粪肠球菌Ⅱ型拓扑异构酶基因突变与耐氟喹诺酮类药物关系的研究

目的 检测粪肠球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的敏感性,探讨Ⅱ型拓扑异构酶基因突变与耐氟喹诺酮类药物的关系.方法 用二倍琼脂稀释法检测6种氟喹诺酮类药物对60株粪肠球菌临床分离株的体外抗菌活性,随机筛选出11株对环丙沙星不同程度耐药菌,PCR扩增gyrA,gyrB,parC,parE基因的喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDR),产物测序后分析.结果 6种药物的相对抗粪肠球菌活性(MIC50,MIC90)从强到弱为:妥舒沙星＞加替沙星,司帕沙星＞左氧氟沙星＞氧氟沙星,环丙沙星;以妥舒沙星抗菌活性最强,氧氟沙星和环丙沙星抗菌活性最差;序列比较发现,有9株耐药株Ⅱ型拓扑异构酶基因发生突变,突变发生在gyrA基因(6株)和parC基因(9株),其中编码gyrA的Ser83→Ile,Arg和编码parC的Ser80→Ile,Arg的密码子表现出高频突变,gyrB和parE编码的氨基酸序列没有改变;未发现gyrA突变单独存在,同时具gyrA和parC突变的MIC值是仅具parC突变菌株MIC值的4倍以上.结论 氟喹诺酮类抗菌药新品种妥舒沙星、加替沙星和司帕沙星的抗粪肠球菌活性较老一代药物更强;粪肠球菌对老一代氟喹诺酮类药物存在不同程度的耐药;gyrA基因83,87位突变及parC基因80,84位突变都可引起粪肠球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物产生耐药,但以parC基因80住突变为主;低耐药株往往是parC基因单位点突变,高耐药株同时合并有gyrA基因双位点突变.     

gyrA、gyrB和外排系统共同介导铜绿假单胞菌对喹诺酮类耐药机制研究

目的探讨临床分离的对环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星均耐药的铜绿假单胞菌耐药机制。方法收集临床分离经VITEK-2（C0mpact细菌鉴定仪检测环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星均耐药的铜绿假单胞菌,琼脂稀释法测定环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星的MIC值,PCR扩增DNA促旋酶基因gyrA和gyrB以及DNA拓扑异构酶Ⅳ的parC和parE基因,实时-RT-PCR分析细菌外排系统表达情况。结果琼脂稀释法检测结果与VITEK-2 Compact细菌鉴定仪检测结果相符。PCR扩增测序发现以DNA促旋酶基因gyrA（在位点941处插入碱基C）和gyrB（3株在位点1588处缺失碱基A,其他菌株在位点1543处插入碱基T）基因缺失或者插入导致移码突变为主,parE基因有3株在位点1895处插入碱基C。实时定量PCR检测发现以mexA和mexC表达增加为主。结论检出的耐环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星铜绿假单胞菌是由于DNA促旋酶基因gyrA和gyrB基因的突变和mexAB-OprM和mexCD-OprJ表达增加共同作用的结果。     

耐喹诺酮铜绿假单胞菌药物作用靶位改变的研究

目的：探讨铜绿假单胞菌对喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制。方法30株对环丙沙星耐药的铜绿假单胞菌,采用 PCR方法扩增DNA解旋酶和拓扑异构酶Ⅳ的基因 gyrA,gyrB,parC和 parE,再测序查找是否存在位点突变,同时用脉冲场电泳（pulsed-field gel electrophoresis,PFGE）对菌株进行同源性分析。结果30株菌中,28株菌出现 gyrA基因扩增片段的137位点均有C→T突变,导致T83I改变;17株菌gyrB基因扩增片段的351位出现G→C突变,导致G466A改变;21株菌的 parC基因扩增片段的277位点有 C→U 突变导致 S87L 改变;2株菌 parE 基因在不同位点出现 C→U 突变,导致A425V和 A473V改变。30株菌可分为6个克隆,其中 A克隆4株,仅有 gyrA突变;B克隆7株,有 gyrA和 parC两种基因发生突变;C克隆3株,有gyrA和gyrB两种基因发生突变;D克隆14株,同时有 gyrA,gyrB和 parC三种基因发生突变;其他克隆2株,仅在 parE位点发生突变。结论该组菌株的靶位突变型与流行克隆型密切相关,同一流行型的菌株药物作用靶位的改变相同,并与环丙沙星的 MICs值的高低呈正比,突变基因数越多,MICs 值越高。4种基因中 gyrA基因突变频率最高,且该突变比其他靶位的突变对药物与靶位结合的影响更大,是需要关注的重点。     

大肠埃希菌临床菌株对氟喹诺酮类的耐药机制

DNA旋转酶编码基因（gyrA和gyrB）和拓扑异构酶编码基因（parC和parE）的染色体突变、多重药物外排泵AcrAB表达水平升高以及存在质粒介导aCC（6’）-Ib-cr和各种qnr基因等耐药机制均可导致氟喹诺酮类药物对大肠埃希菌的MIC升高。已有报道环丙沙星、加替沙星、左氧氟沙星和诺氟沙星对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药大肠埃希菌临床菌株的MIC高,并有很大差异。作者等对153株流行病学信息已知的菌株中选择78株代表不同氟喹诺酮类药物MIC范围的菌株,进行上述各种喹诺酮类药物耐药基因测序,发现：①所有氟喹诺酮类药物耐药菌株（58株）均存在gyrA突变;     

耐左氧氟沙星大肠埃希菌gyrA/gyrB/parC/parE基因突变研究

目的了解耐氟喹诺酮大肠埃希菌gyrA／gyrB／parC／parE基因突变情况。方法用Kirby—Bauer琼脂扩散法筛选耐左氧氟沙星大肠埃希菌;采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）对gyrA／gyrB／parC／parE基因进行扩增,并进行PCR扩增产物直接双向测序,分析上述基因突变情况。结果PCR扩增耐菌株gyrA／gyrB／parC／parE基因,获得目的片段,测序结果显示,氟喹诺酮耐药基因突变集中在gyrA基因83、87位ser→Leu、Asp→Asn突变;parC基因55位Ser→Leu突变,部分菌株尚存在62位Gln→Glu第二突变点;未发现gyrB、parE突变。结论靶位点gyrA和parC的改变,是本地大肠埃希菌对氟喹诺酮类耐药的主要机制。     

宋内志贺菌的基因突变与氟喹诺酮类药物耐药性的关系

目的探讨染色体介导DNA旋转酶和拓扑异构酶基因突变与宋内志贺菌对喹诺酮类抗菌药耐药的相关性。方法用微量肉汤稀释法对36株宋内志贺菌进行耐药表型检测;PCR法检测喹诺酮耐药决定区相关基因gyrA、gyrB、parC、parE,并对产物进行基因序列分析。结果 36株志贺菌对萘啶酸、环丙沙星、诺氟沙星、左氧氟沙星耐药率分别为75.0%、30.5%、36.1%、16.7%;测序结果显示gyrA、gyrB、parC、parE的突变率为90.9%、45.5%、66.7%和24.2%。结论宋内志贺菌的gyrA基因突变是喹诺酮类药物耐药的重要机制,gyrA和parC的基因突变有协同作用,是引起细菌对氟喹诺酮类药物高水平耐药的重要因素。     

鼠伤寒沙门菌对喹诺酮类耐药机制的研究

目的检测鼠伤寒沙门菌（STM）对喹诺酮类药物的耐药性及耐药机制的分析。方法收集2004年7月1日-10月31日武汉地区4所大型医院的门诊腹泻病人的粪便进行分离培养出鼠伤寒沙门菌33株。琼脂稀释法测其对喹诺酮类药物的MIC，并抽提此菌的基因组DNA，用PCR方法检测喹诺酮类抗菌药作用于鼠伤寒沙门菌的靶位点：Ⅱ型拓扑异构酶，即DNA促旋酶和拓扑异构酶Ⅳ上的基因片段（gyrA，gyrB，parC，parE）突变情况。结果33株鼠伤寒沙门菌中有24株对环丙沙星产生了很强的耐药性（MIC值4～16mg／L），耐药率达72．7％。24株耐药株中gyrA和parC的突变比较常见，其中gyrA位点都存在突变点，且双重突变占92％，并协同parC的点突变造成高水平的耐药；gyrB和parE的突变很少见，本研究中有少数高水平耐药株的parE和gyrB位点发现可疑的碱基插入。结论研究结果表明武汉地区社区内鼠伤寒沙门菌感染对喹诺酮类药物的耐药性严重，其主要机制是喹诺酮类耐药决定区（QRDR）的基因突变，特别是多个位点同时突变导致高水平耐药。     

志贺菌gyrA、parC基因突变与喹诺酮类耐药

目的探讨DNA旋转酶A亚单位（gyrA）和拓扑异构酶Ⅳ C亚单位（parC）基因突变与志贺菌耐喹诺酮类药物的相关性。方法用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测志贺菌喹诺酮耐药决定区（QRDR）相关gyrA、parC基因并挑选11株菌扩增片段进行DNA测序，分析突变位点与药敏结果的关系。结果11株扩增片段测序结果显示，9株耐萘啶酸菌均在gyrA83位发生有意义突变TCG（Ser）→TTG（Leu），宋内志贺菌未发生parC基因突变，5株耐萘啶酸、诺氟沙星和／或环丙沙星中介敏感福氏志贺菌在parC80位发生有意义突变AGC（Ser）→ATc（Ile）。结论志贺菌对喹诺酮类药物耐药严重，福氏志贺菌比宋内志贺菌更耐此类药物，靶酶基因突变是其耐喹诺酮类药物的主要机制之一，gyrA Ser83→Leu突变是导致志贺菌临床株对萘啶酸耐药的关键突变。parC基因突变在gyrA基因突变的基础上才会发生，parC突变可能引起诺氟沙星和／或环丙沙星不敏感。     

铜绿假单胞菌的临床分布及对环丙沙星耐药机制的研究

目的 分析医院铜绿假单胞菌（PAE）的临床分布和耐药性,并了解其对环丙沙星的耐药机制.方法 我院2011年9月-2013年9月收集的287株铜绿假单胞菌.采用琼脂纸片扩散法（K-B法）进行药敏试验,微量肉汤稀释法测定环丙沙星对PAE的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）.应用PCR方法扩增PAE的gyrA、gyrB、parC及parE基因,并测序来确定基因的突变.结果 287株铜绿假单胞菌以痰液标本中分离最多（76.3％）;主要感染分布在重症监护室（29.3％）和呼吸内科（22.6％）;且对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦及亚胺培南敏感,敏感率均在70％以上;而对氨苄西林及环丙沙星耐药率高,分别达97.9％和44.9％.在45株（环丙沙星MICs≥32 μg/ml）铜绿假单胞菌中,有42株均存在gyrA基因突变,且28株存在着gyrA基因和parC基因双突变.结论 铜绿假单胞菌多重耐药现象严重,gyrA基因突变是PAE对环丙沙星耐药的主要机制之一.应加强对铜绿假单胞菌的临床分布及耐药性监测,更好地指导临床合理用药,控制医院感染.     

解脲脲原体拓扑异构酶基因突变与耐喹诺酮类药物关系的研究

目的：探讨Ⅱ型拓扑异构酶基因突变与解脲脲原体（Uu）耐喹诺酮类药物的关系。方法：通过肉汤稀释法从184株临床株中筛选出13株对6种喹诺酮类药物呈不同程度耐药Uu株,应用聚合酶链反应扩增gyrA,gyrB,parC,parE基因,产物测序后与标准敏感株核苷酸序列进行比较。结果Uu耐药株的最低抑菌浓度均高于相应的标准敏感株4－32倍,序列比较发现gryAQRDR第87位碱基C到A的变导致第95位天冬氨酸被谷被氨酸替代,parC QRDR第50位碱基C到T的突变导致第80位丝氨酸被亮氨酸替代,gyrB和parE编码的氨基酸序列没有改变。结论：gyrA QRDR第87位碱基C到A的突变和parC第50位碱基C到T的突变与Uu耐喹诺酮类药物密切相关。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.