雌孕激素复合口服避孕药治疗功能失调性子宫出血的临床分析

目的探讨临床采用雌孕激素复合口服避孕药(妈富隆)治疗功能失调性子宫出血的应用价值。方法将100例功能失调性子宫出血患者按照入院时间先后、对照的原则分为实验组(50例)和对照组(50例)。对照组采用雌孕激素治疗,实验组则采用雌孕激素复合口服避孕药即妈富隆进行治疗。观察和比较两组患者临床治疗效果及完全止血平均时间。结果实验组临床治疗总有效率为98.0%,对照组临床治疗总有效率为84.0%,实验组治疗效果明显优于对照组(P<0.05);实验组患者完全止血时间为(54.38±23.42)h,对照组患者完全止血时间为(65.16±22.97)h,实验组完全止血时间明显短于对照组(t=2.3236,P<0.05)。结论临床采用雌孕激素复合口服避孕药治疗功能失调性子宫出血的疗效较为显著,且可以有效缩短患者的出血时间。     

雌孕激素复合剂、雌激素及孕激素三种方法治疗青春期功能失调性子宫出血的疗效比较

目的探讨简单、有效的治疗青春期功能失调性子宫出血的止血方法。方法100例青春期功血患者随机分为三组：雌孕激素复合组（妈富隆）、雌激素组、孕激素组。比较各组的出血控制时间及出血停止时间。结果雌孕激素复合剂组的出血控制和出血停止时间均明显小于雌激素组和孕激素组,差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）,而雌激素组和孕激素组两组间的出血控制和出血停止时间比较,差异则无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。结论雌孕激素复合剂（妈富隆）治疗青春期功能失调性子宫出血,方法简单、经济、疗效确切。     

青春期功能失调性子宫出血100例临床分析

目的:分析雌孕激素复合应用和雌孕激素序贯应用治疗青春期功能失调性子宫出血的止血效果和疗效.方法:将门诊符合诊断的96例患者随机分为复合组50例,予妈富隆治疗;序贯组46例,予倍美力加安官黄体酮治疗.结果:控制出血时间,复合组为(28.20±12.22)h,序贯组为(40.05±16.13)h(P<0.01).治愈率:复合组72.00%,序贯组45.65%(P<0.01).结论:雌孕激素复合应用止血效果优于雌孕激素序贯应用.     

两种方法治疗青春期功能失调性子宫出血的疗效比较

目的探讨有效的治疗青春期功能失调性子宫出血的止血方法。方法 100例青春期功血患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各50例,分别采用去氧孕烯炔雌醇和安宫黄体酮片口服治疗。比较两组的治疗效果及不良反应。结果治疗组总有效47例(94.0%),高于对照组41例(82.0%)(χ2=3.978,P<0.05);治疗组控制出血时间(23.45±9.87)h、完全止血时间(34.47±20.13)h、住院时间(6.48±1.86)d均低于对照组(39.70±13.33)h、(57.18±21.36)h、(11.38±2.47)d(t=2.331,t=2.401,t=2.453,P均<0.05);治疗组不良反应率16.0%;低于对照组30.0%,(χ2=4.278,P<0.05)。结论去氧孕烯炔雌醇治疗青春期功血的疗效优于雌激素,且不良反应少。     

雌孕激素复合口服避孕药治疗功能失调性子宫出血49例

目的观察雌孕激素复合口服避孕药治疗功能失调性子宫出血的疗效。方法选取该院妇科2010年至2011年治疗的功能失调性子宫出血患者98例随机分为观察组和对照组,观察组49例给予雌孕激素复合口服避孕药(妈富隆)治疗;对照组49例给予单纯雌激素治疗。观察两组患者在治疗后的止血时间及疗效。结果观察组有效率为89.74%,明显优于对照组的58.97%(P<0.01);观察组不良反应发生率为2.56%,对照组为12.82%,两组比较无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论使用雌孕激素复合口服避孕药治疗功能失调性子宫出血可有效缩短患者出血时间,明显提高患者治疗效果,可广泛推举临床使用。     

雌孕激素复合口服避孕药治疗功能失调性子宫出血的临床观察

目的探究雌孕激素复合口服避孕药在功能失调性子宫出血患者治疗过程中优势地位。方法选取本院妇科2010．2011年治疗的78例功能失调性子宫出血患者为研究对象,观察组39例患者给予雌孕激素复合口服避孕药（妈富隆）治疗：对照组39例患者给予单纯雌激素治疗。观察两组患者在治疗后止血时间及治疗效果的情况。结果观察组患者治疗有效率为89．74％,对照组患者治疗有效率为58．97％,观察组治疗效果明显优于对照组（P〈0．01）;观察组的副作用发生率为2．56％,对照组副作用发生率为12．82％,两组无明显差异（P〉0．05）。结论使用雌孕激素复合口服避孕药治疗功能失调性子宫出血可以有效缩短患者的出血时间,明显提高患者的治疗效果,应广泛推举临床使用。     

探讨妈富隆治疗功能失调性子宫出血的疗效

目的讨论应用复方短效口服避孕药(妈富隆)与雌激素(乙烯雌醇)在治疗功能失调性子宫出血(简称功血)的效果。方法对80例目标患者随即分配为观察组(40例)和对照组(40例),实验组给予妈富隆治疗:用法为每次1~2片,每8~12h 1次,血止3d后逐渐减量至每天1片,维持至第21d本周期结束,再开始服用第2个疗程周期;对照组给予雌激素治疗:以1~2mg为首量,给药时间为每6~8h/次,待患者血止后依照每3d递减1/3量,维持量1mg/d,21d后停药,观察周期为停药后3个月。结果观察组患者控制出血时间约为28d,完全止血时间约为46d,复发率为15%,止血成功率达100%,对照组控制出血时间约为47d,完全止血时间约为63d,复发率为41.2%,止血成功率为85%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在控制出血和完全止血时间、其他不良作用等方面观察组明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论在功能失调性子宫出血方面治疗上妈富隆的疗效明显优于雌激素,同时具有不良反应较小的特点。     

复方甘草酸苷治疗新生儿肝炎综合征疗效观察

目的:观察复方甘草酸苷注射液治疗新生儿肝炎综合征的疗效。方法:60例新生儿肝炎综合征患儿随机分为治疗组与对照组。除均静脉滴注茵栀黄注射液外,治疗组与对照组分别静脉滴注复方甘草酸苷注射液2ml/kg、维生素C500mg,1次/d,连用10d。结果:治疗组与对照组黄疸开始消退时间分别为(2·80±1·22)、(3·77±0·99)d(P<0·01),肝功能开始恢复正常时间分别为(5·83±2·84)、(7·47±1·89)d(P<0·01)。结论:复方甘草酸苷注射液治疗新生儿肝炎综合征疗效好。     

青春期功血42例口服药物治疗效果观察

目的观察比较妈富隆与口服雌激素对青春期功血患者止血及调整月经周期的临床效果。方法分析比较两组共42例患者分别采用妈富隆与口服雌激素(倍美力)为主治疗青春期功血的疗效。结果两组控制出血时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);妈富隆组完全止血时间少于口服雌激素组(P<0.05)。调整周期效果两组比较,差异无统计学意义。妈富隆组依从性高。结论使用妈富隆治疗青春期功血,止血效果显著,服用方便,依从性高。     

妈富隆治疗青春期功血32例临床研究

目的探讨妈富隆(去氧孕烯炔雌醇片)治疗青春期功能失调性子宫出血(功血)的疗效。方法对62例青春期功血患者分别采用妈富隆(A组)和结合雌激素倍美力(B组)治疗,观察两组止血时间及效果。结果妈富隆组在显效时间、止血时间及失败率上明显优于结合雌激素组,且副作用小,依从性好。结论妈富隆治疗青春期功能失调性子宫出血方法简便,安全性好,疗效显著,副作用少。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.