新生儿重症监护病房早产儿听力损失的危险因素分析

目的 探讨不同胎龄早产儿及多种高危因素与听力损失程度的关系,为临床诊断、治疗提供可靠依据.方法 选取2010年1月至2012年6月入住我院NICU的早产儿为观察组,同期按约1∶1的比例选取普通新生儿病房的足月儿为对照组,两组患儿均为双耳瞬态耳声发射(TEOAE)初筛未通过者.应用脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)对不同胎龄新生儿进行听力测试,以单耳Ⅴ波反应阈＞ 65 dBpeSPL (30 dBHL)为听力损失的参考指标,对多种高危因素进行逐步回归分析,并对听力损失患儿进行随访.结果 本文共检测123例早产儿和100例足月儿,早产儿听力损失总发生率为66.7％(164/246耳),其中各胎龄组异常率分别为＜30周100％(12/12耳),30～34周75.0％(87/116耳),35～ 36周55.1％(65/118耳),足月儿总异常率为39.5％(79/200耳).早产儿各胎龄组异常率均高于足月儿,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).不同胎龄组之间早产儿BAEP差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),表现为胎龄越小,Ⅰ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ波峰潜伏期越延长,而Ⅲ-Ⅴ、Ⅰ-Ⅴ峰间期差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).出生胎龄(F =6.254)、高胆红素血症(F =6.925)、宫内感染(F =8.846)、ABO溶血(F=8.000)是早产儿听力损失的独立危险因素(P＜0.05).随访的76例听力损失早产儿中,42例恢复正常(55.3％),随访的34例听力损失足月儿中,28例恢复正常(82.4％).结论 BAEP是一种比较客观评价早产儿听力损失及脑干功能的可行检测技术.造成NICU早产儿听力损失的主要危险因素是胎龄、高胆红素血症、宫内感染和ABO溶血.     

NICU高危新生儿早期的听力研究

目的　探讨新生儿重症监护室 (NICU)中重症患儿及高危儿与听力障碍或丧失相关的危险因素及其发病率。方法　对 1999年 12月～ 2 0 0 1年 8月 ,入住我院NICU的 2 4 8例听力障碍高危儿 ,在病情稳定后或出院前用听性脑干反应进行听力评价。结果　全部受检患儿中有 72例呈阳性结果 ,该组新生儿初次检查听力异常的发生率为 2 9 0 3% ,其中 3例系重度以上听力障碍。听力障碍的发生率在窒息组为 4 0 0 0 % ;高胆红素血症组为 2 6 37% ;早产儿组为 34 0 9% ,出生体重 <15 0 0g者阳性率尤高 ;接受机械通气组为 4 0 0 0 % ;应用耳毒性药物组为 4 1 30 %。结论　在NICU住院的新生儿中 ,存在较多与听力障碍有关的高危因素 ,该组新生儿听力障碍的发生率较正常活产新生儿明显增高。所以 ,高危新生儿从NICU出院前应常规进行听力检查。     

Evaluation of risk factors for hearing impairment in at risk neonates by brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA)

Thirteen (19.2%) of 68 at risk neonates in an intensive care nursery with one or more adverse perinatal clinical factors viz; prematurity (<37 wks), low birth weight (<2000 gm), hyperbilirubinemia requiring active intervention, birth anoxia, neonatal seizures, infections, aminoglycoside administration, and craniofacial malformations; were diagnosed to have hearing impairment (elevated auditory threshold) by BERA testing performed within the first six weeks of life at a mean conceptional (gestational age + age after birth) age of 40.2±0.6 wks. As against this, 20 healthy term neonates who were examined at a mean conceptional age of 40.4±0.8 weeks had a normal hearing threshold of 30 db nHL. Elevated auditory threshold was found more frequently in neonates with multiple clinical adverse factors than in those having single risk factor (6/13 Vs 7/55, p<0.001). On multiple logistic regression analysis, however, only 2 factors viz; hyperbilirubinemia at level exceeding indication for exchange transfusion and birth weight <1500 gm, were found to be significantly correlated with the hearing impairment in the affected neonates and in that order of importance. Prematurity, birth asphyxia, neonatal seizures, infections and aminoglycoside administration had no significant correlation with hearing impairment. Since most of the neonates admitted to the neonatal ICU have one or more identified adverse risk factors, their hearing screening by BERA at the time of discharge seems justified.     

早产儿听力筛查异常的危险因素分析

目的 探讨早产儿听力筛查异常的危险因素。方法 对2010年1 ~ 12月入住新生儿重症监护病房（NICU）的 895例早产儿应用耳声发射（DPOAE）技术进行听力检测。进行多因素逐步回归分析以明确听力筛查未通过的危险因素。结果 初次筛查未通过率为38.4%,第 2次筛查未通过率为 18.3%,生后3个月进行听觉脑干反应（ABR） 检查时未通过率为22.2%。胎龄28~29+6周初筛未通过率60.5%,出生体重1 001~1 499 g 者初筛未通过率48.1%,出生体重≤1 000 g者初筛未通过率70.0%;应用有创呼吸机未通过率45.0%,重度窒息未通过率53.8%,血清总胆红素≥340 μmol/L未通过率47.9%,新生儿败血症未通过率54.6%。Logistic多因素回归分析表明,胎龄、出生体重、高胆红素血症及败血症均为听力初筛和复筛未通过的独立风险因素。结论 早产儿由于各器官、组织发育不成熟,血脑屏障功能不完善,对高胆红素血症、感染等因素敏感而易产生听力损伤 。对早产儿进行早期的听力检测及跟踪随访,及时给予必要的干预是必要的。     

Risk factors for sensorineural hearing loss in survivors with severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Recent improvements in perinatal management have improved the prognosis in patients with severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). However, in surviving patients with severe CDH, hearing loss has sometimes been reported to occur during the follow-up period. Although some of the risk factors for developing sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) have been reported in CDH, no definitive risk factors have yet been reported. We, therefore, investigated the risk factors regarding postnatal management in patients with severe CDH. In 16 surviving patients with severe CDH, which had all been detected antenatally, and whose lung-to-thoracic ratio was less than 0.2, four patients demonstrated late onset SNHL, which occurred between 1.5 and 5 years of age. The risk factors for SNHL regarding the postnatal treatment for CDH were analyzed between the four patients with SNHL and the remaining 12 patients without SNHL, regarding such factors as the use of ototoxic drugs, neuromuscular blocking agents, high-frequency oscillation (HFO), and inhaled nitric oxide, the duration of hypocapnia, hypoxia, severe acidosis, severe alkalosis, and mechanical ventilation. In addition, the types of neuromuscular blocking agents were also analyzed, including the administration of pancuronium bromide (PB) and vecuronium bromide (VB). The patients with SNHL were found to have a significantly higher risk than the patients without SNHL regarding the duration of loop diuretics usage and the duration of usage of both mechanical ventilation and HFO. Furthermore, all four patients with SNHL used PB. In contrast, none of the five patients using VB developed SNHL The duration and cumulative dose of PB used in the patients with severe CDH showed a significant correlation to the occurrence of SNHL. Although this study was retrospective, based on our data, the prolonged use of PB, in addition to the duration of treatment by loop diuretics, mechanical ventilation, and HFO usage, might, thus, be suggested to be a possible risk factor for late onset SNHL in patients with severe CDH.     

Risk indicators for hearing loss in infants treated in different Neonatal Intensive Care Units

Aim: To assess which infants’ characteristics and specialized procedures are risk indicators for unilateral or bilateral hearing loss (HL) and to evaluate whether these risk indicators are associated with variation in prevalence of HL between Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs). Methods: For 2002–2005, data from the NICU hearing screening database in the Netherlands were matched with the national neonatology database in which all NICU infants with their patient characteristics and specialized procedures are registered. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess risk indicators for HL and to explain differences in prevalence rates between NICUs. Results: A total of 10 830 infants were available for analyses. The prevalence of HL was 1.8% and ranged from 0.7 to 3.7% between NICUs. Infants’ characteristics that significantly increased the risk of HL were the presence of craniofacial anomalies, chomosomal/syndromal anomalies, central nervous system conditions, circulatory system conditions and intra‐uterine infections. The specialized procedures involving ≥12 days of intensive care and high frequency oxygenation ventilation were independent risk indicators for HL. Approximately 20% of the variance can be explained by the studied risk indicators. Differences in prevalence rates between NICUs were slightly reduced after adjustment for these risk indicators. NICUs with the highest prevalence rates of HL were situated in the largest cities in the Netherlands with a mixed population because of immigration. Therefore, ethnicity may be a risk indicator. Conclusions: Several independent risk indicators for HL were found, but they could not explain all differences in prevalence rates of HL between NICUs.     

Various aspects of hearing loss in newborns: A narrative review

Hearing loss is considered the most common birth defect. The estimated prevalence of moderate and severe hearing loss in a normal newborn is 0.1%-0.3%, while the prevalence is 2%-4% in newborns admitted to the newborn intensive care unit. Neonatal hearing loss can be congenital (syndromic or non-syndromic) or acquired such as ototoxicity. In addition, the types of hearing loss can be conductive, sensorineural, or mixed. Hearing is vital for the acquisition of language and learning. Therefore, early detection and prompt treatment are of utmost importance in preventing the unwanted sequel of hearing loss. The hearing screening program is mandatory in many nations, especially for high-risk newborns. An automated auditory brainstem response test is used as a screening tool in newborns admitted to the newborn intensive care unit. Moreover, genetic testing and screening for cytomegalovirus in newborns are essential in identifying the cause of hearing loss, particularly, mild and delayed onset types of hearing loss. We aimed to update the knowledge on the various aspects of hearing loss in newborns with regard to the epidemiology, risk factors, causes, screening program, investigations, and different modalities of treatment.     

Sensorineural hearing loss following acute bacterial meningitis in non-neonates

Objective : Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is an important sequelae of acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) in children. This study was undertaken to determine the incidence of SNHL following meningitis in non-neonates and its correlation with various factors.Methods : Children between the ages of 1 month and 12 years with ABM admitted in a teaching hospital over a period of 18 months were enrolled. Detailed history was taken, clinical examination performed and cerebrospinal fluid analyzed at commencement of therapy, 48 hours later and at the end of treatment. On discharge brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA) was recorded. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests.Results : Out of 32 children enrolled, 9 (28.1%) developed SNHL, bilateral in 21.9% and unilateral in 6.2%. Among hearing impaired subjects, 11.2% had mild while 44.4% each had moderate and profound hearing loss. Age, presence of vomiting, altered sensorium seizures and aminoglycoside usage were not significantly different in those with and without SNHL, but the total duration of fever was (p <0.05). There was significantly higher protein content and neutrophils in the second CSF sample of those with SNHL.Conclusion : There is a greater than 50% probability of the child developing SNHL if neutrophil percentage in the second CSF is 80% or more. Since the overall risk of SNHL is significant in children with meningitis, it is recommended that BERA be recorded in all, so that early intervention may be possible.     

Sensorineural hearing loss following acute bacterial meningitis in non-neonates

OBJECTIVE: Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is an important sequelae of acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) in children. This study was undertaken to determine the incidence of SNHL following meningitis in non-neonates and its correlation with various factors. METHODS: Children between the ages of 1 month and 12 years with ABM admitted in a teaching hospital over a period of 18 months were enrolled. Detailed history was taken, clinical examination performed and cerebrospinal fluid analyzed at commencement of therapy, 48 hours later and at the end of treatment. On discharge brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA) was recorded. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. RESULTS: Out of 32 children enrolled, 9 (28.1%) developed SNHL, bilateral in 21.9% and unilateral in 6.2%. Among hearing impaired subjects, 11.2% had mild while 44.4% each had moderate and profound hearing loss. Age, presence of vomiting, altered sensorium seizures and aminoglycoside usage were not significantly different in those with and without SNHL, but the total duration of fever was (p<0.05). There was significantly higher protein content and neutrophils in the second CSF sample of those with SNHL. CONCLUSION: There is a greater than 50% probability of the child developing SNHL if neutrophil percentage in the second CSF is 80% or more. Since the overall risk of SNHL is significant in children with meningitis, it is recommended that BERA be recorded in all, so that early intervention may be possible.     

不同低出生体重儿听力损失相关因素分析

目的探讨不同低出生体重儿听力损失及损失程度与出生体重、胎龄的关系。方法应用听性脑干诱发电位对不同低出生体重儿进行听力测试,以单侧耳Ⅴ波反应阈>30dBnHL者作为2～4kHz范围内听力损失指标。结果测试不同低出生体重儿246名,听力损失63名。<1000g超极低出生体重儿3例,听力损失发生率100%;<1500g的极低出生体重儿46例,其听力损失发生18例(39.1%);<2500g的低出生体重儿197人,其听力损失发生42人(21.3%),不同出生体重发生听力损失差异显著(P<0.001)。其中中～重度10例,极重度2例,且出生体重与听力损失程度呈负相关,出生体重越轻,听力损失越重(r=0.378P=0.002)。胎龄<30周的早产儿3例,均有听力损失发生;胎龄30～34周的早产儿47例,听力损失22人(46.8%);胎龄34～37周的早产儿共171人,听力损失发生30人(17.5%);胎龄>37周的足月小样儿25例,听力损失发生8例(32%),不同胎龄患儿发生听力损失差异显著(P<0.001)。结论不同低出生体重儿是听力损失的高发人群,听力损失与不同低出生体重、胎龄有明显的关系,听力损失程度与出生体重呈显著负相关。足月小样儿是独立的高危因素。     

Prediction of permanent hearing loss in high-risk preterm infants at term age

The aim of this series was to assess hearing screenings; auditory brainstem responses (ABR), transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) and free field auditory responses (FF) for the prediction of permanent bilateral hearing loss in high-risk preterm infants at term post-conceptional age. A total of 51 preterm infants (gestational age <34 weeks, birth weight <1500 g) underwent examinations at term and hearing, speech and neurological development were followed up until a corrected age of 18 months. Significant hearing defects were verified by broader ABR examinations under sedation and by clinical ward observation including responsiveness to sounds and enhancement of hearing using an amplification device. Seven bilateral fails in ABR were found, together with nine bilateral fails in TEOAE and four fails in FF screening at term age. Six preterm infants were later confirmed to have a significant permanent bilateral hearing loss, four of whom had also cerebral palsy. Bilateral failure in ABR screening predicted hearing loss with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 98%, TEOAE with a sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 84% and in the FF examination at the levels of 50% and 98%, respectively. Conclusion Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions alone seem not to be so applicable to the neonatal screening of hearing in high-risk preterm infants as shown earlier in full-term infants, possibly because a hearing defect may be due to retrocochlear damage. Consequently, auditory brainstem response screening seems to be more suitable for very low birth weight preterm infants. Received: 21 September 1999 / Accepted: 5 January 2000     

High frequency hearing loss in Ullrich-Turner syndrome

A total of 38 patients with Ullrich-Turner syndrome underwent standard otological and audiometric evaluation as well as high frequency audiological tests. Some 26 (68.4%) patients had a history of middle ear infections, and ten (26.3%) had required otolaryngological surgery. Conventional audiometry (125–8000 Hz) demonstrated normal hearing in only 25 of the ears (33%); between 500–4000 Hz, 16 ears (21.0%) had a mixed type and eight ears (10.5%) had conductive hearing loss. High frequency audiometry (8–18 kHz) revealed sensorineural hearing loss in 98.7% of the ears. Our results for conventional audiometry are in accordance with the literature. Conclusion The detection of a high prevalence of hearing loss in the high frequency range brings a significant new perspective to the pursuit of the aetiology of ear and hearing problems in Ullrich-Turner syndrome. This pathology seems to be a premature variant of presbycusis and it may underlie future hearing impairment which will come to clinical attention only after it progresses to conventional testing frequencies. While further studies are underway to evaluate this aspect, routine otological and audiological follow-up of patients with Ullrich-Turner syndrome is warranted from the time of diagnosis. Received: 1 December 1999 and in revised form: 31 March 2000 / Accepted: 4 April 2000     

高危新生儿听性脑干反应和瞬态声诱发耳声发射两种听力损伤监测结果比较

目的探讨将听性脑干反应(ABR)和瞬态声诱发耳声发射(TEOAE)应用于高危新生儿听力损伤监测中的特点、差异和意义。方法分别应用MADSENCapella+型全功能耳声发射分析仪和MADSENERA2260型听性脑干反应仪对171例(342耳)不同病因导致的高危新生儿同时进行TEOAE和ABR测试,将2种测试方法进行比较。结果在171例(342耳)患儿中,TEOAE初筛通过率为66.96%(229/342耳),ABR通过率92.99%(318/342耳),两者共同阴性率为70.47%(241/342耳),TEOAE初筛的假阳性率为84.07%(95/113耳),假阴性率为2.62%(9/229耳)。结论ABR测试是可靠的新生儿听力筛查方法,TEOAE具有方便、客观、快速、无创等特点,为较好的新生儿听力筛查方法,但假阳性率高。二者需相互结合,相互补充。     

Recurrent wheezing in preterm infants: Prevalence and risk factors

ObjectiveTo evaluate the prevalence and risk factors associated with progression to recurrent wheezing in preterm infants.MethodsThe cross-sectional study was carried out in 2014 and 2015 and analyzed preterm infants born between 2011 and 2012. The search for these children was performed in a university maternity hospital and a Special Immunobiological Reference Center. The evaluation was performed through a questionnaire applied during a telephone interview.ResultsThe study included 445 children aged 39 (18–54) months. In the univariate analysis, the risk factors with the greatest chance of recurrent wheezing were birth weight <1000 g, gestational age <28 weeks, living with two or more siblings, food allergy, and atopic dermatitis in the child, as well as food allergy and asthma in the parents. In the multivariate analysis, there was a significant association between recurrent wheezing and gestational age at birth <28 weeks, food allergy and atopic dermatitis in the child, and living with two or more children. Of the 445 analyzed subjects, 194 received passive immunization against the respiratory syncytial virus, and 251 preterm infants were not immunized. There was a difference between the gestational age of these subgroups (p < 0.001). The overall prevalence of recurrent wheezing was 27.4% (95% CI: 23.42–31.70), whereas in the children who received passive immunization it was 36.1% (95% CI: 29.55–43.03).ConclusionsPersonal history of atopy, lower gestational age, and living with two or more children had a significant association with recurrent wheezing. Children with lower gestational age who received passive immunization against the respiratory syncytial virus had a higher prevalence of recurrent wheezing than the group with higher gestational age.     

早产儿支气管肺发育不良的危险因素研究进展

随着医疗技术水平的快速发展,早产儿的存活率逐步提高,支气管肺发育不良的发生率也随之增加。本文对早产儿支气管肺发育不良的危险因素进行分析阐述。早产、机械通气及吸氧、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征、感染、动脉导管未闭、贫血及输血是支气管肺发育不良的主要病因和危险因素。     

重庆城区婴幼儿超重与肥胖状况及影响因素的研究

目的：了解重庆城区婴幼儿超重与肥胖现况及其危险因素,为儿童肥胖早期干预提供依据。方法：采用分层整群抽样的方法,对生后1月龄的2139名儿童进行3、6、9、12和18月龄的生长监测、评估和问卷调查。以18月龄是否超重与肥胖为应变量进行多元回归分析。结果：（1）婴儿超重与肥胖检出率生后前半年增长迅速,6月龄达26.04%,之后逐渐降低,至18个月龄时为15.89%。（2）Logistic回归分析显示父亲营养状况、儿童出生时、6月龄、9月龄和12月龄的营养状况、3月龄喂养方式、12月龄蔬菜进食频次、18月龄甜饮料添加频次以及18月龄上床时间共9个因素与18月龄儿童超重与肥胖显著相关。结论：重庆城区婴幼儿超重与肥胖现状突出,存在多种因素共同作用,应给予早期综合干预。     

A practical screening model for hearing loss in Iranian school-aged children

Background  Hearing loss is a common and considerable disability that harms educational performance of school children in developing countries like Iran. Lack of a simple and practical screening protocol often deters routine and systematic hearing screening at school entry. Methods  This study was to establish a practical screening model for hearing loss in school-aged children based on a community-based, retrospective casecontrol study in Ilam, the capital of Ilam province in Iran. Results from the audiologic and non-audiologic examination of 785 children in primary schools were selected and examined. The non-audiologic evaluation consisted of medical history, general physical examination, while the audiologic assessment consisted of otoscopy, audiometry and tympanometry. Results  Univariate analysis of non-audiologic variables showed an association between hearing loss and male gender (P<0.05) and the grade of study (P<0.05). The frequency of impaired hearing in the first grade of primary schools was significantly higher than the children in the second grade (P<0.05). In audiologic factors related to impaired hearing, otitis media with effusion (OME) was diagnosed significantly (P<0.05). Conclusion  Routine screening based on the identification of OME will facilitate the detection of a major amount of hearing impaired school-aged children.     

新生儿重度高胆红素血症伴听力损伤预后相关因素研究

目的探讨影响重度高胆红素血症新生儿听力损伤预后情况的相关因素。方法选择2008年11月至2009年10月本院新生儿科收治的重度高胆红素血症患儿,进行脑干听觉诱发电位（BAEP）的检测,对异常者分别于生后1个月、3个月、6个月、1岁时复查BAEP,直至BAEP恢复正常或年龄至1岁。按照随访时BAEP能否恢复正常分为随访正常组和随访异常组。对随访异常的影响因素进行单因素分析,并对单因素分析有统计学意义的因素纳入Logistic回归模型进行多因素分析。结果 967例重度高胆红素血症患儿中BAEP异常168例,其中150例按时进行随访的患儿纳入本研究。至随访结束,94.2%的轻度听力损伤者、85.5%的中度听力损伤者和19.2%的重度听力损伤者恢复正常。单因素分析结果显示,酸中毒、B/A比值、黄疸持续时间、BAEP异常程度、胆红素脑病临床表现是随访异常的影响因素。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,BAEP重度异常（OR=9.291）和胆红素脑病临床表现（OR=9.176）是听力损伤的重度高胆红素血症患儿随访异常的危险因素。结论新生儿重度高胆红素血症伴轻中度BAEP异常者1年内大多可恢复正常,但当存在BAEP重度异常和胆红素脑病临床表现时,1年内听力持续异常的可能性大,需要给予更加积极的神经康复治疗。     

早产儿404例脑损伤发生率及相关因素分析

目的 调查我院住院早产儿脑损伤发生率及影响因素.方法 对2003年8月至2005年10月我院收治的404例早产儿应用ABR4000S/L B超诊断仪在生后3～7 d内常规进行床边头颅B超检查.结果 150例早产儿存在脑损伤,平均胎龄为(33.27±1.99)周;平均出生体重(1 993±505)g.总的脑室内出血发生率35.2%(142/404),脑室周围白质软化的发生率3.5%(14/404),轻度脑损伤发生率23.5%(95/404),重度脑损伤发生率13.6%(55/404).胎龄越小,体重越低,脑损伤发生率越高,但与颅内出血程度无关.妊高征、宫内窘迫、胎龄、高频振荡通气治疗、出生时窒息、出生体重可使早产儿脑损伤发生率增高.结论 早产儿脑损伤的发生及严重程度与多因素有关,头颅B超可对早产儿脑损伤作出早期诊断,为早期干预提供依据.