亚低温治疗对重型颅脑损伤的预后影响

目的 探讨亚低温治疗和常温方法对重型颅脑损伤患者的预后比较.方法 对本院ICU收治的68例患者随机分为亚低温治疗组和常温对照组,在治疗后3个月进行格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS).结果 亚低温治疗组的病死率及恢复良好率明显好于对照组.结论 亚低温治疗可降低重型颅脑损伤患者的病死率,改善预后.     

体感诱发电位对亚低温治疗重型颅脑创伤临床疗效的评估

目的 探讨体感诱发电位对亚低温治疗重型颅脑创伤患者临床疗效的评估价值。方法55例经手术治疗后的重型颅脑创伤患者,随机分为亚低温治疗组和对照组。亚低温治疗组于手术后施以亚低温治疗,直肠温度降至33℃～35℃;对照组体温维持在36.5℃～37.5℃。共治疗3～7d,分别于术后第1d及第8d对两组患者进行GCS疗效和体感诱发电位评估;6个月后进行GOS预后评估。结果 亚低温组患者经治疗后,GCS评分及体感诱发电位测定结果均优于对照组(均P<0.05);随访6个月亚低温组患者GOS预后评估也优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 亚低温是治疗重型颅脑创伤的有效手段之一,而体感诱发电位是评估颅脑创伤预后的客观指标之一。     

亚低温治疗老年重型颅脑损伤50例体会

目的 探讨亚低温治疗老年重型颅脑损伤的临床效果.方法 选择2010-03-2012-03我院收治的老年重型颅脑损伤后行开颅手术患者共50例,随机分为实验组和对照组各25例,实验组术后采用亚低温治疗,对照组术后常规治疗,2组治疗2周、1个月及3个月时分别进行格拉斯哥预后评分（GOS评分）,并于术后6个月统计总有效率,比较2组的治疗效果.结果 实验组治疗后2周、1个月及3个月的GOS评分分别为：26分、30分和40分,与对照组的19分、18分及16分相比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.对照组治疗6个月后的总有效率为24%,较实验组48%明显减少,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 亚低温治疗有利于降低对老年重型颅脑外伤的患者尽早实施亚低温治疗,可明显提高治愈率,减少病死率,有效改善患者预后,是一种安全可靠的治疗措施.     

亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤外周血WBC的变化及其临床意义

目的探讨外周血白细胞及中性粒细胞对亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤的临床疗效评估。方法120例经手术治疗后的重型颅脑损伤患者,随机分为亚低温组和对照组。亚低温组于手术后予亚低温治疗,直肠温度降至33～35℃,对照组体温维持存36.5～37.5℃。共治疗3～7 d,分别于术后第1 d和第8 d对两组患者的外周血WBC及中性粒细胞进行检测和GCS进行评估,6个月后进行GOS预后评估。结果亚低温组和对照组在术后第1 d的GCS和WBC及中性粒细胞没有显著性差异,但到第8 d则表现出明显的差异性,亚低温组的GCS及WBC和中性粒细胞均优于对照组(P<0.01或P<0.05);随访6个月亚低温组GOS预后显著优于对照组(P<0.01)。结论亚低温是治疗重型颅脑损伤的有效手段之一,并且外周血WBC及中性粒细胞的变化是评估颅脑创病人预后的客观指标之一。     

体感诱发电位对亚低温治疗重型颅脑创伤临床疗效的评估

目的：探讨体感诱发电位对亚低温治疗重型颅脑创伤患临床疗效的评估价值。方法：55例经手术治疗后的重型颅脑创伤患，随机分为亚低温治疗组和对照组。亚低温治疗组于手术后施以亚低温治疗，直肠温度降至33℃-35℃；对照组体温维持在36．5℃-37.5℃。共治疗3－7d，分别于术后第1d及第8d对两组患进行GCS疗效和体感诱发电位评估；6个月后进行GOS预后评估。结果：亚低温组患经治疗后，GCS评分及体感诱发电位测定结果均优于对照组（均P＜0．05）；随访6个月亚低温组患GOS预后评估也优于对照组（P＜0．05）。结论：亚低温是治疗重型颅脑创伤的有效手段之一。而体感 发电位是评估颅脑创伤预后的客观指标之一。     

亚低温对重型颅脑损伤患者血清胃泌素的影响

目的探讨亚低温治疗对急性顷脑损伤患者血清胃泌素变化的影响及临床意义。方法采用放免法动态检测54例急性重型颅脑损伤患者亚低温治疗及常规治疗前后血清胃泌素变化，对病人进行治疗前后神经功能缺损评分测定，并与对照组比较。结果急性重型颅脑损伤患者血清胃泌素水平明显高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）；亚低温治疗组的血清胃泌素水平、神经功能缺损评分以及应激性上消化道出血的发生率均明显低于常规治疗组。结论亚低温治疗可以有效降低重型颅脑损伤患者血清胃泌素以及神经功能缺损评分．     

颅内压监测下亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤的临床研究

目的研究颅内压监测下亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤患者的临床效果。方法将100例重型颅脑损伤(sTBI)患者按随机数字表法分为对照组与亚低温组,每组各50例。两组患者入院后均予以常规对症治疗;亚低温组患者加用亚低温治疗,控制直肠温度(RT)为32℃~34℃;对照组患者控制RT在36℃~37℃;均监测患者的脑组织氧分压(PbtO_2)和颅内压(ICP)。比较两组患者入院时、入院24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h的ICP、脑组织PbtO_2及血乳酸、脑源性神经细胞营养因子(BDNF)水平的变化;治疗前、后给患者进行美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)、格拉斯哥预后量表(GOS)评分;统计两组并发症发生率。结果 (1)入院时,两组ICP、PbtO_2比较,差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);入院24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h,两组ICP均降低、PbtO_2均升高,亚低温组入院不同时间点ICP均低于、PbtO_2均高于对照组(均P0.05)。(2)入院时,两组血乳酸、BDNF水平比较,差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);入院24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h,两组的血乳酸水平降低,BDNF水平上升;亚低温组入院后各时间点血乳酸水平低于、BDNF水平高于对照组(均P0.05)。(3)治疗前,两组NIHSS、GOS评分的差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);治疗后3个月时,两组的NIHSS评分均降低,GOS评分均上升,但亚低温组的NIHSS评分低于、GOS评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。(4)亚低温组的并发症发生率略低于对照组,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 ICP监测下亚低温治疗重型颅脑损伤可快速降低患者的ICP,改善其神经功能及预后。     

早期应用亚低温联合纳洛酮治疗重型颅脑损伤的疗效观察

目的探讨早期应用亚低温联合纳洛酮治疗重型颅脑损伤的临床效果。方法选取2006-12—2011-12在我院接受治疗的重型颅脑损伤患者(GCS计分≤8分)120例,随机分为治疗组和对照组各60例。对照组常规治疗,治疗组在常规治疗的基础上加用亚低温与纳洛酮进行联合治疗。结果治疗组的治疗效果明显优于对照组,治疗组的病死率20.0%,与对照组的31.7%相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后的第7、21天,治疗组GCS评分均明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后3个月GOS评定,治疗组生存质量明显优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论早期给予患者亚低温与纳洛酮联合治疗重型颅脑损伤,能降低病死率,有效改善患者的GCS评分,加快恢复进程,提高患者的生存质量。     

亚低温救治重型颅脑损伤的临床研究

目的研究亚低温救治重型颅脑损伤的治疗机制和效果。方法67例重型颅脑损伤病人随机分为亚低温组35例和对照组32例。亚低温组于伤后3～24h内,平均(12±3.3)h接受亚低温治疗,直肠温度(RT)控制在31.3～34.7℃,平均(33.7±1.1)℃持续7～14d,平均(171±25.3)h。同时监测生命体征、ICP、CPP、血SOD和血MDA、脑葡萄糖摄取、血糖、血乳酸、血气、血电解质和并发症。对照组RT控制在38℃以内,其它治疗同亚低温组。两组患者均于伤后3月根据GOS评定疗效。结果亚低温治疗组和对照组相比,亚低温治疗后36h两组ICP和CPP无显著差异。治疗120h开始亚低温组ICP明显降低(P<0.05),而CPP明显升高(P<0.05)。治疗36h后亚低温组血MDA明显低于对照组(P<0.05),而血SOD则明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。亚低温组和对照组治疗72h脑葡萄糖摄取分别为(6.33±0.2)mg%和(8.71±0.3)mg%,亚低温组明显低于对照组(P<0.05);复温后(第14天)分别为(12.7±0.5)mg%和(9.91±0.4)mg%,亚低温组则明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗36h后亚低温组血糖明显低于对照组(P<0.05),血乳酸亦明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后3个月GOS评分,亚低温组良好率62.9%(22/35)、中残率8.6%(3/35)、重残率11.4%(4/35)、植物生存5.7%(2/35)、死亡率11.4%(4/35),对照组分别为40.6%(13     

亚低温对重型颅脑损伤患者血浆内皮素-1的影响及临床意义

目的研究亚低温治疗对重型颅脑损伤患者血浆内皮素-1的影响并探讨其临床意义。方法回顾性分析我科2014年2月至2016年2月收治的48例重型颅脑损伤患者的临床资料,随机分为观察组(24例)与对照组(24例)。对照组给予手术去骨瓣减压、降颅压、防治感染等常规治疗,观察组给予常规治疗结合亚低温治疗。对比两组患者治疗后血浆内皮素-1的变化,通过两组患者格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)比较,评定疗效。结果两组患者治疗后血浆内皮素-1较治疗前降低(P0.05),且治疗后观察组结果低于对照组(P0.05);观察组患者治疗三个月后GOS评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论亚低温治疗可显著降低重型颅脑损伤患者血浆内皮素-1水平,改善患者预后。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.