腹腔镜手术对结直肠癌患者疼痛因子及血清炎症因子的影响

目的 研究腹腔镜手术对结直肠癌患者疼痛因子及血清炎症因子的影响.方法 将120例结直肠癌患者按照治手术方式的不同分为观察组(n=58)和对照组(n=62),对照组采用常规开腹手术治疗,而观察组采用腹腔镜手术治疗.比较两组患者住院费用,围手术期指标(手术时间、术中出血量、肛门排气时间、出院时间),疼痛因子水平[前列腺素E2(PGE2)、神经生长因子(NGF)、神经肽Y(NPY)],炎症因子水平[肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)]及并发症的发生情况.结果 两组患者住院费用比较,差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05).观察组患者术中出血量明显少于对照组(P﹤0.01),手术时间、首次肛门排气时间、出院时间均明显短于对照组(P﹤0.01).术后,两组患者PGE2、NGF、NPY水平均明显高于本组术前(P﹤0.01),但观察组患者PGE2、NGF、NPY水平均低于对照组(P﹤0.05).术后,两组患者TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平均明显高于本组术前(P﹤0.01),但观察组患者TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β水平均明显低于对照组(P﹤0.01).观察组患者并发症总发生率低于对照组(P﹤0.05).结论 与开腹手术相比,结直肠癌患者应用腹腔镜手术可减少术中出血量,缩短手术时间、首次肛门排气时间、出院时间,降低机体炎症反应程度、疼痛程度及并发症的发生风险.     

快速康复外科理念在肺癌根治术中的应用及对患者术后生存质量的影响

目的 分析快速康复外科理念在肺癌根治术中的应用及对患者术后生存质量的影响.方法 将2018年7月至2019年6月接受肺癌根治术的40例患者设为对照组,2019年7月至2020年6月接受肺癌根治术的40例患者设为观察组,对照组予以常规干预,观察组在对照组的基础上加以快速康复外科干预.比较两组患者的临床指标(下床时间、胸管引流时间、疼痛评分、住院时间及清醒时间),术后1、14天的生存质量,应激反应指标[白细胞(WBC)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、皮质醇(Cor)]及并发症发生率.结果 观察组患者下床时间、胸管引流时间、疼痛评分、住院时间及清醒时间均明显低于对照组(P﹤0.01).术后14天,观察组患者生存质量量表各维度评分均明显高于对照组(P﹤0.01).术后14天,观察组患者的WBC、CRP、IL-6、Cor水平均明显低于对照组(P﹤0.01).观察组患者并发症总发生率为7.50％,低于对照组的25.00％(P﹤0.05).结论 快速康复外科理念有利于提高肺癌根治术患者的生存质量,降低应激反应和并发症的发生率,从而促进患者的术后康复.     

硬膜外阻滞联合全身麻醉对老年胃癌根治术患者血气分析指标、肠屏障功能及认知功能的影响

目的 探讨硬膜外阻滞联合全身麻醉对老年胃癌根治术患者血气分析指标、肠屏障功能及认知功能的影响.方法 根据麻醉方式将80例胃癌患者分为对照组(n=38)和观察组(n=42),对照组患者给予全身麻醉,观察组患者给予硬膜外麻醉联合全身麻醉.比较两组患者的术后疼痛程度[视觉模拟评分法(VAS)]、血气分析指标[动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)及pH值]、肠屏障功能指标[乳酸(D-LA)、二胺氧化酶(DAO)]、认知功能障碍(POCD)发生情况、简易智能精神状态检查量表(MMSE)评分、术中情况和并发症发生情况.结果 观察组患者的VAS评分和吗啡用量均低于对照组(P﹤0.05).气腹后,观察组患者PaCO2、pH值与气腹前比较,差异均无统计学意义(P﹥0.05);但对照组患者PaCO2明显高于本组气腹前和观察组(P﹤0.01),pH值明显低于本组气腹前和观察组(P﹤0.01).术后24、72 h,两组患者D-LA、DAO水平均低于本组术前(P﹤0.05),且观察组患者D-LA、DAO水平均低于对照组(P﹤0.05).术后24、72 h,观察组患者POCD总发生率为23.81%,低于对照组患者的50.00%(P﹤0.05),MMSE评分均明显高于对照组(P﹤0.01).观察组患者并发症总发生率为4.76%,低于对照组患者的23.68%(P﹤0.05).结论 硬膜外阻滞联合全身麻醉能明显降低胃癌根治术患者的疼痛程度,改善患者术后血气分析指标与肠屏障功能,降低术后POCD及并发症发生率.     

叙事疗法对肺癌患者疼痛应激、心理弹性和生活质量的影响

目的 探讨叙事疗法对肺癌患者疼痛应激、心理弹性和生活质量的影响.方法 依据干预方法将120例肺癌患者分为观察组(n=65)和对照组(n=55),对照组患者给予常规宣教心理疏导,观察组患者在此基础上给予五步式叙事疗法干预.干预前后,比较两组患者的疼痛应激因子[血清P物质、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、皮质醇、前列腺素E2(PGE2)]水平、情绪状态[焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)和正负性情绪量表(PANAS)]、心理弹性[心理弹性量表(CD-RISC)]、生活质量[简明健康状况调查问卷(SF-36)].结果 干预后,两组患者P物质、NE、皮质醇、PGE2水平均明显低于本组干预前(P﹤0.01),且观察组患者P物质、NE、皮质醇、PGE2水平均明显低于对照组(P﹤0.01).干预后,两组患者PA分量表评分均明显高于本组干预前(P﹤0.01),SAS、SDS和NA分量表评分均明显低于本组干预前(P﹤0.01),且观察组患者PA分量表评分明显高于对照组(P﹤0.01),SAS、SDS和NA分量表评分均明显低于对照组(P﹤0.01).干预后,两组患者SF-36量表各维度评分、CD-RISC量表各维度评分及总分均明显高于本组干预前(P﹤0.01),且观察组患者SF-36量表各维度评分、CD-RISC量表各维度评分及总分均明显高于对照组(P﹤0.01).结论 叙事疗法可有效降低肺癌患者的疼痛应激水平,减轻焦虑、抑郁等负性情绪,增强心理弹性,提高生活质量.     

胸腔镜下肺癌根治术对非小细胞肺癌患者凝血功能及血管内皮功能的影响

目的 分析胸腔镜下肺癌根治术对非小细胞肺癌患者凝血功能及血管内皮功能的影响.方法 将96例非小细胞肺癌患者根据手术方式不同分对照组(n=46)和观察组(n=50).对照组接受传统开胸手术,观察组接受胸腔镜下肺癌根治术.比较两组患者围手术期指标(手术时间、手术切口长度、术中出血量、住院时间)、手术前后凝血功能[D-二聚体(D-D)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)]指标和血管内皮功能[内皮素-1(ET-1)、一氧化氮(NO)]指标,并观察比较两组并发症发生情况.结果 观察组患者手术切口长度及住院时间均明显短于对照组,术中出血量明显少于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.01).术后,两组患者D-D、FIB水平均降低(P﹤0.05),且观察组D-D、FIB水平均明显低于对照组(P﹤0.01).术后,两组患者ET-1水平均下降,NO水平均升高(P﹤0.05),且观察组患者ET-1水平明显低于对照组,NO水平明显高于对照组(P﹤0.01).观察组患者并发症总发生率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01).结论 相比于传统开胸手术,胸腔镜下肺癌根治术能够减少术中出血量,改善患者凝血功能及血管内皮功能,且术后并发症风险低,更有利于疾病恢复.     

氟比洛芬酯联合羟考酮对宫颈癌子宫切除术患者胃肠激素水平、疼痛程度及生活质量的影响

目的 探讨氟比洛芬酯联合羟考酮对宫颈癌子宫切除术患者胃肠激素水平、疼痛程度及生活质量的影响。方法 根据术后镇痛方式的不同将82例接受子宫切除术的宫颈癌患者分为对照组和观察组,每组41例,对照组患者采取氟比洛芬酯联合舒芬太尼镇痛,观察组患者采取氟比洛芬酯联合羟考酮镇痛。比较两组患者的胃肠激素[胃动素（MTL）、胃泌素（GAS）]水平、疼痛程度[视觉模拟评分法（VAS）]、睡眠质量及并发症发生情况。结果 术后6、24 h,两组患者的MTL、GAS水平均低于本组术前,观察组患者的MTL、GAS水平均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P﹤0.05）;术后24 h,两组患者的MTL、GAS水平均高于本组术后6 h(P﹤0.05)。术后6、12、24 h,两组患者静息、运动状态下的VAS评分均高于本组术后1 h(P﹤0.05);术后12、24 h,两组患者静息、运动状态下的VAS评分均高于本组术后6 h(P﹤0.05);术后24 h,两组患者静息、运动状态下的VAS评分均低于本组术后12 h(P﹤0.05);术后1、6、12、24 h,观察组患者静息、运动状态下的VAS评分均明显低于对照组（P﹤0....     

正念减压干预对宫颈癌放化疗患者自我感受负担、疼痛相关指标和炎性因子的影响

目的 探讨正念减压干预对宫颈癌放化疗患者自我感受负担、疼痛相关指标和炎性因子的影响.方法 将2018年5月至2019年3月收治的47例宫颈癌患者作为对照组,放化疗期间给予常规干预;将2019年4月至2020年2月收治的63例宫颈癌患者作为观察组,放化疗期间给予正念减压干预.干预前后,比较两组患者的血清疼痛相关指标[P物质、一氧化氮(NO)、前列腺素E2(PGE2)]和炎性因子[白细胞介素(IL)-6、IL-4、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)]水平,采用自我感受负担量表(SPBS)评估两组患者的自我感受负担程度,采用癌症治疗功能评价系统普适量表(FACT-G)评估两组患者的生活质量.结果 干预后,两组患者SPBS量表各维度评分及总分均低于本组干预前,且观察组患者SPBS量表各维度评分及总分均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05).干预后,两组患者血清P物质、NO、PGE2、TNF-α、IL-6和IL-4水平均低于本组干预前,且观察组患者血清P物质、NO、PGE2、TNF-α、IL-6和IL-4水平均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05).干预后,两组患者FACT-G量表各维度评分和总分均高于本组干预前,且观察组患者FACT-G量表各维度评分和总分均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.05).结论 正念减压干预可以降低宫颈癌患者放化疗期间的自我感受负担程度,降低血清疼痛相关指标水平和炎性因子水平,改善生活质量.     

腹腔镜手术与开腹手术治疗宫颈癌的疗效及对患者负性情绪、生活质量的影响

目的 比较腹腔镜手术与开腹手术治疗宫颈癌的疗效及对患者负性情绪、生活质量的影响.方法 依据手术方式的不同将100例宫颈癌患者分为观察组(n=61,接受腹腔镜宫颈癌根治术治疗)和对照组(n=39,接受传统开腹手术治疗).比较两组一般手术指标、负性情绪[焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)]、生活质量[癌症治疗功能评价系统宫颈癌特异模块(FACT-CX)]和预后情况(生存率、复发率).结果 观察组患者手术时间明显长于对照组(P﹤0.01),术中出血量明显少于对照组(P﹤0.01),术后排气时间和术后住院时间均明显短于对照组(P﹤0.01),淋巴结清扫数明显多于对照组(P﹤0.01).手术后,两组患者SAS、SDS评分均明显低于本组手术前(P﹤0.01),且观察组患者SAS、SDS评分均明显低于对照组患者(P﹤0.01).手术后,观察组患者FACT-CX评分高于本组手术前(P﹤0.05),对照组患者FACT-CX评分低于本组手术前(P﹤0.05),且观察组患者FACT-CX评分高于对照组(P﹤0.05).随访第1、2、3年,两组患者生存率和复发率均无明显差异(P﹥0.05).结论 与传统开腹手术相比,腹腔镜宫颈癌根治术可减少术中出血量,缩短术后排气时间及术后住院时间,增加淋巴结清扫数目,明显改善患者的负性情绪,提高生活质量.     

胸椎旁神经阻滞复合全身麻醉对肺癌根治术患者苏醒质量及疼痛程度的影响

目的 探讨胸椎旁神经阻滞复合全身麻醉对肺癌根治术患者苏醒质量及疼痛程度的影响。方法 根据麻醉方法的不同将100例肺癌根治术患者分为对照组和观察组,每组50例,对照组患者给予全身麻醉,观察组患者给予胸椎旁神经阻滞复合全身麻醉。记录观察组患者的穿刺成功率,比较两组患者的躁动情况、苏醒质量、疼痛程度[视觉模拟评分法(VAS)]、应激反应指标[去甲肾上腺素(NE)、肾上腺素]和并发症发生情况。结果 观察组患者的穿刺成功率为100%。观察组患者的苏醒时间、自主呼吸恢复时间均明显短于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。对照组患者的躁动发生率为16.00%,高于观察组患者的4.00%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后2、6、12、24 h,两组患者的VAS评分均低于本组术前,且观察组患者的VAS评分均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。拔管10 min后(T₄),观察组患者NE、肾上腺素水平均明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。对照组患者并发症总发生率为14.00%,与观察组患者的8.00%比较,差异无统计学意义...     

胸椎旁入路神经阻滞复合全身麻醉对微创肺癌根治术患者镇痛效果及血流动力学的影响

目的 探讨胸椎旁入路神经阻滞复合全身麻醉对微创肺癌根治术患者镇痛效果及血流动力学的影响.方法 采用随机数字表法将123例肺癌患者随机分为对照组(n=60)和研究组(n=63),对照组患者胸腔镜肺癌根治术中给予全身麻醉,研究组患者术中给予胸椎旁入路神经阻滞复合全身麻醉.比较两组患者的麻醉效果、血流动力学指标、疼痛程度和不良反应发生情况.结果 研究组患者术中瑞芬太尼使用量、术中丙泊酚使用量、术后舒芬太尼使用量、术后镇痛泵按压次数均明显低于对照组(P﹤0.01).麻醉诱导后30 min,两组患者收缩压、舒张压均低于本组麻醉诱导前(P﹤0.05),且研究组患者收缩压、舒张压均低于对照组(P﹤0.05);术后6 h,两组患者收缩压、舒张压及心率均低于本组麻醉诱导前(P﹤0.05),且研究组患者收缩压、舒张压及心率均低于对照组(P﹤0.05).术后2、24、48 h,研究组患者的视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分均明显低于对照组(P﹤0.01).研究组不良反应总发生率为11.11％,明显低于对照组的40.00％(P﹤0.01).结论 胸椎旁入路神经阻滞麻醉可有效降低微创肺癌根治术患者术中及术后麻醉药物的使用剂量,镇痛效果较好,且可减轻疼痛程度,改善血流动力学指标,降低术后不良反应发生率.     

Difficult pain syndromes: bone pain, visceral pain, and neuropathic pain

Cancer pain is prevalent in approximately two thirds of all cancer patients and can undermine the quality of life in this patient population. Uncontrolled pain can cause physical as well as psychological distress in cancer patients. As the disease progresses in cancer, pain and suffering increase. Knowledge about pain management is paramount in the comprehensive treatment of cancer patients. Difficult cancer pain syndromes may arise from interruption of bone, viscera, and neural structures by malignant spread of the disease. Familiarity with opioids, adjuvants, and procedures that can abate pain in cancer patients is discussed in a practical manner for clinical application in this text.     

Post-tonsillectomy pain: Different modes of pain relief

Sixty patients aged 15 to 40 years of either sex, American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) grade I and II, undergoing tonsillectomy, were randomly allocated to receive either preroperative intramuscular diclofenac sodium(group A) or pre- incisional bilateral infiltration of bupivacaine in the peritonsillar fossa (group B) or post operative Trunscutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation - TENS (group C) at fixed time intervals. Pain scores (Visual analogue scale VAS, 0- 100 mm) were assessed at rest and on deglutition at 1,3,6,9,12 and 24 hours after surgery. Pentazocine 1actale 15 mg IV was given as rescue analgesic whenever VAS estimation was more than 30 mm at rest (not deglutition). Constant incisional pain was significantly less ( p < 0.01 ANOVA) in group C after 3 hours of surgery as compared to group A and B. Similarly pain on deglutition was significantly less (p <0.01, ANOVA) in group C during the entire study period as compared to Group A and B. There was significant reduction of VAS (p< 0.01) immediately after TENS therapy at 0, 4 and 8 hours. Rescue analgesic consumption was significantly lower in TENS group. Thus, TENS seems to be an effective therapeutic modality for post tonsillectomy pain relief as compared to the other two methods.     

Challenges in cancer pain management--bone pain

Whilst not strictly a neuropathic injury, cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) is a unique state with features of neuropathy and inflammation. Recent work has demonstrated that osteoclasts damage peripheral nerves (peptidergic C fibres and SNS) within trabeculated bone leading to deafferentation. In addition, glia cell activation and neuronal hyperexcitability within the dorsal horn, are all similar to a neuropathy. Gabapentin and carbamazepine (both anti-convulsants that modulate neuropathy) are effective at attenuating dorsal horn neuronal excitability and normalizing pain-like behaviours in a rat model of CIBP. However alterations in neuroreceptors in the dorsal horn do not mimic neuropathy, rather only dynorphin is upregulated, glia cells are active and hypertrophic and c-fos expression is increased post-noxious behavioural stimulus. CIBP perhaps illustrates best the complexity of cancer pains. Rarely are they purely neuropathic, inflammatory, ischaemic or visceral but rather a combination. Management is multimodal with radiotherapy, analgesics (opioids, NSAIDs), bisphosphonates, radioisotopes and tumouricidal therapies. The difficulty with opioids relates to efficacy on spontaneous pain at rest and movement-related pain. Potential adjuvants to standard analgesic therapies for CIBP are being explored in clinical trials and include inhibitors of glutamate release.     

癌症患者疼痛量表的应用

癌痛本质上是患者的主观感受,因此患者的疼痛表述是评估的依据,患者自评量表也由此在临床实践和研究中被广泛采用。一维量表常用于评估癌痛的强度,其中的数字评估量表（Numerical Rating Scale,NRS）被欧洲姑息治疗研究协作组所推荐;多维量表,如简式疼痛问卷（Brief Pain Inventory,BPI）或修订后的简式麦吉尔疼痛问卷（Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire,SF-MPQ-2）可更全面的评估癌痛;评估肿瘤患者的爆发痛、神经病理性疼痛时可选择有针对性的量表;对认知功能受损的患者,脸谱法评估有助于癌痛筛查,要评估癌痛还需采用多维量表。无论选择何种评估工具,均强调对癌痛进行动态评估。简便易行的电子评估量表是目前癌痛新量表研制的趋势。      

Nurses' perceptions of their pain assessment skills, pain management practices, and attitudes toward pain

Nursing pain assessments are influenced by the length of available tools, patient characteristics, patient pathology, concern about addictive behavior, and characteristics of the nurse. The relationship among these variables was explored in a sample of community hospital nurses (N = 59) and ONS members (N = 19). Although a number of interesting similarities were found in the two groups, age, professional and continuing education, and care setting appear to be related to differences in pain assessment practices. Implications for practice, research, and education include teaching nurses to: assess factors related to quality of life in the pain experience, assess and validate data from families, assess coping skills, and teach patients to use behavioral pain management strategies. The findings also suggest that further study is needed concerning the relationship between personal beliefs and experiences and the assessment and management of pain. Membership in professional organizations appears to be associated with comprehensive approaches to the assessment and management of cancer pain and should be addressed in further research.     

Transformation of acute cancer pain to chronic cancer pain syndromes

For many cancer survivors, disease-related long-term morbidities and the application of advanced cancer treatments have resulted in the development of a chronic pain state. This brief review explores the relationship between what is known about the treatment of active cancer pain syndromes-both continuous pain and breakthrough pain-and persisting pain syndromes in cancer survivors. We also posit that because there is evidence to suggest that poorly treated acute pain can lead to protracted pain conditions, acute pain should be recognized and treated promptly, both for short- and long-term gain. In the short term, better acute pain treatment can improve functionality and psychological well-being, whereas in the long term, mounting evidence suggests that it could prevent of future chronic pain.     

Cancer-related pain

Cancer-related pain affects approximately 90% of those in all stages of the disease. Pain is both a sensation and an emotional experience, and thus it has been defined as total pain. The type of cancer pain management decided upon depends on the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, which are classified as nociceptive(somatic and visceral), neuropathic, and idiopathic. Pain management as part of routine cancer care has been forcefully advanced by the World Health Organization( WHO)-analgesic ladder. The clinical application of pain management should be employed only after a complete and comprehensive assessment and evaluation. The present overview article focuses on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids and adjuvant analgesia.     

Management of cancer pain: basic principles and neuropathic cancer pain

Pain is one of the commonest symptoms in patients with cancer occurring in as many as 90% of patients during their illness. Pain is a complex phenomenon, which can be exacerbated by numerous other factors. This paper discusses the common strategies for the management of cancer pain in general and also neuropathic cancer pain. Using the World Health Organisation (WHO) analgesic ladder for cancer pain relief, 80% of cancer pain can usually be controlled. It follows therefore that 20% of cancer pain can be difficult to control. Neuropathic cancer pain is often in this category and the use of adjuvant analgesics such as amitriptyline and gabapentin is important. Optimum cancer pain control is achieved by integrating standard analgesic approaches during tumouricidal therapy or any other active cancer treatment.