气管隆凸切除重建术在呼吸道肿瘤外科治疗中的应用

目的 总结气管隆凸切除重建术在呼吸道肿瘤患者中的手术治疗经验，探讨合理的手术方法及治疗措施。方法 回顾分析1996年1月～2004年6月，27例气管隆凸肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果 行气管肿瘤切除＋对端吻合8例；右全肺＋隆凸切除，气管与左主支气管对端吻合6例；左全肺＋隆凸切除，气管与右主支气管对端吻合3例；右上肺叶＋隆凸袖式切除，气管＋左主支气管＋右中间支气管“品”字吻合2例；隆凸切除，气管＋左主支气管＋右主支气管“品”字吻合3例；气管肿瘤及气管壁部分切除或刮除5例，其中体外循环辅助下完成手术2例。术后早期死亡3例，2例术后早期死于多器官衰竭，1例系胸腔感染、出血，术后21d死亡。半年以上随访，无死亡，无外科并发症。结论隆凸及气管手术比较复杂，手术难度大，选择合理的术式及麻醉方法，必要时应用体外循环技术，可以取得满意的疗效。     

隆凸部位原发性肺癌的手术治疗

作者对１３例涉及隆凸部位的中心型肺癌行切除治疗。鳞癌１１例,腺癌２例Ｔ３Ｎ２Ｍ０３例,Ｔ４Ｎ２Ｍ０１０例。根治手术１０例,姑息手术３例。右全肺切除隆凸全切除３例。右全肺切除隆凸部分切除６例,左全肺切除隆凸部分切除１例,右上中叶切除隆凸部分切除下叶隆凸部位吻合３例。无手术并发症及手术死亡。３年治愈率５４％,５年治愈率３０％,１例已存活８年。该类患者如纵隔淋巴结无广泛转移,局部病灶允许切除,手术效果仍较满意。作者对术中血管、支气管隆凸部的处理提出了自己的经验。     

手术切除T4期肺癌的疗效分析

目的 探讨外科手术切除侵犯心脏、大血管和气管隆凸的T4期肺癌的预后和手术适应证。方法回顾性总结1988至2000年手术切除的151例T4期肺癌（心脏大血管成形术130例，隆凸成形术21例）病人资料，对可能影响其生存率的各种临床、病理、治疗等因素进行分析，并与同期112例手术切除的T3N1M0肺癌病人进行预后比较。结果全组无手术死亡病例，术后并发症发生率为43％。术后中位生存时间26．1个月，1年、3年、5年生存率分别为73．5％、33．1％和16．6％。单因素分析表明，病人预后与年龄、肺切除范围、有无淋巴结转移、是否根治性切除及是否行新辅助化疗有关（P〈0．05）。多因素分析结果表明，肺切除范围、有无淋巴结转移、是否根治性切除是影响总生存率的独立预后因素（P〈0．05）。T4N0M0与同期T3N1M0病人5年生存率分别为38．6％、16．1％，两组比较差异有统计学意义（P=0．0383），而术后并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论对于侵犯心脏、大血管和隆凸的T4期肺癌，正确选择病例和良好的手术技术确保完整切除局部肿瘤，也能取得较满意的临床疗效。尤其是对以局部浸润为主而无淋巴结转移的T4期肺癌，手术疗效优于有淋巴结转移的，13期肺癌。新辅助化疗有助于延长术后生存期。     

局限Ⅱ期小细胞肺癌的外科疗效分析

目的 探讨不同治疗手段和手术方式对局限Ⅱ期小细胞肺癌患者预后的影响.方法 回顾性分析2001年1月至2009年12月局限Ⅱ期小细胞肺癌患者82例临床病理资料.结果 全组患者中位生存期27.0个月,第1,3,5年生存率分别为62.1％,35.9％,21.0％.外科治疗患者中位生存期及5年生存率优于非外科治疗患者(P=0.000).行肺叶或全肺切除术患者中位生存期及5年生存率优于楔形切除术患者(P=0.048).行楔形切除术患者中位生存期及5年生存率优于非外科治疗患者(P =0.024).手术、化疗和放疗是影响局限Ⅱ期小细胞肺癌患者预后的独立因素.肺叶或全肺切除组局部复发率低于楔形切除组(P =0.030).远处转移率在肺叶或全肺切除组、楔形切除组和非外科治疗组呈逐渐上升趋势,通过两两比较,肺叶或全肺切除组低于非外科治疗组(P=0.021),肺叶或全肺切除组与楔形切除组、楔形切除组与非外科治疗组之间差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 对于局限Ⅱ期小细胞肺癌患者,首选的初始治疗应推荐肺叶或全肺切除术,术后建议常规行辅助性化放疗.     

老龄肺癌的外科治疗分析

目的总结老龄肺癌的外科治疗经验。方法回顾1995年至2005年对108例60~76岁老龄肺癌的诊断及治疗。71例纤维支气管镜检阳性,开胸诊断37例。病肺切除89例,开胸探查活检19例。结果本组108例病人中95例随诊,未切除组12例,8例术后化疗,生存期9~18个月。肺段切除11例,生存期2年6例,2~3年6例。肺叶和全肺切除71例,1例术后半年死于支气管肺炎合并右心衰竭。5年生存率36.8%。结论老龄肺癌发病率逐步增多,对老龄肺癌患者应及时诊断,尽早行外科手术治疗可提高5年生存率,明显提高生活质量。     

肺癌合并上腔静脉综合征的外科治疗

目的报告肺切除合并全上腔静脉切除人造血管置换术治疗肺癌伴上腔静脉综合征患者的结果。方法１９９４年９月～１９９６年１１月，行肺切除合并全上腔静脉切除，人造血管置换重建术，治疗侵及上腔静脉的Ⅲｂ期肺癌３例。其中支气管、肺动脉袖状成型右上叶切除２例，右全肺切除１例。结果本组无手术死亡和严重手术并发症；术后无癌存活超过２８月１例，９月１例，２月１例。结论肺切除合并全上腔静脉切除、人造血管置换重建术，治疗肺癌合并上腔静脉综合征，能明显延长这类患者的近期和长期生存时间。     

气管隆突切除及重建术治疗中心型支气管肺癌

本文报告１０例侵及气管隆突或距隆突０．３ｃｍ以内的中心型支气管肺癌行气管隆突切除及重建术，其中右上叶及隆突切除重建术３例，右全肺及隆突切除２例，左全肺及隆突切除４例，左上叶及隆突切除重建术１例，加部分左心房切除术３例。本组根治切除９例。姑息切除１例。术后并发症３例（３０％）。术后无癌生存６年１例，３年１例，２年１０月１例，２年６月３例，１年２例，半年１例；另１例于术后８月死于脑转移。重点讨论了手术适应证、手术方法、围手术期监护和处理。     

余肺切除治疗肺部疾患临床分析

目的探讨余肺切除的手术适应证、手术方法、并发症防治和远期疗效。方法回顾1985年1月至2006年8月进行的24例余肺切除[占同期全肺切除的2．3％（24／1026）]患者的临床资料。余肺切除距第1次肺切除的时间为5．5个月-30年,平均65个月;肺癌复发患者间隔时间为术后5．5个月～10年,平均32个月。手术历时4-7h,平均5．5h;术中失血300-3000ml,平均1270ml。结果手术切除23例,切除率为95．8％。术后并发症发生率及住院死亡率分别为29．2％（7／24）和4．2％（1／24）。术后病理诊断为支气管扩张症2例、原发性肺癌4例、复发性肺癌18例。术后随访率为91．7％（22／24）。肺癌余肺切除患者的1、3、5年生存率分别为77．3％（17／22）、50．0％（9／18）和29．4％（5／17）;其中复发性肺癌患者余肺切除术后的1、3、5年生存率为72．2％（13／18）、47．1％（8／17）和29．4％（5／17）。结论严格选择患者,术中精细操作,做好围手术期并发症的防治,余肺切除可有效延长患者的生存期。     

原发性气管肿瘤的外科治疗

目的 总结外科手术治疗原发性气管肿瘤的临床经验。方法 回顾性分析我科1968—2001年70例原发性气管肿瘤的外科治疗资料。结果 气管节段切除39例,隆凸切除13例,气管侧壁切除10例,肿瘤局部剔除5例,全肺切除1例,开胸探查2例。并发症发生率31％(22／70)。气管切除与重建术后30d内死亡率8％(4／52)。良性肿瘤14例,恶性肿瘤56例。其中腺样囊性癌和鳞癌是最常见的类型,分别为45％(25／56)和23％(13／56)。良性肿瘤随诊平均5．7年。恶性肿瘤切除术后5、10年生存率分别为64％(21／33)和54％(14／26)。结论 手术切除是治疗气管肿瘤最有效的方法。气管节段切除是治疗气管恶性肿瘤的主要术式,良性肿瘤可以考虑保守的术式。降低手术并发症是取得良好手术疗效的关键。     

气管隆凸切除重建术中气管导管的改进

９９３～１９９６年我们应用改进的气管导管分别为２例４５岁、５０岁隆凸腺瘤男病人,行气管、隆凸切除重建术。术后已随访１．５～３年,病人皆生存,且无吻合口狭窄发生。手术均在游离气管、隆凸及左、右主支气管后,切除左主支气管、插入改制的气管导管,维持通气,控...     

部分左心房切除的扩大切除术在局部晚期肺癌16例手术中的应用临床观察

目前 探讨左心房部分切除的肺扩大切除术治疗局部晚期肺癌的手术方法及临床疗效。方法 2001年12月至2006年12月,16例肿瘤累及左心房的局部晚期肺癌患者施行肺叶或全肺切除时,同时切除部分左心房。其中左肺下叶切除6例,左全肺切除4例,右肺中下叶切除3例,右肺下叶切除3例。结果 16例患者均顺利完成手术,无手术死亡及术中并发症。术后有2例发生心律失常,2例并发肺炎。平均存活时间36个月,术后1、3、5年生存率分别为75%（12/16）、43.75%（7/16）、25％（4/16）。结论 肺切除加部分左心房切除的扩大切除术治疗局部晚期肺癌,术后配以放化疗,具有较好的临床疗效,能明显提高其生存质量并延长生存时间。     

Carinal resection for bronchogenic carcinoma

Techniques are available for carinal resection and reconstruction for bronchogenic carcinoma involving the carina. Successful outcome depends on careful patient selection, thorough preoperative evaluation, careful anesthetic management, strict attention to surgical technique, and compulsive postoperative care. Since 1973 we have performed 37 carinal resections for bronchogenic carcinoma: 21 right carinal pneumonectomies, 7 carinal resections, 7 carina plus lobe resections, and 2 carina plus pneumonectomy stump resections. Five patients had diseased N2 nodes and 13 patients had diseased N1 nodes. Complications included pulmonary (8), vocal cord paresis (3), atrial fibrillation (9), anastomotic stenosis (4), and anastomotic separation (3). There were 3 early postoperative deaths (8%). All were related to adult respiratory distress syndrome and were unresponsive to aggressive treatment. There were 4 late postoperative deaths between 2 and 4 months (10.9%). All late postoperative deaths were related to anastomotic complications (stenosis [1] and separation [3]). There are 5 absolute 5-year survivors and an actuarial 5-year survival rate of 19%.     

Resection of tracheal carina for lung cancer. Procedure, complications, and mortality

We studied 20 patients with lung cancer that invaded the tracheal carina who were operated on during a recent 12-year period. Fifteen patients underwent sleeve pneumonectomy, two had pneumonectomy, one had lobectomy with wedge resection of the carina, and two patients had sleeve resection of the carina followed by reconstruction of the carina. There were two patients with postsurgical stage IIIA lung cancer, 15 with stage IIIB, and three with stage IV disease that involved intrapulmonary metastases. However, the operations of 13 patients were curative resections in which the surgical margin was negative for disease. Sleeve pneumonectomy was performed only in the last 3 years of the study period, after we had confirmed the safety and good results of bronchoplastic surgery by our experience of 100 cases of sleeve lobectomy. Hence, the period of follow-up in this group is too short to assess long-term survival. Eleven patients are alive, three died within 1 month after operation (15%), three died in the hospital beyond 1 month after the operation, and three died after discharge from hospital. Nine of the 11 surviving patients have no evidence of disease 1 month to 2 1/2 years after the operation, but two are alive with supraclavicular lymph node metastases. The 1-year and 2-year survival rates for 17 cases (excluding the three operative deaths) were both 59% by the Kaplan-Meier method. Two different methods were used to adjust the difference of calibers of the trachea and the bronchus. The first method involved the shift of the edge of the cartilagonous portion of the bronchus against the edge of the cartilaginous portion of the trachea and the other involved cutting the tracheal wall as a wedge-shaped piece to shorten the diameter of the tracheal caliber. To prevent complications after resection of the tracheal carina in 11 recent cases with sleeve pneumonectomy, anastomoses were protected by a pedicle fat flap nourished by internal thoracic artery and vein. No postoperative complications of anastomoses developed in any of these cases.     

Prognostic evaluation of tracheobronchial reconstruction for bronchogenic carcinoma

Fifty-two patients have undergone tracheobronchial reconstruction for bronchogenic carcinomas over a 20 year period and have been evaluated from the view point of prognosis. Five-year survival rates of the patients undergoing reconstructive operations were as follows: 35% for the total group, 50% for those with squamous cell carcinoma, and 64% for those with Stage I and II disease. No patients with adenocarcinoma or Stage III disease have survived more than 5 years. However, the number of patients with early adenocarcinoma was too small for us to conclude that the histologic type per se affected survival. Six of eight patients with sleeve lobectomy and pulmonary artery reconstruction died within 2 years, 7 months postoperatively. Five of seven patients died within 1 year after carinal reconstruction. However, two are alive at 4 months and 2 years, 9 months after left or right sleeve pneumonectomy. In summary, any types of lobectomy or pneumonectomy with reconstruction of the tracheobronchial tree can be conducted in patients with Stage I and II lung cancer. Sleeve lobectomy with pulmonary artery reconstruction can be an alternative to pneumonectomy when pneumonectomy is contraindicated because of low cardiopulmonary reserve. In patients undergoing reconstruction of the carina, prophylactic radiation therapy may be necessary during the postoperative course.     

肺切除加左心房部分切除术治疗局部晚期肺癌

目的 为寻求晚期肺癌患者的外科治疗方法，提高手术疗效，总结34例局部晚期肺癌患者行肺切除加左心房部分切除术的经验。方法 对34例局部晚期肺癌患者施行了肺切除加左心房部分切除术。左肺下叶切除术19例，左全肺切除术4例，右肺中下叶切除术6例，右肺下叶切除术2例，右全肺切除术3例。肿瘤侵及肺静脉根部与心房交界处近心端25例，明显侵犯左心房9例，其中2例同时侵及靠近肺动脉分叉处，常规无法处理肺动脉，在体外循环下切除全肺并同时切除部分左心房。结果 本组无手术死亡，术后发生并发症11例，其中心律失常8例次，肺炎5例次，心功能不全1例次。1年、3年生存率分别为79．4％、44.1％，6例生存＞5年。结论 肺癌累及左心房或肺静脉根部时应切除部分左心房以达到根治性切除，从而延长患者寿命，提高生存质量。     

Surgical outcome of tracheobronchial reconstruction for lung cancer

We retrospectively evaluated the surgical outcome after sleeve lobectomy and pneumonectomy with tracheobronchial reconstruction for lung cancer. From 1993 to 2008, 46 patients with primary lung cancer underwent these surgical procedures. Seventeen patients (37%) received induction therapy, 15 received chemotherapy, while chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy alone were received by one patient each. Sleeve lobectomy without carinal resection was performed in 41 patients. Carinal resection with 2 sleeve pneumonectomies was performed in 5 patients. There were no operative deaths. Bronchopleural fistula occurred in one patient, who required completion pneumonectomy. One patient presented local mucosal necrosis in the anastomotic site and was managed conservatively. Two patients had bronchial strictures as late complications and successfully dilated by a balloon using bronchoscopy. Overall 5-year and 10-year survival rates were 54% and 48%, respectively. No recurrence developed at any anastomotic site. The results showed that sleeve lobectomy and pneumonectomy with tracheobronchial reconstruction can be performed with low mortality and bronchial anastomotic complication rates. As well, local control of the tumor was satisfactory.     

Staging and resection of lung cancer with minimal invasion of the adjacent lobe

Objective: Correct staging, optimal resection type, and prognosis for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with invasion of the adjacent lobe through the fissure have seldom been reported. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 351 completely resected NSCLC patients between 1994 and 2004. Of these, 152 patients had T2 and 139 had T3 NSCLC confined in one lobe and 60 patients had T2 NSCLC that shows a limited growth through the interlobar fissure into the adjacent lobe (NSCLC-ALI). Types of resections performed in patients who have NSCLC-ALI were: pneumonectomy in 40, bilobectomy in 10, and lobectomy plus partial adjacent lobe resection (LPR) in 10. Survival rates of all patients were determined and factors affecting the survival were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. A multivariate survival analysis of NSCLC-ALI patients including the resection type as a prognostic factor was also performed. Results: Survival of the patients with NSCLC-ALI was not statistically different from those with T3 disease (p = 0.67, log rank test) but was significantly poorer than remaining patients with simple T2 disease (p = 0.049, log-rank test). T status was found as a prognostic factor at multivariate analysis too (p = 0.037). The survival of patients who underwent pneumonectomy was significantly worse than the patient group who underwent bilobectomy or LPR (p = 0.04). There was no statistically significant difference between survival of the patients who underwent LPR and the patient group who underwent pneumonectomy or bilobectomy (p = 0.16). Hospital mortality was 6.6% (4/60) and they all underwent a pneumonectomy. During follow-up there was no local recurrence encountered in patients in LPR group. Conclusions: The prognosis of NSCLC with limited invasion of an adjacent lobe was found to be similar with that of T3 tumors. A resection type lesser than a pneumonectomy may be considered in these tumors.     

Subsequent pulmonary resection for bronchogenic carcinoma after pneumonectomy

BACKGROUND: Patients who have undergone a pneumonectomy for bronchogenic carcinoma are at risk of cancer in the contralateral lung. Little information exists regarding the outcome of subsequent lung operation for lung cancer after pneumonectomy. METHODS: The records of all patients who underwent lung resection after pneumonectomy for lung cancer from January 1980 through July 2001 were reviewed. RESULTS: There were 24 patients (18 men and 6 women). Median age was 64 years (range, 43 to 84 years). Median preoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 second was 1.47 L (range, 0.66 to 2.55 L). Subsequent pulmonary resection was performed 2 to 213 months after pneumonectomy (median, 23 months). Wedge excision was performed in 20 patients, segmentectomy in 3, and lobectomy in 1. Diagnosis was a metachronous lung cancer in 14 patients and metastatic lung cancer in 10. Complications occurred in 11 patients (44.0%), and 2 died (operative mortality, 8.3%). Median hospitalization was 7 days (range, 2 to 72 days). Follow-up was complete in all patients and ranged between 6 and 140 months (median, 37 months). Overall 1-, 3-, and 5-year survivals were 87%, 61%, and 40%, respectively. Five-year survival of patients undergoing resection for a metachronous lung cancer (50%) was better than the survival of patients who underwent resection for metastatic cancer (14%; p = 0.14). Five-year survival after a solitary wedge excision was 46% compared with 25% after a more extensive resection (p = 0.54). CONCLUSIONS: Limited pulmonary resection of the contralateral lung after pneumonectomy is associated with acceptable morbidity and mortality. Long-term survival is possible, especially in patients with a metachronous cancer. Solitary wedge excision is the treatment of choice.     

Kergin pneumonectomy: a rare procedure

We have evaluated our cases of "Kergin" pneumonectomy in which a bronchial flap of the medial part of the right main stem bronchus was created during right pneumonectomy and was turned upward to cover the lateral airway defect at the level of the carina. Five male patients with a mean age of 53.6 underwent "Kergin" pneumonectomy due to nonsmall cell carcinoma arising from right upper lobe entrance, which does not allow a classical pneumonectomy. Postoperative pathology stagings were stage IIB in 1 patient and stage IIIA in 4 patients. Any operative mortality or short-term complication was not observed. Two of the patients died in the second year of follow-up. "Kergin" pneumonectomy is a rarely performed procedure with acceptable morbidity and mortality and good lung cancer resection. Actually, our current report of five cases will be one of the largest series of "Kergin" pneumonectomy.