核苷类似物联合HBIG干预下肝移植后HBV再感染的危险因素及预后分析

目的 探讨肝移植术后在核苷类似物联合低剂量乙肝免疫球蛋白(HBIG)的干预下乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)再感染的危险因素及其预后.方法 回顾性分析340例因HBV相关性终末期肝病行肝移植患者的临床资料.所有患者术前即开始给予核苷类似物控制病情,术中和术后均给予核苷类似物联合低剂量HBIG的预防方案.术后对患者进行定期随访,监测患者的HBV再感染发生率、存活率及预后.记录患者性别、年龄、原发病、术前2周HBV DNA水平、HbeAg水平、YMDD变异以及术后免疫抑制剂和核苷类似物使用情况等指标进行单因素分析,将P<0.1的变量纳入COX多因素回归分析,筛选出影响术后HBV再感染的危险因素.结果 340例患者术后发生HBV再感染33例,再感染率为9.7%,再感染时间为术后(8.4±13.2)个月(2～49个月),术后1、3、5年再感染率分别为7.0%、10%、13%.33例患者HBV再感染后均停用HBIG,并调整核苷类似物的用量,除3例HBV DNA定量为3 log10～5 log10拷贝/ml外,其余均控制在3 log10拷贝/ml以下.340例患者术后1、3、5年存活率分别为89%、83%和82%,其中HBV再感染者分别为94%,87%,81%,未再感染者分别为89%,82%,82%,Log-rank检验显示HBV再感染对患者长期存活率无明显影响(P=0.828).经COX多因素回归分析表明,原发病为原发性肝癌(P=0.035)、HBVDNA定量>5 log10拷贝/ml(P<0.001)是发生HBV再感染的危险因素.进一步分层分析显示,原发性肝癌复发后HBV再感染发生率显著高于未复发者,分别为27.9%和8.7%(P=0.001).结论 原发病为原发性肝癌及术前HBV DNA>5 log10拷贝/ml是影响HBV再感染的高危因素.在核苷类似物联合HBIG预防方案的干预下,HBV再感染对预后影响不大.     

肝移植术后HBV再感染的治疗

目的分析肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）再感染患者的抗病毒治疗与乙肝病毒基因变异情况。方法317例HBV相关终末期肝病患者肝移植术后15例单独使用LAM，302例使用小剂量乙肝免疫球蛋白（hepatitis B immune globulin，HBIG）和拉米夫定（lamivudine，LAM）（或adefovir dipivoxil，ADV）联合预防HBV再感染，同时检测HBV血清标志物、血清HBV DNA、YMDD区变异、及肝活检组织乙型肝炎标记物。结果术后LAM组有4例术前HBV DNA阳性患者术后HBV再感染，LAM＋HBIG联合用药组16例HBV再感染，两组术后HBV再感染差异有统计学意义（26．7％VS．5．30％，P〈0．01）。317例患者术后12例发生YMDD变异，发生率为3．79％，再感染病例60％（12／20）。经加用ADV治疗后5例HBV DNA转阴性，4名患者HBV DNA滴度下降，肝功能显著改善，3例发生纤维淤胆性肝炎，2例死亡，1例经再次肝移植治愈。结论小剂量HBIG＋LAM可以有效地预防肝移植术后HBV再感染；在小剂量HBIG＋LAM用药基础上HBV再感染可能产生YMDD（tyrosine，methionine，aspartate，aspartate）变异；ADV可作为LAM耐药后用药，对于发生突破性感染的患者应采取以ADV为主的综合治疗。     

拉米夫定预防肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒再感染的研究

目的 探讨和评价拉米夫定预防原位肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）再感染的效果。方法 41例患者，术前诊断为肝炎后肝硬化（失代偿期）者22例，慢性重型肝炎并肝炎后肝硬化（失代偿期）者12例，慢性重型肝炎者7例，其中HBVDNA阳性16例。41例患者均采用背驮式原位肝移植，术前15例给予拉米夫定治疗，术后41例患者均服用拉米夫定。结果 10例患者术后出现HBV再感染，其中9例为YMDD变异毒株感染，术后1、2年的HBV再感染率分别为9．8％（4／41）、24．4％（10／41）。术前血清HBVDNA阴性者术后HBV再感染率（12．0％，3／25）明显低于HBVDNA阳性者（43．8％，7／16）。术前长期服用（超过6个月）拉米夫定者和未服用拉米夫定者术后HBV再感染率分别为66．7％、23．1％，均明显高于术前短期（未超过6个月）服用拉米夫定者（0，P〈0．05）。结论 术前服用拉米夫定可降低乙型肝炎患者肝移植后HBV再感染率，但服药时间不宜超过6个月；长期、单一的应用拉米夫定易导致病毒变异而出现耐药毒株感染。     

恩替卡韦预防肝移植术后HBV再感染的临床研究

目的评价恩替卡韦联合乙肝免疫球蛋白（HBIG）预防原位肝移植（OLT）术后HBV再感染的效果，探讨HBV复发高危患者的预防策略。方法对具有肝移植术后HBV再感染高危因素的患者，采用双向型的队列研究。试验组：前瞻性研究从2006年3月至2007年6月行同种异体原位肝移植术患者，术后长期使用恩替卡韦＋肌注型HBIG预防HBV再感染；对照组：回顾性分析2003年9月至2006年3月行同种异体原位肝移植术的患者，术后长期使用拉米夫定＋肌注型HBIG。两组患者观察截止~1]2008年3月，对HBVDNA定量水平、乙肝两对半、HBV再感染时间、累积再感染率进行统计学分析。结果试验组38例患者，随访时间（18．5±53）个月，未发现HBV再感染；对照组共116例患者，随访时间（20．2±9．8）个月，其中15例出现了HBV再感染，再感染率为12．9％，再感染时间为（18．9±8．7）个月，两组差异有统计学意义。对两组患者累积再感染率行Kaplan—Meier法分析提示两组患者累积再感染率曲线有统计学意义，试验组的累积再感染率低于对照组（0VS12．93％，P〈0．05）。结论对具有HBV再感染高危因素的患者，恩替卡韦联合HBIG与拉米夫定联合HBIG相比，有效地降低了肝移植术后HBV再感染率。     

乙型肝炎病毒基因型及S、P基因变异与肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒感染的关系

目的 探讨乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)基因型和S、P基因变异与肝移植术后HBV再感染的关系.方法 因乙型肝炎相关终末期肝病接受肝移植,术后随访1.5～3年,发生HBV再感染者14例(再感染组),移植前服用拉米夫定,移植后采用拉米夫定和抗乙型肝炎球蛋白(HBIG)预防HBV再感染.采用聚合酶链反应测定血清中HBV DNA水平,基因测序法分析HBV基因型、S基因及P基因变异,微粒子捕捉酶免法检测血清HBIG浓度.随机选取同期因乙型肝炎相关终末期肝病接受肝移植而未发生HBV再感染者20例为对照.结果 再感染组移植前血清HBV DNA≥103拷贝/ml者占71.4%,明显高于对照组的30%(P<0.05).再感染组移植前HBV基因型有B型(2例)和C型(12例),移植后基因型不变;对照组B型11例,C型9例.再感染组3例术前发生拉米夫定耐药位点变异者,9例C型者在P区拉米夫定耐药位点变异以外发生多位点氨基酸变异,且变异位点差异较大.再感染组50%的患者HBIG浓度为0,其S区"a-决定簇"的基因均发生变异.结论 乙型肝炎相关终末期肝病患者肝移植后的HBV再感染与HBV基因型有关,C基因型者更易发生HBV再感染;再感染可能与P基因区存在多位点变异及S区的"a-决定簇"基因变异密切相关.     

肝移植后采用阿德福韦二匹伏酯联合抗乙型肝炎球蛋白预防乙型肝炎复发

目的 探讨阿德福韦二匹伏酯(ADV)联合抗乙型肝炎球蛋白(HBIG)预防存在YMDD变异者肝移植后乙型肝炎复发的效果.方法 16例患者肝移植前乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)DNA阳性,其HBV DNA聚合酶发生YMDD变异,对拉米夫定产生耐受,术前患者开始口服ADV,并肌肉注射小剂量HBIG,以预防移植后乙型肝炎复发.术后监测移植肝功能以及血清和肝组织中HBV标志物.结果 术后平均随访19.4个月,除1例死于肝癌复发外,其余患者存活.15例于术后4周内、1例于术后6个月HBVDNA转阴,此后HBV DNA持续阴性.结论 采用ADV联合小剂量HBIG肌肉注射可以有效预防存在YMDD变异者肝移植后的乙型肝炎复发.     

YMDD变异患者肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒再感染的防治(附14例报告)

目的探讨YMDD变异受者肝移植术后乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)再感染的防治策略及效果。方法回顾性分析14例在肝移植前伴有YMDD变异的HBV感染相关疾病受者的临床资料,14例受者在接受肝移植后,使用小剂量肌内注射乙型肝炎人免疫球蛋白(HBIG)联合阿德福韦预防术后HBV再感染。结果14例YMDD变异患者平均随访43.2个月,2例死亡,均与HBV再感染无关;移植术后血清中HBsAg和HBV-DNA平均转阴时间为12 d(3～21 d);2例患者分别于术后11个月和22个月出现HBV再感染,排除停药干扰外,实际再感染率为7%(1/14),HBV再感染后经积极治疗HBV-DNA均转阴,肝功能正常,未见阿德福韦相关肾毒性。术前HBV-DNA≥1.0×106copies/ml者术后再感染率高于术前HBV-DNA1.0×106copies/ml者,但比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论小剂量HBIG联合阿德福韦可安全有效地预防YMDD变异患者肝移植术后HBV再感染。     

核苷（酸）类似物应答不完全慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV多聚酶区耐药基因分析

核苷（酸）类似物的应用开启了慢性乙型肝炎（CHB）治疗新的里程碑,使大多数久治不愈CHB患者的病情得到了有效的控制。然而,随着核苷（酸）类似物疗程的延长,病毒变异和耐药成为临床棘手的问题。笔者对初次治疗应用恩替卡韦（ETV）12个月以上,或拉米夫定（LAM）初治失败后加用或改用其他核苷（酸）类似物序贯或联合治疗病毒学应答不充分的21例患者的HBV多聚酶区（P区）的耐药基因进行了研究和分析,以期进一步了解和研究核苷（酸）类似物治疗HBV变异和耐药的相关问题,为探索减少HBV变异和耐药的有效方法提供依据。     

HBV准种变异预测核苷（酸）类似物治疗HBeAg阳性慢性乙型肝炎持续疗效的初步研究

目的观察核苷（酸）类似物治疗HBeAg阳性的慢性乙型肝炎患者的HBV聚合酶（HBV—P）基因序列的准种组成及其变异特点,探讨其与抗病毒疗效的关系。方法巢式PCR法扩增HBV—P基因中覆盖B区-E区序列的基因片段,PCR产物纯化后直接测序以评估HBV准种的复杂性。观察拉米夫定治疗完全应答组、部分应答组和无应答组患者治疗前、治疗12周和24周的准种组成并分析其与疗效的关系。疗效评估包括血清学、病毒学、血液生物化学和综合应答。结果拉米夫定治疗2年,完全应答者36例,部分应答者59例,无应答者32例。HBVDNA转阴率81．2％（103／127）,HBeAg／HBeAb血清转换率37．9％（48／127））,ATJT复常率86．4％（109／127）。治疗前、治疗后24周、48周、96周时YMDD变异率分别为0、2．4％（4／165）、11．2％（18／161）和25．9％（38／147）。所有患者HBV准种变异在治疗前、治疗12周和24周时均有不同程度的改变,无应答组12周与24周时HBV准种复杂性显著高于完全应答组（P〈0．001）。结论HBVP区准种变异的复杂性与慢性乙型肝炎患者拉米夫定抗病毒治疗的持续疗效存在相关性,治疗12周与24周时的HBV准种变异可能作为核苷（酸）类似物抗病毒持续疗效的预测指标之一。     

YMDD变异与ALT、HBeAg及HBV DNA的相关性分析

目的 研究乙型肝炎病毒P基因突变在乙型肝炎患者治疗中的临床意义,为其诊断和治疗提供依据.方法 选择接受拉米夫定治疗的慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者,进行血清YMDD检测且出现病毒学反弹的68例CHB患者为研究对象,将治疗前HBV DNA载量、ALT水平、免疫标志物和变异后HBV DNA载量、ALT的情况分别进行比较分析.结果 68例患者中,YMDD变异者42例,其中YIDD变异者30例,YVDD变异者8例,YIDD和YVDD混合变异者4例,YMDD变异的检出率为61.8%.YMDD变异组治疗前的ALT水平显著低于YMDD野生组(P＜ 0.05);YMDD变异组与YMDD野生组治疗前的HBV DNA水平差异无统计学意义(P＞ 0.05);YMDD变异组与YMDD野生组治疗前HBeAg阳性率比较差异具有统计学意义(P＜ 0.05);YIDD变异组患者治疗后的HBV DNA水平显著低于治疗前(P＜ 0.05),YVDD变异组患者治疗后的HBV DNA水平与治疗前比较差异无统计学意义(P＞ 0.05),YIDD变异组与YVDD变异组治疗后的HBV DNA水平差异无统计学意义(P＞ 0.05);YMDD变异组的患者治疗后与治疗前ALT水平差异无统计学意义(P＞ 0.05).结论 CHB患者接受拉米夫定治疗期间应定期监测肝功能和HBV DNA水平以及时发现是否存在YMDD变异,采取补救措施,提高疗效.     

Treatment of hepatitis B and C after liver transplantation. Part 1, hepatitis B

The outcome of OLT for HBV-related liver disease is dependent on the prevention of allograft re-infection. Over the past decade, major advances have been made in the management of HBV transplant candidates. The advent of long-term hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) administration as a prophylaxis against HBV recurrence, and the introduction of new antiviral agents against HBV infection, such as lamivudine (LAM), were a major breakthrough in the management of these patients. Results of OLT for HBV infection are similar to those achieved with other indications. Pre-OLT antiviral treatment such as LAM can suppress HBV replication before OLT and thus decrease the risk of re-infection of the graft. Combination prophylaxis with LAM and HBIG after transplantation highly effectively reduces the rate of HBV re-infection, even in HBV replicative cirrhotic patients. The optimal HBIG protocol in the LAM era is yet to be defined: dosing of HBIG, routes of administration, and possibility of stopping HBIG. Several antiviral drugs have been developed for the management of HBV infection on the graft, so outcome is currently good.     

Treatment of hepatitis B and C after liver transplantation. Part 1, hepatitis B

Abstract The outcome of OLT for HBV-related liver disease is dependent on the prevention of allograft re-infection. Over the past decade, major advances have been made in the management of HBV transplant candidates. The advent of long-term hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) administration as a prophylaxis against HBV recurrence, and the introduction of new antiviral agents against HBV infection, such as lamivudine (LAM), were a major breakthrough in the management of these patients. Results of OLT for HBV infection are similar to those achieved with other indications. Pre-OLT antiviral treatment such as LAM can suppress HBV replication before OLT and thus decrease the risk of re-infection of the graft. Combination prophylaxis with LAM and HBIG after transplantation highly effectively reduces the rate of HBV re-infection, even in HBV replicative cirrhotic, patients. The optimal HBIG protocol in the LAM era is yet to be defined: dosing of HBIG, routes of administration, and possibility of stopping HBIG. Several antiviral drugs have been developed for the management of HBV infection on the graft, so outcome is currently good.     

核苷（酸）类似物对失代偿性乙型肝炎肝硬化长期预后的影响

目的评价核苷（酸）类似物对失代偿性乙型肝炎肝硬化患者长期预后的影响。方法选取53例失代偿性乙型肝炎肝硬化患者,在常规护肝、对症治疗的同时,每天口服拉米夫定（100mg/d）、阿德福韦酯（10mg／d）或恩替卡韦（0．5mg／d）。另选取同时期仅行常规护肝、对症治疗的41例失代偿性乙型肝炎肝硬化患者为对照组。发生肝癌、肝移植、死亡或拒绝继续治疗者停止随访。随访结束时分析比较2组治疗前后血清肝功能指标和Child—Push分级的变化及临床结局。结果治疗组ALT、AST、球蛋白（Glb）和TBil均较治疗前下降,Alb及胆碱酯酶（CHE）较治疗前升高,43例（81．1％）患者的Child-Pugh分级下降。对照组治疗前后ALT、AST、Glb和TBil变化差异无统计学意义,但CHE较治疗前明显降低,差异有统计学意义（t=5．225,P〈0．01）。2组Child-Pugh分级变化差异有统计学意义（x^2=52.16,P〈0．01）,治疗组明显好于对照组。治疗组与对照组发生肝癌比例分别为0．0％和19．5％,差异有统计学意义（x^2=23．07,P〈0．01）,但在病死率及需要接受肝移植的比例方面2组的差异不明显。结论核苷（酸）类似物长期治疗失代偿性乙型肝炎肝硬化可以改善患者肝功能状况,改善患者的预后,并有可能降低肝癌的发生机会。     

High Genetic Barrier Nucleos(t)ide Analogue(s) for Prophylaxis From Hepatitis B Virus Recurrence After Liver Transplantation: A Systematic Review

The combination of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and nucleos(t)ide analogues [NA(s)] is considered as the standard of care for prophylaxis against HBV recurrence after liver transplantation (LT), but the optimal protocol is controversial. We evaluated the efficacy of the newer NAs with high genetic barrier (hgbNA) [i.e. entecavir (ETV) or tenofovir (TDF)] with or without HBIG as prophylaxis against HBV recurrence after LT. In total, 519 HBV liver transplant recipients from 17 studies met the inclusion criteria and they were compared to those under lamivudine (LAM) and HBIG who had been selected in our previous review. Patients under HBIG and LAM developed HBV recurrence (115/1889 or 6.1%): (a) significantly more frequently compared to patients under HBIG and a hgbNA [1.0% (3/303), p < 0.001], and (b) numerically but not significantly more frequently compared to the patients who received a newer NA after discontinuation of HBIG [3.9% (4/102), p = 0.52]. The use of a hgbNA without any HBIG offered similar antiviral prophylaxis compared to HBIG and LAM combination, if the definition of HBV recurrence was based on HBV DNA detectability [0.9% vs. 3.8%, p = 0.11]. Our findings favor the use of HBIG and a hgbNA instead of HBIG and LAM combined prophylaxis against HBV recurrence after LT.     

The long‐term efficacy of nucleos(t)ide analog plus a year of low‐dose HBIG to prevent HBV recurrence post‐liver transplantation

Hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG), given in combination with nucleos(t)ide therapy, has reduced the rate of recurrent hepatitis B virus (HBV) following liver transplantation (LT), although the most effective protocol is unknown. We have retrospectively evaluated the use of long‐term nucleos(t)ide analog in combination with one yr of low‐dose HBIG. One hundred and fifty‐two adults with HBV‐related liver disease underwent LT in our center from January 1999 to August 2009; of these, 132 patients who received one yr of HBIG combined with long‐term nucleos(t)ide analogs (largely on lamivudine [LAM] alone, n = 97) afterward were included for the purposes of this study. Median follow‐up post‐transplantation was 1752 d. Patient survival was 93.9%, 86.9% and 84.1% at 1, 5, and 10 yr, respectively; none of the 17 deceased patients had recurrent HBV. HBV recurrence was observed in nine patients (all received LAM+HBIG), yielding recurrence rates of 2.3%, 5.1%, and 8.6% at 1, 3, and 5/10 yr, respectively. All recurrences were successfully managed, usually with additional antiviral treatment. In conclusion, this study, with its long‐term follow‐up, demonstrates that short course of low‐dose HBIG (without anti‐HBs monitoring) combined with the use of long‐term nucleos(t)ide analog is effective and less cumbersome than many protocols in current use.     

Virologic and Clinical Outcomes of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in HIV‐HBV Coinfected Transplant Recipients

Liver transplantation (LT) is the treatment of choice for end‐stage liver disease, but is controversial in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Using a prospective cohort of HIV‐hepatitis B virus (HBV) coinfected patients transplanted between 2001–2007; outcomes including survival and HBV clinical recurrence were determined. Twenty‐two coinfected patients underwent LT; 45% had detectable HBV DNA pre‐LT and 72% were receiving anti‐HBV drugs with efficacy against lamivudine‐resistant HBV. Post‐LT, all patients received hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) plus nucleos(t)ide analogues and remained HBsAg negative without clinical evidence of HBV recurrence, with a median follow‐up 3.5 years. Low‐level HBV viremia (median 108 IU/mL, range 9–789) was intermittently detected in 7/13 but not associated with HBsAg detection or ALT elevation. Compared with 20 HBV monoinfected patients on similar HBV prophylaxis and median follow‐up of 4.0 years, patient and graft survival were similar: 100% versus 85% in HBV mono‐ versus coinfected patients (p = 0.08, log rank test). LT is effective for HIV‐HBV coinfected patients with complications of cirrhosis, including those who are HBV DNA positive at the time of LT. Combination HBIG and antivirals is effective as prophylaxis with no clinical evidence of HBV recurrence but low‐level HBV DNA is detectable in ～50% of recipients.