Intravenous Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Thrombolysis in a Patient with Acute Ischemic Stroke Secondary to Aortic Dissection

Background

Acute ischemic stroke secondary to aortic dissection (AoD) is challenging in the era of thrombolysis owing to the diagnostic difficulty within a narrow time window and the high risk of complications.

Case Report

A 64-year-old woman with middle cerebral artery occlusion syndrome admitted to the emergency room within intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) time window. Her neurological symptoms improved during thrombolysis, but chest and abdominal pain developed. Repeated history-taking, physical examination, and imaging studies led to the timely diagnosis and surgical treatment of AoD, which produced a successful outcome.

Conclusions

Clinical suspicion is invaluable for the diagnosis of this rare cause of stroke. Considering the stroke mechanism and complications, the risks of thrombolysis might outweigh its benefits.     

Cost-Effectiveness of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator in the Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review

Background and Purpose

This work was undertaken to review the current cost-effectiveness analysis data on thrombolysis by intravenous (IV) therapy with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) for acute ischemic stroke.

Methods

PubMed was searched for articles published between 1995 and 2008. The cost-effectiveness analysis data from eight eligible studies were reviewed, paying particular attention to their modeling assumptions and the quality of the source data.

Results

The reviewed studies were from six countries: USA (n=2), UK (n=2), Canada (n=1), Australia (n=1), Spain (n=1), and Denmark (n=1); most were performed from the healthcare-system and/or societal perspectives. IV rtPA was associated with an acceptable increase in short-term cost [range: US$ 36-236/patient; US$ 29,148-55,591/quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs)], and a net long-term cost saving that was higher from a societal perspective (range: -US$ 12,043 to -US$ 630/patient; -US$ 207,253 to -US$ 21,938/QALYs) than from a healthcare-system perspective (range: -US$ 5,811 to -US$ 5,415/patient; -US$ 41,137 to -US$ 4,662/QALYs).

Conclusions

IV rtPA seems to be a cost-effective strategy for the management of acute ischemic stroke, and might reduce the associated healthcare costs as well as patients'' disabilities. Further cost-effectiveness research and the development of a public health strategy are warranted to optimize the use of rtPA in Korea.     

重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂静脉治疗轻型缺血性卒中患者的疗效分析

目的 观察轻型缺血性卒中患者重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（recombinant tissue plasminogen activator,rt-PA）静脉溶栓治疗的疗效及安全性。      

高龄急性脑梗死患者重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂静脉溶栓的疗效及安全性分析

目的 探讨高龄脑梗死患者接受标准剂量重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂（r e c o m b i n a n t t i s s u e plasminogen activator,rt-PA）静脉溶栓治疗的疗效和安全性。 方法 对我院2011年1月～2013年12月连续收治入院的254例急性脑梗死患者的临床资料进行回顾性 分析,分为老龄溶栓组118例（60＜年龄≤80岁,rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗）;高龄溶栓组62例（年龄＞80岁, rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗）;高龄非溶栓组74例（年龄＞80岁,非rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗）。比较3组入院前的 一般情况,溶栓治疗前美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS） 评分,溶栓后出血转化率及治疗7 d内致死性出血率,治疗后90 d改良Rankin量表（modifed Rankin Scale,mRS）评分和90 d的病死率。 结果 老龄溶栓组、高龄溶栓组和高龄非溶栓组治疗前NIHSS评分（13.0±5.3、15.1±6.6、14.1±6.6; P =0.523）无显著差异,3组的急性期事件出血转化率分别为16.9%、20.9%和21.6%,P =0.675;3组 7 d内致死性出血的发生率分别为3.3%,9.6%,7.4%,P =0.20。90 d内的病死率分别为11.0%,22.6%, 16.2%,P =0.12。老龄溶栓组和高龄溶栓组治疗后90 d的mRS评分 0～2比值分别为56.8%和38.7%, 两组比值比（odds ratio,OR）为2.08;95%可信区间（confidence interval,CI）为1.11～3.86,P =0.021;两 组治疗后90 d mRS评分中位数比较：2 vs 3,P =0.025。高龄溶栓组和高龄非溶栓组90 d的mRS评分 0～2比值分别为38.7%和21.6%,OR 1.81,95%CI 0.80～4.06,P =0.098;90 d mRS评分中位数比较：3 vs 5,P =0.008。 结论 与未溶栓的高龄患者相比,急性缺血性卒中老龄和高龄患者接受rt-PA治疗不增加急性期 出血转化率和病死率。老龄组比高龄组rt-PA治疗获益大,高龄溶栓组比非溶栓组获益大。高龄组 rt-PA治疗可以改善患者90 d生活自理能力且不增加病死率。     

Baseline Computed Tomography Changes and Clinical Outcome After Thrombolysis With Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator in Acute Ischemic Stroke

OBJECTIVE: Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is the only therapy of proven value for patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Controversy exists with regard to the prognostic significance of early computed tomography (CT) changes in patients receiving rt-PA for AIS. The authors retrospectively reviewed all cases of AIS who received intravenous rt-PA for AIS in University of South Alabama hospitals between January 1996 and May 1999. A neuroradiologist, blinded to clinical outcomes, reviewed all baseline CT scans for the presence of the following signs: hyperdense middle cerebral artery (HMCA), loss of gray-white differentiation (LGWD), insular ribbon sign (IRS), parenchymal hypodensity (PH), and sulcal effacement (SE). Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score was recorded 90 days after thrombolysis, and clinical outcome was dichotomized as favorable (0-1) or unfavorable (2-6). The authors performed both univariate and multivariate analyses to investigate the relationship between early CT signs, baseline clinical variables, and functional outcome as measured by the 90-day mRS scores. Any one early CT finding was detected in 23(64%) patients. The frequency of specific findings were as follows: SE in 13 patients (36%), LGWD in 12 patients (33%), PH in 9 patients (25%), HMCA in 4 patients (11%), and IRS in 3 patients (8%) patients. There was no statistically significant association between the occurrence of these imaging findings and subsequent functional outcome after thrombolysis. The data suggest that the presence of subtle acute CT changes in AIS patients is not predictive of clinical outcome following administration of rt-PA as per National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke protocol.     

急性脑梗死重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂静脉溶栓后症状性颅内出血临床特点及预后

目的分析急性缺血性脑卒中重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)静脉溶栓治疗后症状性颅内出血(sICH)患者的临床特点及预后。方法收集22例rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗后出血转化出现的sICH患者临床资料,分析其临床特点及预后。结果22例患者中(男17例、女5例),既往抗血小板聚集药物服用史7例,脑卒中病史7例,高血压病史17例,心脏病10例,长期吸烟史9例。12例sICH在溶栓后6h内发生,4例伴有消化道大出血。12/22例患者1周内死亡;余10例中,8例1个月后生活不能自理,2例生活可自理。结论rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗后出现sICH临床症状重、预后差、病死率高。     

Extracranial Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion: The Role of Common Carotid Artery Volume Flow

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Quantitative measurement of blood flow volume in the common carotid artery (CCA) is now possible using the color velocity imaging quantification (CVI-Q) ultrasound technique. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cerebral hemodynamic effects of unilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion on CCA blood flow volumes (FVs) using CVI-Q. METHODS: Records of ultrasound studies in our neurosonology laboratory were retrospectively reviewed to identify patients with unilateral ICA occlusions who at a minimum received both a routine color duplex carotid ultrasound examination and quantitative measurement of FV in the CCA, bilaterally, using the CVI-Q method. A total of 71 patients met criteria and were included in the cohort. A side to side comparison was performed for FV, peak systolic velocities (PSV), end-diastolic velocities (EDV), and resistance indices (RIs) in the CCA. Results correlated with any other available data such as flow direction in the ophthalmic artery and the presence of intracranial collateralization. RESULTS: The FV, PSV, and EDV were significantly reduced, and the RI was significantly increased in the CCA on the side of the occlusion. A subgroup analysis in patients who also had an examination of the ophthalmic (n = 61) and the intracranial arteries of the Circle of Willis (n = 50), showed significantly higher FV in the CCA on the side of the occlusion if there was also reversed flow in the ophthalmic artery on the side of the occlusion (344 +/- 144 ml/min versus 169 +/- 53 ml/min). CONCLUSION: Quantitative FV measurement using CVI-Q ultrasound can identify clear alterations in volume flow, collateral pathways, and cerebral hemodynamics in patients with unilateral ICA occlusion. It is a complementary tool, providing additional objective information about the cerebral hemodynamic effects of ICA occlusion that goes beyond what is available using routine flow velocity data.     

糖尿病性和非糖尿病性脑梗死患者血浆中纤溶酶原激活物及其抑制剂活性的动态观察

目的 :观察糖尿病性脑梗死 (diabeticischemicstroke ,DIS)和非糖尿病性脑梗死 (non diabeticischemicstroke ,NDIS)患者血浆中纤溶酶原激活物 (plasminogenactivator ,PA)及纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂 (plasminogenactivatorinhibitor ,PAI)的动态变化情况。方法 :应用底物发色法测定血浆中PA和PAI活性 ,以观察DIS和NDIS患者血浆PA和PAI活性的动态变化。结果 :NDIS患者血浆中PA活性在4～ 2 1d较非脑梗死患者升高 ;DIS患者的PA活性在 7h～ 2 1d较NDIS患者为低 ,但PAI活性在各组间无明显差异。结论 :DIS患者血浆中PA活性较NDIS患者降低 ,提示其存在纤溶系统激活的紊乱 ,并可能与DIS症状加重有关。     

rt-PA治疗急性脑梗死的临床研究

目的探讨重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)治疗急性脑梗死的有效性和安全性。方法选择发病6 h内的急性脑梗死患者5 0例,采用rt-PA(5 0 mg/例)静脉溶栓,其中1 O％剂量5 min内静脉推注,余90%剂量60～90 min内静脉滴注。评定患者治疗前、治疗24 h及21 d时的神经功能缺损程度评分(NIFISS),21 d、90 d日常生活能力评分(ADL)及90 d综合生活能力(改良Rankin评分,mRS)。结果治疗后24 h及21 d的NIHSS评分与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0．01)。随访3个月,mRS为0～3分者33例(66%);脑出血者7例(14%),其中症状性脑出血3例(6%);死亡13例(26%)。在发病4．5 h内进行溶栓治疗的41例患者中有25例(60%)获得良好预后(mRS为0～1分),在4．5～6 h内进行溶栓治疗的9例患者中只有3例(33%)获得良好预后。13例心源性脑梗死患者仅有5例(38%)获得良好预后。结论在排除心源性脑梗死的情况下,采用rt-PA 50 mg/例治疗发病4．5 h内的脑梗死患者,能够改善神经功能,恢复生活能力。     

Preprocedure Intravenous Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator and Risk of Distal Embolization with Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Background: Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IV rt-PA) prior to thrombectomy may reduce the risk of intraprocedural distal embolization in acute ischemic stroke patients. Methods: We analyzed the diffusion-weighted imaging acquired with 1.5- or 3-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans obtained within 24 hours of thrombectomy in consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients. An independent physician identified distal embolization, defined as discrete foci of restricted diffusion independent of the primary area of infarction on MRI scan. Patients were stratified based on whether they had or did not receive IV rt-PA prior to thrombectomy. Results: Distal embolization was seen in 59 (ipsilateral in 56) of 63 patients (mean age ± SD; 64.6 ± 15.3 years) who underwent thrombectomy (mean number 8.6; range 0-32). There was no difference in mean number of ipsilateral hemispheric distal embolization between the 2 groups (7.9 ± 6.1 versus 7.5 ± 7.6, P = .82). After adjusting for age, admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, the time interval between symptom onset and thrombectomy, there was no association between receiving IV rt-PA prior to thrombectomy and number of ipsilateral distal emboli (P = .90). There was no relationship between the number of ipsilateral emboli and rates of favorable outcome after adjusting for other confounders (adjusted odds ratio 1.0; 95% confidence interval .89 - 1.0; P = .40). Conclusions: Although distal embolization is very common after thrombectomy, IV rt-PA prior to procedure does not reduce the risk of intraprocedural distal embolization.     

分期支架治疗颈内动脉次全闭塞伴对侧颈内动脉狭窄的疗效与安全性观察

目的 观察分期支架治疗颈内动脉次全闭塞伴对侧颈内动脉狭窄患者的疗效及安全性。 方法 回顾性分析2017年1-12月在西安交通大学第一附属医院神经内科连续住院的颈内动脉次全 闭塞伴对侧颈内动脉狭窄患者的临床资料。采用分期治疗的方法，一期使用小球囊扩张次全闭塞侧 颈内动脉，间隔2周后进行二期支架置入。观察手术技术成功率，手术成功指一期小球囊扩张后狭窄 率减小，局部无夹层，且二期支架置入位置良好，残余狭窄率≤30%，前向血流mTICI 3级；围手术期 并发症（包括高灌注综合征、脑梗死、TIA等）及死亡情况；随访1个月、3个月、6个月及3年的mRS评分， 以及心脑血管事件和全因死亡。 结果 共纳入7例颈内动脉次全闭塞患者，平均年龄63.0±3.4岁，男性6例；其中6例为左侧，6例合 并对侧颈内动脉狭窄≥50%。手术技术成功率100%（7/7），所有患者均未发生围手术期并发症及死 亡。1个月随访时1例患者mRS评分为1分，其他6例均为0分，其余时间点所有患者均为0分，3年随访时1 例患者于术后1年发生冠心病。 结论 分期支架治疗在颈内动脉次全闭塞伴对侧颈动脉狭窄患者中相对安全，并对颈内动脉狭窄 的改善明显。     

分期支架治疗颈内动脉次全闭塞伴对侧颈内动脉狭窄的疗效与安全性观察

目的 观察分期支架治疗颈内动脉次全闭塞伴对侧颈内动脉狭窄患者的疗效及安全性。
方法 回顾性分析2017年1-12月在西安交通大学第一附属医院神经内科连续住院的颈内动脉次全
闭塞伴对侧颈内动脉狭窄患者的临床资料。采用分期治疗的方法，一期使用小球囊扩张次全闭塞侧
颈内动脉，间隔2周后进行二期支架置入。观察手术技术成功率，手术成功指一期小球囊扩张后狭窄
率减小，局部无夹层，且二期支架置入位置良好，残余狭窄率≤30%，前向血流mTICI 3级；围手术期
并发症（包括高灌注综合征、脑梗死、TIA等）及死亡情况；随访1个月、3个月、6个月及3年的mRS评分，
以及心脑血管事件和全因死亡。
结果 共纳入7例颈内动脉次全闭塞患者，平均年龄63.0±3.4岁，男性6例；其中6例为左侧，6例合
并对侧颈内动脉狭窄≥50%。手术技术成功率100%（7/7），所有患者均未发生围手术期并发症及死
亡。1个月随访时1例患者mRS评分为1分，其他6例均为0分，其余时间点所有患者均为0分，3年随访时1
例患者于术后1年发生冠心病。
结论 分期支架治疗在颈内动脉次全闭塞伴对侧颈动脉狭窄患者中相对安全，并对颈内动脉狭窄
的改善明显。