2011—2012年某院ICU内88株鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性分析

目的对本院ICU检出的88株鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性进行分析,为临床控制和治疗鲍曼不动杆菌提供依据。方法以2011—06～2012—06笔者所在医院的ICU住院患者痰液、伤口分泌物、肺灌洗液、引流液、脑脊液为标本,共分离出鲍曼不动杆菌88株,应用VITEK-2系统进行细菌鉴定;MIC法和K—B琼脂扩散法行药敏试验;WHONET5．4软件分析鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性。结果鲍曼不动杆菌;耐药性;抗生素鲍曼不动杆菌耐药形势严峻,其耐药率呈逐年上升趋势,且专家共识中推荐的舒巴坦制剂及碳青霉烯类药物耐药比例明显增加。88株鲍曼不动杆菌对7种临床常用治疗抗生素的耐药率由高到低分别为：头孢吡肟81．8％、亚胺培南79．5％、哌拉西林他唑巴坦77．3％、左氧氟沙星71．6％、美罗培南70．5％、头孢哌酮舒巴坦53．4％、阿米卡星11．4％。通过数据显示,阿米卡星耐药率最低。结论针对本院ICU中所分离的鲍曼不动杆菌,头孢哌酮舒巴坦和阿米卡星的体外敏感性更高,在经验性治疗中可优先考虑选择头孢哌酮舒巴坦,对于经验性治疗耐药鲍曼不动杆菌推荐头孢哌酮舒巴坦联用阿米卡星。     

头孢吡肟等5种抗生素对革兰阴性杆菌抗菌活性比较

目的研究头孢吡肟等5种抗生素对革兰阴性杆菌抗菌活性。方法用纸片扩散法对临床分离的革兰阴性杆菌进行药敏检测，比较头孢吡肟与其他4种临床常用抗生素的抗菌活性。结果分离出245株革兰阴性杆菌。其中：以不动杆菌（48．2％）和铜绿假单胞菌（11．0％）为主的非发酵菌占65．3％。多数革兰阴性杆菌对头孢类菌素的敏感率为44％～68％；除嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌外，其他革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南敏感率最高为93．9％。头孢吡肟对阴沟肠杆菌的抗菌活性优于头孢他啶和头孢哌酮／舒巴坦；而对嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的抗菌活性明显较低，其他与头孢他啶相近；2004年较2003年，头孢吡肟除对肺炎克雷伯菌抗菌活性略升高外，对其他革兰阴性杆菌均有不同程度降低；而头孢他啶和头孢哌酮／舒巴坦抗菌活性保持稳定。结论第4代头孢菌素头孢吡肟可用于ICU危重病人抗感染治疗。     

头孢吡肟对慢性阻塞性肺病急性发作患者不动杆菌感染的耐药分析

目的监测慢性阻塞性肺病急性发作（AECOPD）患者不动杆菌感染的耐药现状，评估头孢吡肟的耐药率。方法采取2002年1月～2005年12月AECOPD患者的痰标本，用全自动VITEK32仪对136株不动杆菌进行分析。结果对不动杆菌耐药率最低的抗生素，2002年（n：30）是阿米卡星和头孢吡肟（6，67％），2003年（n=32）是头孢吡肟和头孢哌酮／舒巴坦（3．12％），2004年（n=34）是头孢吡肟和亚胺培南（5．89％）．2005年（n：40）是亚胺培南和头孢吡肟（2．50％）。结论不动杆菌是AECOPD常见的感染细菌，监测其耐药性可提供早期治疗和控制AECOPD患者的用药依据；治疗不动杆菌感染首选头孢吡肟，次选亚胺培南。     

我院铜绿假单胞菌对β-内酰胺类抗生素的耐药性调查与控制策略

目的调查我院铜绿假单胞菌(PA)对β-内酰胺类抗生素的耐药性及其变迁情况，指导临床合理用药和控制耐药菌的产生。方法用17种β-内酰胺类抗生素对2001年～2003年病房临床分离的PA1128株进行药敏实验。结果PA三年来对头孢他啶耐药率分别为26．38％、37．37％和25．39％；对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦的耐药率分别为2．27％、24．55％和15．77％；对头孢吡肟的耐药率2002年为25．49％，2003年为22．77％；PA对亚胺培南的耐药率分别为47．86％、39．90％和33．77％；对美罗培南的耐药率2003年为36．63％。结论β内酰胺类抗生素对PA的耐药性已十分严重，对于PA的感染，应在药敏指导下用药，目前经验性治疗可选用头孢哌酮／舒巴坦或头孢吡肟，应该适当控制第三代头孢菌素和碳青霉烯类的使用。     

351株鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性分析

目的：了解我院鲍曼不动杆菌的分布和耐药情况,为临床治疗和预防提供依据。方法：采用Whonet 5.6软件对我院2012-2013年临床分离的351株鲍曼不动杆菌的分布及药敏试验结果进行分析。结果：鲍曼不动杆菌主要来源于痰标本（80.06%）,主要分布在ICU（49.32%）;其耐药率除头孢哌酮-舒巴坦小于40%以外,对氨苄西林-舒巴坦、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、亚胺培南、环丙沙星等常用抗菌药的耐药率超过了60%。结论：鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性高,临床应根据药敏试验结果合理选择抗菌药物;加强耐药菌监测与控制管理乃当务之急。     

临床分离的醋酸钙鲍曼复合不动杆菌耐药性分析

目的:研究无锡市第四人民医院和无锡市第三人民医院临床分离的醋酸钙鲍曼复合不动杆菌的耐药情况及其临床分布特点.方法:收集并分离临床来源的35株醋酸钙鲍曼复合不动杆菌,观察并记录临床分布,并用琼脂二倍稀释法测定抗菌药物对醋酸钙鲍曼复合不动杆菌的MIC值.结果:临床分离的35株醋酸钙鲍曼复合不动杆菌ICU感染居多,占42.86%,老年男性居多,主要来源于痰,占88.57%.醋酸钙鲍曼复合不动杆菌对氨苄西林、哌拉西林、头孢唑林、呋喃妥因的耐药率均为100%;对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、头孢米诺、头孢匹胺、氨曲南和庆大霉素的耐药率＞90%;对替卡西林/克拉维酸、头孢曲松、头孢吡肟、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、复方磺胺甲噁唑的耐药率≥80%;对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、阿米卡星、妥布霉素、加替沙星的耐药率＞50%;对亚胺培南、美罗培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率相对较低,分别为23.53%、11.43%、11.43%.结论:醋酸钙鲍曼复合不动杆菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦较敏感,临床医生应根据药敏结果和患者自身情况合理用药.     

2006—2008年海军总医院革兰阴性菌耐药性监测

目的 分析2006-2008年我院临床分离革兰阴性菌的种类分布及对抗菌药物耐药性变化情况.方法 细菌鉴定采用VITEK微生物分析仪,药物敏感性试验采用BIOMIC药敏测定仪,统计学分析采用WHONET5.4软件.结果 2006年1月至2008年12月从临床送检的标本分离出细菌4982株,革兰阴性菌2922株占58.7%,铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和鲍曼不动杆菌为主要分离菌.铜绿假单胞菌对氨曲南、哌拉西林/三唑巴坦、头孢吡肟、头孢他啶的耐药率在40%以下;大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南、阿米卡星、头孢他啶耐药率在30%以下,对复方新诺明,环丙沙星,头孢呋辛的耐药率高于50%;肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟耐药率低于30%;鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药率为13.2%-58.1%.结论 定期进行耐药性监测有助于了解我院细菌耐药性变迁,为临床经验用药提供依据.     

某院2009年鲍曼不动杆菌感染及耐药情况分析

目的:为临床合理使用抗菌药物治疗鲍曼不动杆菌感染提供依据。方法:对某"三甲"医院2009年鲍曼不动杆菌感染患者的基本资料、药敏情况、抗菌药物使用情况进行回顾性统计分析。结果:141例鲍曼不动杆菌感染患者主要分布在重症监护病房(48.94%)、神经外科(12.77%)、呼吸内科(11.35%);感染患者大多存在严重原发病或免疫功能低下;鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦钠耐药率最低(0.0%),其次是亚胺培南(3.0%),对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、左氧氟沙星的耐药率分别为96.7%、90.9%、92.4%、51.9%;经验性用药最多为哌拉西林/他唑巴坦,其次为左氧氟沙星及头孢匹胺;药敏报告后主要使用亚胺培南,其次为左氧氟沙星及哌拉西林/他唑巴坦;以单一用药为主,其次是二联用药。结论:该院鲍曼不动杆菌多重耐药现象严重,可选用头孢哌酮/舒巴坦钠及亚胺培南治疗。     

70株鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性及β-内酰胺酶基因型检测

目的调查和研究南京地区70株鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性及β内酰胺酶基因型。方法用KB法测定临床分离的70株鲍曼不动杆菌对5种抗生素的耐药性,采用PCR法检测β-内酰胺酶耐药基因型。结果70株鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦耐药率为7．1％,头孢吡肟和头孢他啶的耐药率分别为61．4％和64．3％,头孢唑啉和头孢呋肟的耐药率均在80．0％以上;有40株菌检测到TEM型β-内酰胺酶基因,且均对头孢吡肟等抗生素耐药,2株为GES型,1株是VEB型,未检出CARB、DHA和PER基因。结论南京地区鲍曼不动杆菌以TEM型为主,其对β-内酰胺类的高耐药率与TEM型基因有直接的关系。     

耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的药敏分析

目的：探讨我院2012~2013年临床分离出的耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的抗生素药敏情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供指导。方法：采用VITEK2-Compact微生物鉴定仪及药敏分析系统对我院临床各标本进行鉴定及药敏分析,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦采用KB法。结果：2012~2013年分离到IRPA646株,对头孢菌素类耐药率为20.1%~100%,头孢他啶为43.3%,头孢吡肟为20.1%;对喹诺酮类抗生素耐药率为28.1%~30.4%;对氨基糖苷类耐药率为8.0%~12.9%;对β-内酰胺酶抑制剂类耐药率为24.5%~31.7%。结论：耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性严峻,临床应根据药敏结果选择用药,建议优先选用头孢他啶和头孢吡肟。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.