时间,还能减少平均住院时间和医疗费用,是缓解幽门及十二指肠恶性狭窄的理想方法之一。     

Malignant colorectal obstruction treated by means of self-expanding metallic stents: effectiveness before surgery and in palliation

PURPOSE: To determine the effectiveness and safety of metallic stents in the treatment of malignant colorectal obstruction before surgery and for palliation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty patients with acute malignant colorectal obstruction presumed to be malignant were treated by means of implanting self-expanding metallic stents. RESULTS: Stent placement was successful in 70 of the 80 patients and resolved bowel obstruction in 67 patients (96%). Two patients had colonic perforation and developed peritonitis 18 and 24 hours after stent placement; one patient died as a consequence. Thirty-three patients underwent elective surgery after 7 days +/- 3 (SD; range, 4-10 days), and adequate tumoral coverage and cleansing of the colon were observed in all patients. Stent placement was used as final palliative treatment in another 35 patients. Patient follow-up lasted a mean of 138 days +/- 93 (range, 36-334 days). The survival rate for the palliative group was 55% at 3 months, 44% at 6 months, and 25% at 9 months. The estimated primary stent patency rate was 91% at 3 and 6 months. CONCLUSION: Management of colorectal obstruction by using metallic stents was effective and safe, although colonic perforation is a potential complication. In cases of palliation, the method may obviate palliative colostomy.     

多次、多枚支架置入在食管恶性狭窄治疗中的临床应用价值研究

目的:探讨多次、多枚支架置入术对治疗食管恶性狭窄的临床应用价值.方法:8例患者中有6例于第一枚支架置入后3～12个月时因肿瘤进展累及到支架上或下口引起再次梗阻,而置入第二枚支架,其中又有2例分别于置入第二枚支架后10个月(第1枚支架置入后19个月)因肿瘤再次进展和13个月(第1枚支架置入后25个月)因支架上口肉芽组织过度增生引起梗阻而置入第三枚支架.1例食管中、下段双段食道癌患者,一次同时重叠置入二枚支架.1例女性高龄患者置入第一枚支架三天后出现食管-气管瘘而再次套置第二枚支架.结果:6例因肿瘤进展多次置入支架患者及1例双段食道癌双支架置入患者支架置入后均开通食管梗阻,提高了患者生活质量,延长了患者生存时间.2例置入三枚支架患者生存均超过50个月.食管-气管瘘患者置入支架后立即封堵了瘘口,但患者于一周后出现消化道大出血死亡.结论:食管恶性狭窄支架置入后肿瘤进展造成再次狭窄及食管多发肿瘤,采取支架多次及多枚置入有着重要的临床价值.     

Delayed complications after esophageal stent placement for treatment of malignant esophageal obstructions and esophagorespiratory fistulas

PURPOSE: To evaluate delayed complications after esophageal expandable metallic stent placement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From April 1993 to December 1997, 90 expandable metallic stents were placed in 82 consecutive patients with inoperable malignant esophageal obstruction (n = 49) or malignant esophagorespiratory fistula (n = 33). Stents used included covered Gianturco-Rosch Z stents (n = 20), Wallstents (covered, n = 31; uncovered, n = 13), and Ultraflex stents (covered, n = 8; uncovered, n = 10). Patients were followed prospectively and monitored for delayed complications, defined as major (hemorrhage, tracheal compression, stent migration, perforation or fistula formation, granulomatous obstruction, tumor ingrowth and overgrowth, funnel phenomenon, and stent covering disruption) or minor (reflux, chest pain, and food impaction). RESULTS: Mean survival was 4.5 months after stent placement (range, 3 weeks to 26 months). The overall incidence of delayed complications was 64.6%, with 17 patients (20.7%) experiencing more than one complication. The rates of delayed complications in patients with Z stents, Wallstents, and Ultraflex stents were 75.0%, 68.1%, and 44.4%, respectively (P <.05). Most complications were life-threatening and occurred more frequently when stents were placed in the proximal third of the esophagus, compared with more distally (P <.05). Thirteen patients (15.9%) died from complications directly related to stent placement. CONCLUSION: Esophageal stent placement for malignant obstruction or fistula is associated with a substantial incidence of delayed complications.     

暂时性金属内支架治疗结肠梗阻和对手术方式的影响

目的探讨在X线透视下经内镜引导置入暂时性金属内支架缓解结肠梗阻的方法和临床应用价值。方法33例结、直肠癌引起肠梗阻的患者,在X透视下经内镜引导在梗阻部位行暂时性金属内支架置入术。结果27例成功置入金属内支架后24～48h肠梗阻症状缓解,经肠道准备后均作了选择性Ⅰ期结肠癌切除吻合术。支架置入成功率81．8％。结论暂时性金属内支架可有效的缓解结、直肠癌引起的梗阻,在X透视下经内镜引导能提高支架置入成功率从而使梗阻患者的结肠癌能得到Ⅰ期切除结肠吻合。     

Urothelial hyperplasia complicating use of metal stents in malignant ureteral obstruction

Self-expandable metal stents (7 mm in diameter) combined with coaxial double-j stents were placed in 10 ureters in ten patients with malignant ureteral obstruction. After 2 and 3 months, when the double-j stents were removed in seven patients, six patients developed hydronephrosis and one patient tolerated removal of the double-j stent and had no signs of urinary obstruction until she died in the fifth month. A double-j stent was inserted again in six patients who developed hydronephrosis. Endoscopy performed during insertion of the double-j stents showed urothelial hyperplasia and incrustations which reduced the lumen of the metal stent. Their double-j stents were exchanged with new ones every 3 months. In the last three patients, double-j stents were not removed, but exchanged with new ones every 3 months. Endoscopy performed regularly during the exchange of the double-j stents in the follow-up of nine patients showed that urothelial hyperplasia, although mild, persisted until the sixth month in three patients. We conclude that urothelial hyperplasia and incrustations limit the use of metal stents in malignant ureteral obstruction. Metal stents, however, when used together with the coaxially placed double-j stents, contributed to the achievement of internal urinary drainage in this study. Since a metal stent provides a buttress for the previously obstructed segment of the ureter, the lumen, although decreased by hyperplasia and incrustations, is held open, which allows an easy exchange of the double-j stent. Regarding the high cost of metal stent, use of it with a coaxial double-j stent should be spared for the malignant ureteral obstructions when a previously placed double-j stent alone fails to achieve efficient drainage. Correspondence to: S. Men